大理地区鼠类动物肝毛细线虫感染情况调查

目的调查大理地区鼠类动物肝毛细线虫感染的情况。方法在室内和室外采用捕鼠笼、鼠夹和电子捕鼠器捕捉鼠类动物，并确定其种类，解剖检查和镜检肝毛细线虫感染情况。结果共捕获鼠类动物1132只，分属3目6科13属23种，齐氏姬鼠为野外常见种，褐家鼠为室内优势种。感染肝毛细线虫的鼠共238只，分属2日8种，感染率为21．02％。家栖鼠类感染普遍，感染率为76．83％，以褐家鼠和黄胸鼠感染率较高，分别是77．01％和77．46％。野栖鼠类感染率低，为4．47％，但斯氏家鼠感染率可达38．81％。结论大理地区鼠类肝毛细线虫感染相当普遍，家栖鼠类感染率较高，预防人群肝毛细线虫的感染是十分必要的。     

河南省小动物宿主肝毛细线虫病流行病学调查

目的调查分析河南省小动物宿主感染肝毛细线虫病流行现状。方法根据地理方位和地理特征选择7个县为调查点，在户外捕捉鼠类等动物，鉴定种类，解剖取鼠肝用直接压片法镜检肝毛细线虫感染情况。结果共捕获各种鼠类和其他动物15种1188只，其中啮齿目动物11种，1169只。优势鼠种为褐家鼠、大仓鼠、黄胸鼠、小家鼠和黑线姬鼠。6种鼠157只检出肝毛细线虫感染，平均感染率为13．62％。感染率最高的为家栖鼠类，其中褐家鼠25．83％，黄胸鼠12．90％，小家鼠10．00％。地区分布以汝南县鼠感染率最高，为23．83％；郑州市惠济区1．76％。环境分布以村周鼠感染率最高，为30．34％；村内19．49％，田地17．24％。结论河南省鼠肝毛细线虫分布十分广泛，部分地区鼠类感染较为严重。开展人肝毛细线虫流行病学调查和防治十分必要。     

大理地区鼠类动物肝毛细线虫感染情况调查

目的　调查大理地区鼠类动物肝毛细线虫感染的情况。　方法　在室内和室外采用捕鼠笼、鼠夹和电子捕鼠器捕捉鼠类动物 ,并确定其种类 ,解剖检查和镜检肝毛细线虫感染情况。　结果　共捕获鼠类动物 113 2只 ,分属 3目 6科 13属 2 3种 ,齐氏姬鼠为野外常见种 ,褐家鼠为室内优势种。感染肝毛细线虫的鼠共 2 3 8只 ,分属 2目 8种 ,感染率为2 1.0 2 %。家栖鼠类感染普遍 ,感染率为 76.83 % ,以褐家鼠和黄胸鼠感染率较高 ,分别是 77.0 1%和 77.46%。野栖鼠类感染率低 ,为 4.47% ,但斯氏家鼠感染率可达 3 8.81%。　结论　大理地区鼠类肝毛细线虫感染相当普遍 ,家栖鼠类感染率较高 ,预防人群肝毛细线虫的感染是十分必要的。     

冠县人体肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

按照全国人体寄生虫分布调查实施细则的要求和方法,我们于1988年10月在冠县进行了人体肠道寄生虫感染情况调查。检查5个村2515人,受检率94.27％,感染寄生虫者1825人,总感染率为72.56％(5～14岁感染率最高达93.47％)。其中感染1种寄生虫者1194人,占80.95％;同时感染2、3和4种虫者分别占17.42％、1.56％和0.07％。肠道蠕虫查见5种,其感染率蛔虫为46.96％、十二指肠钩虫0.12％、美     

山东省微山县人群寄生虫感染情况的调查

我们于1989年10月在微山县进行人体肠道寄生虫感染调查。共查见1周岁以上的人群2070人,总感染率为52.9％,感染1种寄生虫者为32.6％,同时感染2、3、4和5种者分别占15.0％,4.0％、1.2％和0.2％。查见蠕虫6种,其感染率蛔虫为44.4％,钩虫12.5％,其中十二指肠钩虫9.4％,美洲钩虫为3.1％。鞭虫3.9％,蛲     

定陶县人体寄生虫感染情况调查

按照《全国人体寄生虫分布调查实施细则》,我们于1989年10月,对定陶县人体寄生虫感染情况进行了调查。共检查2107人,寄生虫感染率为55.6％。其中感染1种寄生虫者占总人数的67.6％,同时感染2、3、4和5种虫者分别占25.9、5.6、0.77和0.09％。人体肠道蠕虫;共查见6种。在2107人中,蛔虫感染724人,感染率34.4％;钩蚴培养阳性者:美洲钩蚴10例,十二指肠钩蚴84例;鞭虫感染1.6％;华支睾吸虫感染率0.19％;粪类圆线虫感染率0.19％;蛲虫感染率31.7％(240/758)。     

平阴县人体寄生虫感染调查分析

我们按全国人体寄生虫分布调查实施细则,于1989年4～5月在平阴县三个乡(镇)的四个自然村,共查2540人(受检率为91.80％),寄生虫感染率为36.18％。共查出9种寄生虫,其中感染1种者占感染总人数的86.16％,同时感染2、3种者分别占12.42％和1.42％。一、人体肠道蠕虫共查见五种。蛔虫感染率为26.97％;钩虫感染率0.83％,其中十二指肠钩虫占感染人数的71.47％,美洲钩虫占28.53％,未见混合感染型,鞭虫感染率为0.28％;肝吸虫感染者仅查     

四川成都市人体寄生虫感染情况调查

1990年5～8月,分层整群抽取我市邛崃、蒲江二县的10个村进行了人体肠道寄生虫感染情况调查。共查5161人,查出蠕虫、原虫各7种。感染寄生虫者4443人,总感染率86.09％,其中感染1种虫者占31.77％,同时感染2、3、4、5、6种虫者分别占39.21％、     

微山县人体肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

根据全国人体寄生虫分布调查实施细则要求,我们于1989年10月对沿湖四个村进行了人体肠道寄生虫感染情况调查。共查1周岁以上的人群2070人,总感染率为52.94％。感染1种寄生虫者为32.63％,同时感染2、3、4和5种者分别占15.01％、3.99％、1.15％和0.15％。共检出蠕虫5     

鼠类动物与人类旋毛虫感染关系的研究

目的 初步探讨鼠类动物与人类旋毛虫感染的关系。方法在室内和野外生境捕获鼠类动物，鉴定种类，肌肉压片检查旋毛虫幼虫，ELISA测定血清旋毛虫特异性抗体。结果1.02％的鼠类动物查到旋毛虫幼虫，旋毛虫血清抗体阳性率为20.30％。其中家栖和野栖鼠类旋毛虫病原检查感染率与血清抗体阳性率分别是1．85％和24．49％，0和8.57％，差异均无显著性（P均〈0.01〉。结论旋毛虫病流行区鼠类动物旋毛虫感染率较高，家栖鼠类旋毛虫感染率高于野栖鼠，与人类及家养动物感染相关。     

山西省晋中地区人群寄生虫感染情况的调查

本文报道山西省晋中地区人群寄生虫分布调查结果。从榆次、平遥、左权和昔阳4个县(市),11个点,调查5750人,其中寄生虫感染者2778例,感染率为48.3％。经标准化人口处理后的感染率为47.2％。男、女感染率分别为48.5％(1375/2835)和48.1％(1403/2915)。15岁以下和16岁以上年龄组的感染率分别为59.4％(1155/1946)和42.7％(1623/3804)。本次共查出原虫10种,蠕虫6种,未查见吸虫。蛔虫、鞭虫、蛲虫、钩虫、猪肉绦虫、微小膜壳绦虫、结肠内阿米巴、哈氏内阿米巴、微小内蜒阿米巴、溶组织内阿米巴、布氏嗜碘阿米巴、贾第虫、人毛滴虫、人酵母菌、迈氏唇鞭毛虫和等孢子球虫的感染率依次为25％、2.2％、5.6％、0.02％、0.02％、0.05％、4.5％、4.6％、6.4％、0.3％、1.1％、3.8％、5.8％、1.6％、0.04％和0.02％。     

Are intestinal helminths risk factors for developing active tuberculosis?

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of intestinal helminth infections in active tuberculosis patients and their healthy household contacts and to assess its association with active TB in an area endemic for both types of infections. METHODS: Smear-positive pulmonary TB patients and healthy household contacts were tested for intestinal helminths using direct microscopy and the formol-ether concentration techniques. Three consecutive stool samples were examined before the start of TB chemotherapy. Sputum microscopy was done using the sodium hypochlorite concentration techniques. Participants were also tested for HIV by commercial sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 230 smear-positive TB patients and 510 healthy household contacts. The prevalence of intestinal helminths was 71% in patients and 36% in controls. HIV seroprevalence was significantly higher in patients than in controls (46.7%vs. 11.6%, P < 0.001). Conditional logistic regression analysis showed a strong association between TB and intestinal helminth infection (OR = 4.2, 95% CI 2.7-5.9, P < 0.001), and between TB and HIV infection (OR = 7.8, 95% CI 4.8-12.6, P < 0.0001). The odds of being a TB patient increased with the number of helminth species per person: in individuals with mono-infection it was 4.3 (95% CI 2.8-6.8); in people infected with two species was 4.7 (95% CI 2.5-8.7), and in patients infected with three or more helminths was 12.2 (3.9-52.6). CONCLUSION: Intestinal helminth infection may be one of the risk factors for the development of active pulmonary TB in addition to HIV infection. This finding may have important implications in the control of TB in helminth endemic areas of the world.     

Tuberculin Skin-Test Reactions Are Unaffected by the Severity of Hyperendemic Intestinal Helminth Infections and Co-Infections

The tuberculin skin test (TST) quantifies cell-mediated immunity to tuberculosis antigens. Helminths suppress cell-mediated immunity, so we studied the effect of helminth infection and deworming on the TST in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in an indigenous Amazon community (N = 195). Stool microscopy diagnosed helminths in 98% and co-infection with multiple species in 24% of study subjects. The TST was positive (≥ 10 mm) for 49%, and responses increased with age (P < 0.001), Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination (P = 0.01), and tuberculosis contact (P = 0.05). TST results had no association with helminth-egg concentrations, species, or co-infections (all P > 0.1). One month after deworming with albendazole (three daily 400-mg doses), helminths were reduced, but 63% remained infected with helminths. Albendazole did not cause a change in TST size (P = 0.8) or positivity (P = 0.9) relative to placebo. Thus, TST reactions were unaffected by albendazole therapy that partially cured intestinal helminth infections, and TST interpretation was unaffected by high-burden helminth infections and co-infection with multiple helminth species.     

Helminths of the brown rat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rattus norvegicus</Emphasis>) (Berkenhout, 1769) in the city of Palermo,Italy

A helminthological survey was performed on 143 brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) from the city of Palermo (Italy). The overall prevalence of helminth infection was 98.60 %. The following parasites were found: Brachylaima sp. (prevalence 8.39 %) (Trematoda); Taenia taeniaeformis larvae (11.89 %), Rodentolepis nana (13.29 %), Hymenolepis diminuta (24.48 %) (Cestoda); Gongylonema sp., (4.90 %), Syphacia muris (8.39 %), Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (18.88 %), Eucoleus gastricus (30.07 %), Mastophorus muris (30.77 %), Capillaria hepatica (54.55 %), Heterakis spumosa (82.52 %) (Nematoda) and one acanthocephalan (0.70 %). The species found in males were also present in females, with the exception of the acanthocephalan. No significant differences were found between males and females in prevalence (P%) or mean infection intensity (MI). However, a significant correlation between both P% and MI, as well as host age, was observed in some helminth species. Hosts were infected by one to six helminth species (median = 3). This is the first report from Sicily of helminths in R. norvegicus.     

Impact of intestinal helminth infection on anemia and iron status during pregnancy: a community based study in Indonesia

A cohort study was carried out in Purworejo District, Central Java, Indonesia to investigate prevalence of anemia and low iron stores during pregnancy in relation to intestinal helminth infection. 442 pregnant women were followed until 5-10 weeks postpartum, during the period of April 1996 - August 1998. Information on intestinal helminths, hemoglobin and serum ferritin was collected each trimester. Highest prevalence of anemia in pregnancy (37.1%) was found in the second trimester, while the highest prevalence of low iron stores (49.5%) was found in the third trimester. Most pregnant women (69.7%) were infected with at least one species of pathogenic intestinal helminths. The most common helminth detected was Trichuris trichiura followed by Necator americanus (hookworm) and Ascaris lumbricoides. A significant negative association was found between hookworm infection and serum ferritin at the first trimester (p = 0.010). It is concluded that hookworm infection can interfere iron stores. Other causes of anemia among pregnant women should be considered. Anthelminthic therapy could be given to infected women before conception as public health strategy to improve iron status.     

Worms and allergy

Worms and asthma are associated with a type 2 immune response, but evidence has accumulated that helminth infection is negatively associated with atopy, prevalence of allergic diseases and severity of asthma. One important difference between these polarized type 2 responses is that in allergy modulation of the immunological response is not appropriate, whereas in infection with helminths, several host mechanisms down-regulate the host immune response. As a result, patients infected with worms have a decrease in both type 1 and type 2 responses. The main mechanism involved in this down-modulation is increased production of IL-10, but expansion of regulatory T cells and NKT cells may also participate. Regarding the interaction between worms and allergy, a few variables need to be taken in account: phase (acute or chronic) of helminth infection, parasite load and species of helminth. In animals and humans, acute helminth infection may increase manifestations of allergy, whereas chronic infection with parasites decreases atopy. The modulation of the immune response by helminths is dependent on having an adequate parasite load. Moreover, although several helminth species have been shown to modulate immune responses, most in vitro and in vivo studies have focused on the importance of Schistosoma mansoni in down-modulating allergic reactions.     

New records of helminth species and their hosts in Poland

Information on species of parasitic helminths native to Poland is provided by the Pasozytnicze helminty Polski. Gatunki. Zywiciele. Bia?e Plamy. Until the middle of 2007, there were 1205 species of recorded helminths including 126 species of Monogenea, 338 of Trematoda (Digenea), 279 of Cestoda, 427 of Nematoda and 35 of Acanthocephala. They represented 32.9% of the species recorded in Europe (i.e., registered in the Fauna Europaea database). During the following three years up to the middle of 2010, 64 new species of Polish helminths were detected: 7 Monogenea, 15 Trematoda (Digenea), 21 Cestoda, 20 Nematoda and one Acanthocephala. Most hosts of the new helminth species were reported from birds (40 species), but also from fish (13 species) and mammals (10 species). Only one new species of helminth was detected in amphibians.     

Synergistic associations between hookworm and other helminth species in a rural community in Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To identify possible synergistic associations of hookworm and other helminths. METHOD: Cross-sectional survey of all households within 10 km2 of Americaninhas, a rural community in Minas Gerais, Brazil. We determined the prevalence and intensity of single and multiple helminth species infection in an age-stratified sample of 1332 individuals from 335 households. RESULTS: Hookworm was the most prevalent helminth infection (68.2%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (48.8%) and Schistosoma mansoni (45.3%). Overall, 60.6% of individuals harboured mixed helminth infections. Multivariate analysis indicated significant positive associations for co-infection with hookworm and S. mansoni and for co-infection with hookworm and A. lumbricoides. Co-infections with hookworm and A. lumbricoides resulted in higher egg counts for both, suggesting a synergistic relationship between these species, although, we found important age differences in this relationship. However, the intensity of S. mansoni or A. lumbricoides co-infection did not differ from that of mono-infection. CONCLUSION: These results have implications for the epidemiology, immunology and control of multiple helminth infections. More research is needed to examine the rates of re-infection and immune responses after chemotherapy, and to what extent the effects of polyparasitism are altered by chemotherapy.     

Coincident filarial, intestinal helminth, and mycobacterial infection: helminths fail to influence tuberculin reactivity, but BCG influences hookworm prevalence

The prevalence of helminth and tuberculosis infections is high in South India, whereas Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine efficacy is low. Our aim was to determine whether concurrent helminth infection alters the ability to mount a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to tuberculin. In a cross-sectional study in southern India, individuals 6-65 years of age were screened for intestinal helminths, circulating filarial antigenemia, tuberculin reactivity, active tuberculosis, and history of BCG vaccination; 54% were purified protein derivative (PPD) positive, 32% had intestinal helminth infection, 9% were circulating filarial antigen positive, and 0.5% had culture-confirmed active tuberculosis. Only age and BCG vaccination were significantly associated with PPD reactivity; however, BCG vaccination was associated with a lower prevalence of hookworm infection relative to those without prior BCG vaccination. Neither intestinal helminth infection nor filarial infection was associated with diminished frequencies of PPD positivity. Our findings suggest that preceding helminth infection does not influence significantly the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to tuberculin.     

Intestinal parasitic infections in schoolchildren of Abha (Asir), Saudi Arabia.

Stool specimens from 1282 children between the age of 5 and 13 years attending 10 primary schools for boys in the city of Abha, southwestern Saudi Arabia, were examined for the presence of intestinal parasites. Of these, 313, (24.4%) were found infected with one or more species of 11 intestinal protozoa and helminths. The most common pathogenic protozoa being Giardia lamblia (10.9%) followed by Entamoeba histolytica (4.1%). The nonpathogenic protozoan, Entamoeba coli had the highest prevalence rate (11.3%) in the children's stools. Hymenolepis nana was the commonest intestinal helminth (3.0%). Other intestinal helminths, including Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura. Schistosoma mansoni, Dicrocoelium dendriticum were detected to a lesser extent. The distribution of the common intestinal infections among the children surveyed were also analysed according to age, nationality and multiplicity of infection. Prevalence of E. histolytica was found to increase with age whereas Giardia infections were less common among older children. This pair of parasite species were strongly associated. Yemeni children had consistently the highest prevalence of infection with protozoa and helminths, followed by Saudi and non-Saudi children.