老年高血压患者动态血压变化与左室肥厚的关系

目的 探讨老年高血压患者动态血压变化与左心室肥厚的关系.方法 采用超声心动图检查患者心脏,将结果分成左心室肥厚组(LVH)和非左心室肥厚组(NLVH),对两组患者动态血压检测结果进行组间对照,并对相关数据与左室质量指数(LVMI)进行相关性分析.结果 ①左室肥厚组收缩压、舒张压、脉压水平均明显高于非左室肥厚组,尤以收缩压明显;②左室肥厚组昼夜节律变化消失或减弱者较非左室肥厚组明显增多.结论 老年高血压患者动态收缩压、舒张压及脉压水平与左心室肥厚具有正相关,同时血压的昼夜节律变化对左心室肥厚具有重要影响.     

高血压病左室肥厚与平均血压、血压负荷及血压变异性的关系

目的：探讨原发性高血压病左室肥厚（LVH）与平均血压、血压负荷及血压变异性的关系。方法：运用无创性动态血压监测仪对56例原发性高血压患者（EH）进行24小时监测,并进行左室重量测定,根据左室重量指数将其分为左室肥厚组30例和无左室肥厚组26例,比较其血压变异性参数、平均血压及血压负荷,并进行左室重量指数（LVMI）与上述各参数的相关分析。结果：左室肥厚组血压变异性、24小时及昼夜血压负荷、平均血压均较无左室肥厚组明显增大和升高。24小时及昼夜平均收缩压与舒张压（24SP、24DP、DSP、DDP、NSP、NDP）、24小时及夜间收缩压与舒张压负荷、白昼收缩压负荷（24SPL、24DPL、DSPL、DDPL、NSPL、NDPL）、收缩压变异性与舒张压变异性（SPv、DPv）与LVMI呈正相关。结论：EH者左室肥厚是平均血压水平升高,血压负荷增大和血压变异性增加等因素共同作用的结果,尤以夜间血压升高和血压负荷增大对其影响较大。     

老年单纯收缩期高血压患者血压变异性与左心室肥厚的关系

目的：研究老年单纯收缩期高血压患者血压变异性与左心室肥厚（LVHC）的关系,。方法：对31例老年收缩期高血压患者和24例老年正常血压组,分别进行动态血压测定,计算出平均血压、24小时、白天、夜间收缩压和舒张压变异性,超声心动图测量左室内径、室间厚度、左室后壁厚度、计算出左室重量指数（LVMI）。结果：老年收缩期高血压组血压变异性,LVM和LVMI大于老年正常血压组,结论血压变异性和平均血压水平与左室肥厚有关。     

老年高血压患者血脂水平与血压变异性的相关性

目的:探讨老年高血压患者血脂水平与血压变异性的关系.方法:将300例老年高血压患者根据血脂水平检测结果分为血脂异常组和血脂正常组,对两组患者进行24 h动态血压监测,根据监测结果分析老年高血压患者血脂水平与血压变异性的相关性.结果:两组间一般资料比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05);血脂异常组24 h收缩压、24 h舒张压、24 h平均脉压差、白昼平均脉压差、夜间平均脉压差、白昼收缩压、夜间收缩压、24 h收缩压变异性、24 h舒张压变异性均显著高于血脂正常组(P＜0.05或0.01).结论:老年高血压患者血脂水平与血压变异性呈显著正相关,临床上在降压治疗的同时应进一步关注血脂水平的变化.     

原发性高血压患者动态脉压、收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压与内皮功能损害及左心室肥厚的关系

目的:探讨原发性高血压患者诊室或动态脉压、收缩压、舒张压及平均动脉压变化与内皮功能损害、左心室肥厚之间的关系,以了解原发性高血压后左心室肥厚、血管内皮损伤的可能机制。方法:选择1998-06/2002-11在首都医科大学宣武医院心血管内科高血压门诊就诊的初诊或停服所有降压药物2周以上的轻中度原发性高血压患者555例。根据诊室脉压及24h动态脉压水平将555例患者分为脉压≤40mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)组,40mmHg<脉压≤50mmHg组,50mmHg<脉压≤60mmHg,脉压>60mmHg。以左室心肌质量指数:男性>134g/m2,女性>110g/m2作为左室肥厚的标准分为肥厚组237例,非肥厚组318例。结果:随24h动态脉压增大,血浆内皮素水平增加(P<0.01),一氧化氮水平减少(P<0.05),内皮素与一氧化氮比值增加(P<0.05)。24h动态脉压、白天脉压、夜间脉压、诊室脉压均与内皮素、内皮素/一氧化氮比值呈显著正相关(r=0.171～0.377,P<0.01);与一氧化氮呈显著负相关(r=-0.269,-0.259,-0.167,P<0.01;r=-0.141,P<0.05)。脉压较收缩压、24h动态脉压较诊室脉压与内皮素、一氧化氮的相关性更明显。而舒张压及平均动脉压与以内皮素、一氧化氮水平均无相关性。左室肥厚组较非肥厚组收缩压及脉压明显增高(P<0.001),舒张压无明显差异,脉压增高的主要因素是收缩     

高血压病患者动态脉压、收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压 与左心室肥厚的相关性研究

目的　探讨高血压病患者诊所或动态脉压、收缩压、舒张压及平均动脉压变化与左心室肥厚之间的相互关系。方法　选择 5 5 5名初诊或停药 2周以上的轻中度高血压病患者进行诊室血压、2 4h动态血压监测及超声心动图检查。 5 5 5名患者根据诊室脉压 (CPP)及 2 4h动态脉压 (APP)水平分别分为四组 ,A组 :PP≤ 40mmHg ;B组 :40mmHg 60mmHg。以左室心肌质量指数 (LVMI)男性 >13 4g/m2 ,女性 >110g/m2 作为左室肥厚的标准 ,分为年龄匹配的左室肥厚组和非肥厚组 ,其中肥厚组 2 3 7例 ,非肥厚组 3 18例。结果　左室肥厚组较非肥厚组收缩压及脉压明显增高 ,舒张压无明显差异 ,脉压增高的主要因素是收缩压增高。以左室心肌质量指数为因变量 ,以诊所或 2 4h收缩压、舒张压、脉压、平均动脉压为自变量 ,只有诊所或 2 4h收缩压进入回归方程。结论　脉压与收缩压增高均可导致高血压病患者左心室肥厚 ,而收缩压增高是导致高血压病患者左心室肥厚的主要决定因素。舒张压及平均动脉压增高对左心室肥厚无明显影响。     

72例高血压患者动态血压监测与左室肥厚的关系

目的:探讨原发性高血压患者昼夜动态血压监测与左室肥厚的关系。方法:根据超声心动图检查,将72例患者分为左室肥厚组(LVH)与无左室肥厚组,2组均使用北京美高仪生产的ABPM无创性动态血压监测仪进行24h动态血压监测。结果:2组24h收缩压(SBP),平均脉压差(PP)及血压昼夜节律差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.05),高血压左室肥厚组男女患者间24hABPM无显著统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:原发性高血压患者的24hSBP、PP及血压昼夜节律的消失与左室肥厚密切相关。     

原发性高血压患者动态脉压、收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压与内皮功能损害及左心室肥厚的关系

目的：探讨原发性高血压患者诊室或动态脉压、收缩压、舒张压及平均动脉压变化与内皮功能损害、左心室肥厚之间的关系，以了解原发性高血压后左心室肥厚、血管内皮损伤的可能机制。方法：选择1998—06／2002-11在首都医科大学宣武医院心血管内科高血压门诊就诊的初诊或停服所有降压药物2周以上的轻中度原发性高血压患者555例。根据诊室脉压及24h动态脉压水平将555例患者分为脉压≤40mmHg(1mmHg=0．133kPa)组，40mmHg&;lt;脉压≤50mmHg组，50mmHg&;lt;脉压≤60mmHg，脉压&;gt;60mmHg。以左室心肌质量指数：男性&;gt;134g／m^2，女性&;gt;110g／m^2作为左室肥厚的标准分为肥厚组237例，非肥厚组318例。结果：随24h动态脉压增大，血浆内皮素水平增加(P(0，01)，一氧化氮水平减少(P&;lt;0，05)，内皮素与一氧化氮比值增加(P&;lt;0．05)。24h动态脉压、白天脉压、夜间脉压、诊室脉压均与内皮素、内皮素／一氧化氮比值呈显著正相关(r=0．171～0，377，P&;lt;0，01)；与一氧化氮呈显著负相关(r=-0，269，-0．259，-0，167，P&;lt;0．01；r=-0．141，P&;lt;0．05)。脉压较收缩压、24h动态脉压较诊室脉压与内皮素、一氧化氮的相关性更明显。而舒张压及平均动脉压与以内皮素、一氧化氮水平均无相关性。左室肥厚组较非肥厚组收缩压及脉压明显增高(P&;lt;0．001)，舒张压无明显差异，脉压增高的主要因素是收缩压增高。分别以内皮素、一氧化氮为因变量，以诊所或24h收缩压、舒张压、脉压、平均动脉压为自变量，只有诊室或24h脉压进入回归方程[诊室血压参数结果：内皮素=0．497&;#215;诊室脉压+44．613(R^2=0，029，P&;lt;0．01)；一氧化氮=-0．398&;#215;诊室脉压+100．454。24h血压参数结果：内皮素=1.269&;#215;24h脉压+12．536(R0=0．090，P&;lt;0．01)；一氧化氮=-015&;#215;24h动态脉压+130．266(R^2=0．072，P&;lt;0．01)]。以左室心肌质量为因变量，以诊所或24h收缩压、舒张压、脉压、平均动脉压为自变量，只有诊所或24h收缩压进入回归方程[诊室血压参数结果：左室心肌质量=0．405&;#215;诊室收缩压+37．769(R^2=0．072，P&;lt;0．01)；24h血压参数结果：左室心肌质量=0．611&;#215;24h收缩压+19．821(R^2=0．174，P&;lt;0．01)]。结论：脉压与收缩压增高均可导致原发性高血压患者左心室肥厚、内皮功能损伤及舒张功能减退；脉压增高是导致原发性高血压患者内皮功能损伤的主要决定因素，随脉压升高，血管内皮功能损害加重；收缩压增高是导致原发性高血压患者左心室肥厚的主要决定因素；舒张压及平均动脉压增高对左心室肥厚及血管内皮功能损伤无明显影响。     

焦虑抑郁状态对老年高血压患者动态血压和血压变异性的影响研究

目的探讨抑郁焦虑状态对老年高血压患者动态血压和血压变异性的影响。方法选择老年高血压患者共124例,分为研究组(高血压合并焦虑抑郁患者共53例)与对照组(未合并焦虑抑郁的患者共71例),比较两组的动态血压和血压变异性。结果研究组昼间收缩压、昼间脉压和24 h脉压显著高于对照组(P0.05),夜间收缩压、舒张压及脉压与对照组无统计学差异,24 h收缩压、24 h舒张压与对照组无统计学差异。研究组24 h收缩压变异性显著低于对照组,24 h舒张压变异性与对照组无统计学差异,非杓型动态血压节律病人占比明显高于对照组,差异均有显著性(P0.05)。结论焦虑抑郁情绪会导致原发性高血压患者动态血压水平与非杓型血压的发生率增高。     

老年高血压患者动态血压参数与缺血性脑卒中的相关性

回顾性分析我院2014年2~12月收治的76例老年高血压患者,按有无缺血性脑卒中分为对照组与观察组,各38例。全体患者均接受动态血压监测,统计两组患者脉压、白昼平均收缩压/舒张压,夜间平均收缩压/舒张压、血压昼夜节律。结果观察组患者脉压(82.30±18.55mm Hg)高于对照组(71.30±16.21mm Hg),对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且白昼平均收缩压/舒张压、血压昼夜节律组间对比有显著差异(P<0.05);两组患者夜间平均收缩压/舒张压差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。脉压升高、血压节律异常与缺血性脑卒中发病存在密切关联,临床可将上述动态血压参数作为临床预测与诊断的参考依据。     

102例危重病患者有创血压和无创血压的对比

目的比较102例危重病患者有创血压（IBP）和无创血压（NBP）测量结果的一致性。 方法收集2016年3~9月在西安交通大学第二附属医院重症医学科住院治疗的102例危重病患者的尺/桡动脉IBP和同侧上臂NBP数据1072对,先对所有数据分别按收缩压、舒张压、脉压（PP）和平均动脉压（MAP）进行配对t检验;再将数据分为高血压组（MAP≥107 mmHg）（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）、正常血压组（70 mmHg≤MAP<107 mmHg）和低血压组（MAP<70 mmHg）三个亚组,分别进行IBP和NBP的收缩压、舒张压、PP以及MAP间的配对t检验。以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。 结果有创收缩压和无创收缩压之间比较,差异具有统计学意义［（128.08±35.48）mmHg vs（122.56±24.84）mmHg,t=7.896,P<0.001）］;有创舒张压和无创舒张压之间比较,差异具有统计学意义［（65.66±13.69）mmHg vs（67.98±13.31）mmHg,t=-8.294,P<0.001］;有创PP和无创PP之间比较,差异具有统计学意义［（62.42±28.93）mmHg vs（54.58±20.00）mmHg,t=11.697,P<0.001］;有创MAP和无创MAP之间比较,差异无统计学意义［（86.47±18.94）mmHg vs（86.17±15.33）mmHg,t=0.867,P=0.386］。亚组分析显示高血压组（n=254）：有创收缩压和无创收缩压之间比较,差异具有统计学意义［（163.75±33.93）mmHg vs（152.16±16.78）mmHg,t=6.52,P<0.001］,有创舒张压和无创舒张压之间比较,差异具有统计学意义［（79.17±11.03）mmHg vs（83.69±9.50）mmHg,t=-6.85,P<0.001）］,有创PP和无创PP之间比较,差异具有统计学意义［（84.57±31.50）mmHg vs （68.47±20.72）mmHg,t=9.76,P<0.001］;正常血压组（n=687）：有创收缩压和无创收缩压之间比较,差异具有统计学意义［（122.66±24.74）mmHg vs（118.70±15.14）mmHg,t=5.071,P<0.001）］,有创舒张压和无创舒张压之间比较,差异具有统计学意义［（63.97±10.34）mmHg vs（65.60±8.49）mmHg,t=-5.049,P<0.001）］,有创PP和无创PP之间比较,差异具有统计学意义［（58.69±23.05）mmHg vs （53.10±11.90）mmHg,t=7.682,P<0.001］;低血压组（n=131）：有创收缩压和无创收缩压之间比较,差异无统计学意义［（87.35±24.33）mmHg vs（85.41±11.99）mmHg,t=1.109,P=0.269］,有创舒张压和无创舒张压之间比较,差异具有统计学意义［（48.32±8.27）mmHg vs（49.98±8.06）mmHg,t=-2.073,P=0.040］,有创PP和无创PP之间比较,差异具有统计学意义［（39.03±24.00）mmHg vs（35.43±13.97）mmHg,t=1.806,P<0.001］。 结论有创收缩压大于无创收缩压、有创舒张压小于无创舒张压、有创PP大于无创PP,而有创MAP等于无创MAP。采用MAP数值较采用收缩压和（或）舒张压数值可以消除IBP和NBP测量之间的差异。     

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and cerebrospinal fluid pressure during normal and elevated intracranial pressure in dogs

The effect of up to 15 cm H₂O positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on cerebrospinal fluid pressure (Pcsf) was investigated in five anaesthetised, mechanically ventilated dogs during normal and then elevated (40–50 cm H₂O) intracranial pressure (ICP). Stepwise elevations of PEEP in 5 cm H₂O increments resulted in small rises in Pcsf at normal ICP and in significantly larger rises when ICP was elevated. The regression equations for the relationships between Pcsf and end-expiratory pressure (EEP) were as follows: Pcsf=12.95+0.82 EEP for normal ICP, and Pcsf=46.41+2.06 EEP for elevated ICP. Mean PaCO₂ rose from 39.7±2.5 to 47.6±5.0 torr during normal ICP, and from 34.2±2.9 to 50.9±5.3 torr at elevated ICP as PEEP was elevated to 15 cm H₂O. We conclude that PEEP raised Pcsf, and that this increase is more severe under conditions of elevated ICP. The rise in Pcsf due to PEEP may be explained by either the rise in intrathoracic pressure or the rise in PaCO₂, or both.Dedicated to Professor Dr. Johannes Linzbach, Göttingen, on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

Intervention studies to reduce the prevalence and incidence of pressure sores: a literature review

Much has been written about the prevention of pressure sores. However, electronic and manual searches located only 10 studies within the literature in the UK that described interventions able to reduce either their incidence or prevalence. All the studies located contained serious methodological flaws. Apparent success in reducing the number or severity of pressure sores could have resulted because staff involved in data collection were aware that the study was being undertaken and thus took more interest in pressure area care. From the review findings it is apparent that there is a dearth of research evidence upon which to base practice in the sphere of pressure sore prevention and further research is urgently required.     

A comparative study of the cardiorespiratory effects of continuous positive airway pressure breathing and continuous positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure

Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) produces cardiopulmonary effects whether administered by controlled positive pressure ventilation (CPPV) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). In eight patients with acute respiratory failure, the effects of 20 cm PEEP administered via CPPV and CPAP were compared. An esophageal balloon was used to calculate the transmural vascular pressures. The control values under mechanical ventilation with no PEEP (IPPV) for PaO₂ and QS/QT (FiO₂ being 1.0) were respectively 132±15 mmHg and 31±3%; CPPV gave a PaO₂ of 369±27 mmHg and QS/QT fo 14±1.6%, CPAP 365±18 mmHg and 18±1.3% respectively. The two different modes of ventilation (CPPV and CPAP) gave identical blood gas improvement through the same level of end expiratory transpulmonary pressure despite marked differences between absolute mean airway and esophageal pressures. Conversely, hemodynamic tolerance was very different from one technique to the other: CPPV depressed cardiac index from 3.4±0.3 to 2.4±0.2 l/min/m² as well as decreasing transmural filling pressures, suggesting a reduction in venous return. Conversely, filling pressures maintained at control values during CPAP and cardiac indexes were unchanged.Abbreviations IPPV intermittent positive pressure ventilation; mechanical ventilation (controlled mode) with zero end expiratory pressure (ZEEP) - CPPV continuous positive pressure ventilation: mechanical ventilation (controlled mode) with a positive pressure during expiration - CPAP continuous positive airway pressure; spontaneous ventilation with a positive pressure maintained during expiration - PEEP positive end expiratory pressure, whatever the ventilatory mode; spontaneous (CPAP) or mechanical (CPPV) Presented in part at the 44 th annual meeting of American College of Chest Physicians, Washington DC, October 1978     

Myocardial transmural pressure in ventilated patients

The validity of oesophageal pressure measurement as an indicator of intrathoracic pressure changes during IPPV and CPPV was evaluated in 14 patients after open heart surgery. Simultaneously recorded pressures from the airway, pericardium, oesophagus and left atrium all demonstrated an increase following IPPV and CPPV directly proportional to the increasing PEEP level. A significant positive correlation was found between the pressure increase in the pericardium and oesophagus. Therefore the measurement of oesophageal pressure closely reflected the changes in intrathoracic pressure, in recumbent, ventilated patients and enables the cardiac transmural pressure to be calculated. However, during CPPV the increase in oesophageal pressure did not fully reach the corresponding pressure changes in the pericardium and resulted in an over-estimation of the cardiac transmural pressures. Transmural left atrial pressure appeared to decrease as the lung was inflated during mechanical ventilation with increasing PEEP. This decrease is probably due to the direct effect of regional lung pressure on the pericardium and heart, an effect that cannot be recognized by measurement of oesophageal pressure. Such constraints limit the evaluation of myocardial performance according to the Starling relationship during mechanical ventilation with high airway pressures.With the support of the Swiss National Fund for the advancement of Scientific Research, Berne. Application no. 3.831-0.79     

Influence of tissue pressure on central venous pressure/peripheral venous pressure correlation: An experimental report

BACKGROUND: Peripheral venous pressure (PVP) has been shown to correlate with central venous pressure (CVP) in a number of reports. Few studies, however, have explored the relationship between tissue pressure (TP) and PVP/CVP correlation.METHODS: PVP and CVP were simultaneously recorded in a bench-top model of the venous circulation of the upper limb and in a single human volunteer after undergoing graded manipulation of tissue pressure surrounding the intervening venous conduit. Measures of correlation were determined below and above a point wherein absolute CVP exceeded TP.RESULTS: Greater correlation was observed between PVP and CVP when CVP exceeded TP in both models. Linear regression slope was 0.975 (95% CI: 0.959-0.990); r² 0.998 above tissue pressure 10 cmH₂O vs. 0.393 (95% CI: 0.360-0.426); and r² 0.972 below 10 cmH₂O at a flow rate of 2000 mL/h in the in vitro model. Linear regression slope was 0.839 (95% CI: 0.754-0.925); r² 0.933 above tissue pressure 10 mmHg vs. slope 0.238 (95% CI: -0.052-0.528); and r²0.276 in the en vivo model.CONCLUSION: PVP more accurately reflects CVP when absolute CVP values exceed tissue pressure.     

持续气道正压-比例压力支持-自动管道补偿与双水平气道正压-压力支持通气两种模式撤机方法的比较

目的 :比较持续气道正压比例压力支持自动管道补偿 (CPAP PPS ATC)与双水平气道正压压力支持通气 (BIPAP PSV)两种模式撤机方法的结果。方法 :CPAP PPS ATC组 42例 ,BIPAP PSV组 40例 ,采用对照研究方法 ,比较两种通气模式、起始参数的调节、解决通气机依赖特点及撤机成功率。结果 :两种模式的撤机成功率无明显差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,两种模式均无人机对抗 ,CPAP PPS ATC模式较 BIPAP PSV模式对通气机依赖患者有更大的自主性 ,更容易实现撤机。结论 :BIPAP PSV为压力控制与自主呼吸相结合模式 ,CPAP PPS ATC为自主模式 ,CPAP PPS ATC是一种更好的机械通气撤机模式     

Clinical evaluation of the Takeda Medical (A & D) TM 2420 ambulatory blood pressure monitor. Practical experience and comparison with direct and indirect measurements

Takeda Medical (A & D) TM 2420 is an automatic ambulatory blood pressure monitoring system employing the auscultatory technique. The device was used under stable conditions and compared to readings from the Hawksley randomzero sphygmomanometer using a double headset stethoscope and a Y-connection. We tested 85 subjects (aged 13–89 years, systolic blood pressure 85–212 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure 40–116 mmHg) and found a difference amounting to 1.6±6.7 mmHg (mean±SD) for systolic and 2.1±4.5 mmHg for diastolic readings (Hawksley-TM 2420). In 62 subjects a comparison with simultaneous measurement on the opposite arm with the Hawksley manometer showed similar results. When comparing intra-arterial readings from 10 subjects, a difference (intra-arterial-TM 2420) of -1.9±12.1 mmHg was found for systolic pressures, while the diastolic difference was -10.7±8.7 mmHg. Twenty-four hour monitoring was performed on 80 subjects; 70 of these yielded usable tracings. The proportion of successful recordings was acceptable, but the device was not suitable for bicycle stress testing. The quality of the accessories provided with the equipment could be improved, but in spite of this the monitoring system was found to be recommendable for clinical use.     

组织压监测下治疗小腿骨筋膜室综合征30例报告

目的：探讨测定组织压与血压的差值在诊治小腿骨筋膜室综合征的临床意义。方法：应用穿刺法,通过测量30例筋膜室综合征患者组织压、血压,明确减压手术的客观指标。结果：30例中10例行保守治疗,20例行减压治疗,随访均未发生骨筋膜室后遗症。结论：组织压、收缩压、舒张压的结合测量对指导何时行减压术有重要临床意义。当差值为20mmHg时,需即刻减压。