缺血预处理对胆管上皮细胞凋亡及bcl-2/Fas蛋白表达的影响

目的 观察缺血预处理对缺血再灌注损伤引起的胆管上皮细胞凋亡(AI)以及对调控基因(bcl-2,Fas)蛋白表达的影响. 方法 SD大鼠36只分为假手术(SO)组、缺血再灌注(IR)组、缺血预处理(IP)组.热缺血时间为30min.缺血预处理为缺血前采用5 min缺血及5 min×2次再灌注.分别于再灌注12 h后处死动物取肝脏标本.检测肝内胆管上皮细胞凋亡及bcl-2/Fas蛋白表达水平. 结果 凋亡细胞主要见于肝内大胆管,SO组凋亡的胆管上皮细胞罕见,IR和IP组与SO组比较,胆管上皮细胞AI有显著性增加(P<0.01,P<0.05).IP组与IR组比较,胆管上皮细胞AI有显著性降低(P<0.05).肝内大胆管bcl-2蛋白阳性表达:IP组bcl-2蛋白阳性表达较SO组和IR组差异均具有显著性意义(P<0.01,P<0.05).Fas蛋白阳性表达:IR组与SO组比较,Fas蛋白阳性表达差异有显著性意义(P<0.05).IP组与IR组间相比差异无显著性意义(P>0.05). 结论 IR诱导Fas蛋白的表达促进肝内胆管上皮细胞发生凋亡.IP通过上调调控基因bcl-2蛋白的表达抑制胆管上皮细胞的凋亡,与Fas蛋白表达关系不明显.     

肝外胆管癌中bcl-2/Bax的表达及其意义

目的：研究抗凋亡基因bcl-2(B cell lymphoma-2)和促凋亡基因Bax(Bcl-associated x protein)在肝外胆管癌中的表达及意义.方法:用免疫组化S-P法测定41例肝外胆管癌中bcl-2和Bax的表达产物,以13例慢性胆管炎做对照.结果:肝外胆管癌中bcl-2的阳性率为58.54%,高于慢性胆管炎组织的0(P<0.01);而Bax在肝外胆管癌中的阳性率为56.10%,低于慢性胆管炎组织的92.31%(P<0.05).高中分化癌组和无转移组中bcl-2与Bax的阳性率明显高于低分化癌组和转移组(P<0.05).结论:bcl-2和Bax的表达与肝外胆管癌的分化有关,可作为判断胆管癌患者预后的参考指标.     

肝内胆管细胞癌中Cyclin E和Cyclin A的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨肝内胆管细胞癌中细胞周期蛋白E (Cyclin E)和细胞周期蛋白A(Cyclin A)的表达及临床意义.方法 应用免疫组织化学方法检测42例肝内胆管细胞癌组织及癌旁组织中Cyclin E和Cyclin A的表达,并分析其与临床病理特征之间的关系.结果 (1)肝内胆管细胞癌组织中Cyclin E和Cyclin A的阳性表达率分别为64.3％和61.9％,与癌旁组织的阳性表达率(0％和0％)具有统计学差异(P<0.01);(2)Cyclin E及Cyclin A在肝内胆管细胞癌组织中的阳性表达率与患者性别、HBsAg、CA 19-9水平、肿瘤大小无关(P>0.05),而与门静脉癌栓形成、淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05).(3)Cyclin E与Cyclin A之间呈正相关(r=0.617,P<0.01).结论 Cyclin E和Cyclin A在肝内胆管细胞癌组织中表达率均较高,其在肝内胆管细胞癌的发生发展中发挥正性调节因子的作用,联合检测二者对肝内胆管细胞癌的诊断和预后有着重要意义,有望成为肝内胆管细胞癌治疗的新靶点.     

胆管癌中14-3-3蛋白各亚型的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨14-3-3蛋白各亚型在胆管癌组织中的表达情况及其临床意义.方法 采用石蜡包埋组织,进行免疫组织化学染色,分析14-3-3蛋白各亚型在20 例胆管癌及5 例胆管癌旁正常组织的表达状态,探讨其与胆管癌临床病理参数之间的关系.结果 14-3-3 蛋白β、γ、ε、ζ、η、θ和σ亚型在胆管癌组织原发灶表达的阳性率分别为85.00% (17/20)、85.00% (17/20)、55.00% (11/20)、75.00% (15/20)、50.00% (10/20)、80.00% (16/20) 和80.00%(16/20).其中,β、γ、η、σ、ε和θ亚型与癌旁正常胆管组织比较,具有统计学意义(P<0.05),而ζ亚型无统计学意义(P>0.05);14-3-3蛋白阳性表达率与胆管癌的分化程度、恶性级别及是否淋巴结转移均无差别(P>0.05).结论 14-3-3蛋白七个亚型中β、γ、η、σ、ε和θ亚型在胆管癌原发组织中高表达,表明14-3-3蛋白在胆管癌的发生过程中具有重要作用.     

AP-1和MMP-9蛋白在肝细胞癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨转录因子激活蛋白-1(activating protein-1,AP-1)和基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloproteinases-9,MMP-9)在肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)组织中的表达特点、相互关系及临床意义.方法 采用免疫组化SABC方法检测比较56例HCC组织和癌旁正常肝组织中AP-1和MMP-9的表达,分析两者与临床病理因素的相关性.结果 HCC组织中AP-1 (c-Jun/c-Fos)和MMP-9阳性表达率均明显高于癌旁正常肝组织,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).c-Jun和c-Fos蛋白的表达与患者肝内转移、病理分级、TNM分期明显相关(P<0.05或者P<0.01).MMP-9蛋白表达与患者有无肿瘤包膜、肝内转移、TNM分期明显相关(P<0.05或者P<0.01).HCC组织中AP-1(c-Jun/c-Fos)和MMP-9表达呈正相关(r=0.535,P<0.01).结论 AP-1、MMP-9在HCC的发生发展过程中起着重要的作用;AP-1可能通过上调MMP-9的表达和活性而促进HCC的浸润和转移.     

Fas、FasL蛋白与乳腺癌相关性的临床研究

目的:探讨Fas、FasL在乳腺癌组织中表达的临床意义及其与乳腺癌预后的关系。方法:应用免疫组织化学方法检测Fas、FasL蛋白在60例乳腺癌及10例乳腺良性肿瘤组织中的表达情况。结果:Fas、FasL在乳腺癌及乳腺良性肿瘤组织中的阳性率分别为78.33%(47/60)、80%(8/10)及95%(57/60)、70%(7/10),Fas蛋白在乳腺癌组织中的阳性率低于乳腺良性肿瘤,FasL蛋白在乳腺癌组织中的阳性率高于乳腺良性肿瘤组织。Fas、FasL蛋白的表达与乳腺癌患者的年龄、分期、分子分型、HER-2状况及腋窝淋巴结转移情况无关,但Fas、FasL蛋白的强阳性率与乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移及Ki-67的表达明显相关。结论:Fas、FasL蛋白强阳性与乳腺癌的转移、进展相关,可能作为乳腺癌预后的一个评估指标。     

Survivin蛋白在肝外胆管癌组织中的表达及其与预后的关系

目的 观察Survivin蛋白在肝外胆管癌组织中的表达,探讨Survivin蛋白表达水平与肝外胆管癌临床病理特征的相关性,研究Survivin蛋白表达与肝外胆管癌预后的关系.方法 采用免疫组化法检测59例肝外胆管癌组织和相应的20例癌旁组织中Survivin蛋白的表达,分析肝外胆管癌组织中Survivin蛋白的表达水平与患者临床病理特征、淋巴结转移的关系及其与预后的关系.结果 肝外胆管癌组织Survivin蛋白表达阳性率为67.8%(40/59),而癌旁组织为20.O%(4/20),二者有明显差别(P<0.01).Survivin蛋白表达水平与分化程度呈负相关(P<0.01),与TNM分期、淋巴管浸润、神经浸润和淋巴结转移旱正相关(P<0.05).Survivin蛋白表达阳性组血清CA19-9的水平为(290 300±55 500)U/L,阴性组为(113 300±31 400)U/L,Survivin蛋白阳性表达组高于阴性表达组(P<0.05).Survivin蛋白表达阴性组和阳性组平均生存期分别为43.5个月和21.1个月,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).多因素生存分析结果显示,Survivin蛋白、癌残留及淋巴结转移是肝外胆管癌独立的预后因素(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01).结论 Survivin蛋白表达水平与分化程度呈负相关,与淋巴浸润和血清CA19-9浓度呈正相关.Survivin蛋白表达水平为肝外胆管癌根治术后独立的预后因素.     

Survivin基因在胆管癌组织中的表达及其与bcl-2和bax相关性

目的 探讨Survivin基因在胆管癌组织中的表达以及与bel-2和bax基因表达的相关性.方法 应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测Survivin mRNA在64例胆管癌,22例癌旁组织及10例正常胆管组织中的表达,免疫组织化学方法测定胆管癌组织中bcl-2和bax蛋白的表达.结果 胆管癌组织中Survivin基因阳性表达率65.6%(42/64),显著高于其在癌旁组织(9.1%,P<0.01)和正常胆管(0%,P<0.01)中的表达;Survivin基因表达与胆管癌的性别、年龄、部位、分化程度、临床分期及淋巴结转移无明显相关(P>0.05).bcl-2和bax在胆管癌组织中的表达率分别为56.3%(36/64)N45.3%(29/64),Survivin基因表达与bcl-2表达正相关(r=0.404,P<0.01),与bax表达负相关(r=-0.373,P<0.01).结论 Survivin基因在胆管癌的发生、发展过程中可能起重要作用;Survivin有可能成为胆管癌基因治疗的新靶点;在胆管癌的发展中,Survivin与bel-2和bax分别起协同和拮抗作用.     

胰腺癌组织中p21 WAF1的表达及其与临床病理因素的关系

目的：研究p21WAF1在胰腺癌中的表达及其与胰腺癌临床病理因素的关系,了解p21WAF1在胰腺癌进展中的作用.方法:用免疫组织化学方法检测30例胰腺癌患者癌组织中p21WAF1的表达,所有数据用卡方检验.结果:30例中有10例p21WAF1蛋白表达阴性,在中、低分化癌、淋巴结转移、血管侵犯和Ⅲ、Ⅳ期胰腺癌中p21表达显著降低(P<0.05).结论:p21WAF1在胰腺癌中的表达下降与肿瘤的进展有关,可作为提示胰腺癌恶性程度的标志.     

Maspin在原发性胆管癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的:探讨Maspin蛋白在原发性胆管癌中的表达和意义及其与p53蛋白的关系。方法:用免疫组化法检测42例胆管癌连同癌旁组织及12例正常胆管组织中Maspin蛋白和p53蛋白的表达,分析两者与患者临床病理因素及预后的关系以及两者之间的关系。结果:Maspin蛋白与p53蛋白在胆管癌组织中阳性率均明显高于癌旁组织与正常胆管组织(均P0.05);Maspin蛋白表达与胆管癌淋巴结转移及远处转移有关,而p53蛋白表达与胆管癌病理分级、TNM分期、淋巴结转移以及远处转移有关(均P0.05),但胆管癌中Maspin蛋白与p53蛋白表达无相关性(r=-0.329,P=0.144)。Maspin阳性表达患者术后生存期长于阴性表达患者(χ~2=4.440,P=0.035),而p53阳性表达患者术后生存期短于阴性表达患者(χ~2=8.231,P=0.004)。单因素与多因素Cox回归模型分析结果显示,Maspin蛋白是胆管癌患者预后的独立预测指标(HR=0.094,95%CI=0.015~0.593,P=0.012)。结论:Maspin蛋白在胆管癌组织中表达增加,但其减少或缺失可能与患者不良临床病理特征及预后密切相关,且其作用机制可能与p53蛋白无关联。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.