阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的螺旋CT表现

目的:探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的螺旋CT表现特点。材料和方法:分析经多导睡眠监测仪诊断的7例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征螺旋CT表现。结果:5例完全性阻塞,阻塞部位均为软腭后区,其中2例为多部位阻塞;软腭长度为44.3±1.2mm(正常长度41.9±1.9mm),软腭厚度9.4±0.5mm(正常厚度5.8±0.2mm);在清醒及睡眠状态下RP、RG、EPG区咽后壁厚度均大于正常值。结论:螺旋CT观察上气道清醒状态下及深睡状态下狭窄程度较准确,对其诊断和制定治疗方案具有较高的实用价值。     

上气道CT多呼吸时相OSAS阻塞部位定位效果

【摘要】目的：观察多呼吸时相(睡眠与清醒状态时)阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者的上气道CT阻塞部位的定位效果。方法：对2018年1~10月间本院就诊的74例OSAS患者进行清醒状态(吸气末)和睡眠状态(打鼾、血氧饱和度下降、呼吸暂停同时发生时)的上气道阻塞部位定位扫描,分析清醒和睡眠两种状态下的上气道阻塞部位定位结果、矢状面横截面积、矢状面气道最小直径、睡眠与清醒状态转换时的最狭窄部位变化情况。结果：上气道部位(软腭后区气道、悬雍垂后区气道、舌后区气道和会厌后区气道)阻塞诊断率比较,睡眠状态(75.67%、28.38%、59.46%、24.32%)均显著高于清醒状态(45.94%、8.11%、36.49%、4.05%)(P<0.05);软腭后区气道和舌后区气道的矢状面横截面积、矢状面气道最小直径比较,OSAS患者睡眠状态的测量值明显小于清醒状态;睡眠与清醒状态转换时,软腭后区气道闭塞者和舌后气道闭塞者的最狭窄部位基本一致,但当患者处于睡眠状态时的狭窄程度或闭塞范围增大。结论：与清醒状态时比较,药物诱导睡眠状态下行CT上气道阻塞部位定位效果明显较优,睡眠状态下可真实再现OSAS患者上气道阻塞部位,对OSAS临床诊治具有较高指导意义。     

128层螺旋CT三维重建对OSAHS患者上气道应用价值的研究

目的：评估128层螺旋 CT 上气道三维重建对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者上气道阻塞部位的定位价值。方法采用128层螺旋 CT 对52例确诊的 OSAHS 患者清醒和 Muller 试验下及32例正常人清醒状态下进行上气道容积扫描,分别测量软腭后区、舌后区及会厌后区的气道体积和气道长度,并对各测量指标进行统计学分析。结果与正常对照组相比,清醒状态下 OSAHS 患者上气道长度显著增加(P <0.001)。与清醒状态下相比,OSAHS 患者 Muller 试验下软腭后区气道体积、舌后区气道体积、气道总体积显著减少(P <0.001)。OSAHS 患者上气道长度与平均血氧饱和度(MSaO2)呈负性相关(r=-0.33, P <0.05)。结论128层螺旋 CT 上气道三维重建能较好评估 OSAHS 患者上气道阻塞部位及阻塞的程度,对指导临床治疗有重要意义。     

OSAHS的上气道MDCT评价

目的:应用多层螺旋CT研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)上气道形态特点,探讨该方法在OSAHS临床诊断、定位及病因研究中的应用价值。材料和方法:经多导睡眠监测(PSG)确诊的OSAHS患者97例及正常对照组59例,行上气道平静相及Muller相CT扫描,测量软腭后区、舌后区最小截面积、前后径、左右径及体积,软腭的长度及厚度,计算咽壁顺应性,判断上气道阻塞平面。结果:多层螺旋CT可理想观察上气道的形态特征,测量各所需数据,并判断上气道阻塞情况。OSAHS患者软腭长度、厚度均大于正常对照组(P<0.05)。OSAHS患者软腭后区、舌后区最小截面积、前后径、左右径与正常对照组相比均明显减小,存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。OSAHS患者在Muller相其咽腔的顺应性明显较正常对照组增高(P<0.05)。结论:OSAHS气道各项参数和顺应性不同于正常人,多层CT可以定量观察OSAHS的这些参数,异常可以判断阻塞部位。     

64层螺旋CT评价阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT扫描在评价阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)上气道的阻塞平面和范围的诊断价值.方法 前瞻性连续纳入30例OSAHS患者和20例健康志愿者清醒状态下行上气道64层螺旋CT扫描,其中9例重度OSAHS患者在睡眠呼吸暂停时再次行上气道64层螺旋CT扫描,所有数据采用Mimics软件,测量和比较健康志愿者和OSAHS患者以及重度OSAHS患者清醒状态和睡眠呼吸暂停时上气道形态学上的差异.结果 (1)OSAHS患者清醒状态下上气道在软腭平面和舌后平面有不同程度的狭窄,与健康志愿者统计学有显著性差异(P＜0.05);(2)重度OSAHS患者清醒状态与睡眠状态的阻塞平面大致一致,然而睡眠呼吸暂停发作时软腭后区的最小截面积远小于清醒状态下的截面积或完全闭塞,二者统计学有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论 64层螺旋CT扫描和图像后处理能够在体评价OSAHS患者上气道阻塞的平面和范围.     

64层螺旋CT诊断阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征

目的：利用64层螺旋CT观察阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAHS）患者上气道大小形态改变,探讨其在指导临床诊治工作中的应用价值。方法：对38例OSAHS患者及20例健康成人行上气道64层螺旋CT扫描,分别测量2组患者软腭长度、悬壅垂长度、咽侧距、腭咽距及腭咽腔最小截面积并进行统计学分析。结果：OSAHS患者软腭长度[（29.11±3.78）mm]较健康对照组[（23.40±2.55）mm]增大,而咽侧距、腭咽距及腭咽腔最小截面积[分别为（22.35±3.59）mm、（12.84±1.94）mm和（175.50±24.43）mm2]较健康对照组[分别为（10.23±4.17）mm、（9.72±2.04）mm和（52.61±3.13）mm2]减小,差异均具有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。结论：64层CT上气道扫描并进行定量分析可协助临床判断OSAHS患者上气道阻塞部位及程度,为临床治疗提供准确的解剖学依据。     

多层螺旋CT气道三维重建评价OSAS

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT气道三维重建评价阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS).材料和方法:对33例OSAS患者及66例正常人行多层螺旋CT气道三维重建,测量上气道的矢状径、冠状径及截面积.对比OSAS患者与正常人各径线的差异.结果:OSAS患者上气道最狭窄处最多见于软腭后区,矢状径、冠状径和截面积分别为8.96mm、16.64mm和164.62mm2;其次是悬雍垂区.与对照组相比,软颚后区及悬壅垂区的矢状径、冠状径及截面积明显较对照组小,且差异有统计学意义.结论:多层螺旋CT气道三维重建能够对气道进行精确测量,并对狭窄部位和范围进行定位,为选择治疗方案包括外科手术方式提供可靠依据.     

正常人和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者上呼吸道的CT测量及比较

目的：探讨上呼吸道各平面的正常参考值及对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)的判断意义。方法：对42例健康人和27例OSAS患者采用螺旋CT自鼻咽顶壁平扫至环状软骨下缘平面，应用图像处理工作站有关测量技术，分别测量正常人和OSAS患者清醒状态下上呼吸道的软腭后区、悬雍垂区、舌后区和会厌后区的横截面积及冠、矢状径。将其测量数值分别除以环状软骨平面气道的相应值；探讨正常参考值范围，并与OSAS患者上呼吸道测量值比较。结果：上呼吸道四个平面的每组参考值各不相同，且男女之问参考值存在差异，而地区、身高和年龄等因素对其影响不大。42例健康人上呼吸道各平面横截面积低于参考值者5例(11．9％)，27例OSAS各平面的横截面积在正常参考值内者4例(14．8％)。结论：上呼吸道各平面的上述参考值有助于判断上呼吸道的狭窄，对OSAS的诊断和治疗方法选择有一定意义。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征发生阻塞部位上呼吸道的CT测量

了解CT测量对阻塞性睡眠呼吸道暂停综合征（obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS）患者上呼吸道狭窄的定位诊断意义。已知上呼吸道阻塞部位的OSAS患者共35例，将其阻塞部位CT测量资料与年龄性别相近的35名正常对照组比较，结果显示，患者组的各平面气道横截面积，气道前后径，左右径均明显小于对照组，咽喉壁和咽侧壁软组织厚度多大于对照组，发生睡眠期呼吸道阻塞的部位中有72．13％在患者清醒时其气道横截面积低于正常值，研究表明，阻塞部位的CT测量结果与正常对照组比较差异显著，72．13％的病例可以在常规的CT扫描测量中发现呼吸道解剖性狭窄。     

螺旋CT和便携睡眠监测阻塞定位仪评估OSAHS上气道狭窄

目的:研究螺旋CT和便携睡眠监测阻塞定位仪(apnea graphy,AG)在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)诊断中的临床应用价值。方法:22例睡眠打鼾患者,便携睡眠监测阻塞定位仪进行整夜睡眠呼吸监测,分析呼吸紊乱指标、出现呼吸暂停低通气事件时的阻塞平面,不同平面的阻塞次数和总阻塞次数。上气道多层螺旋CT自鼻咽部顶壁平扫至环状软骨下缘平面,测量清醒状态下上气道的软腭后区、舌后区气道的横截面积及冠、矢状径。将AG测定上气道狭窄平面与CT测量判断平面进行比较。结果:①22例患者均很好耐受整夜AG监测,16例符合OSAHS,其中轻度2例,中度8例,重度6例。6例排除OSAHS;②16例OSAHS中AG测压均为上部和下部联合阻塞,上部阻塞为主13例,其中1例上部阻塞为100%,下部阻塞为主3例。不同病例上部、下部阻塞频度不同,多为上部阻塞为主;③22例CT测量中4例无狭窄平面,14例腭后区狭窄,1例舌后区狭窄,3例腭后区、舌后区双重狭窄;④16例OSAHS中,AG测压腭后区阻塞为主13/16,CT测量腭后区狭窄12/16,无统计学差异(P>0.05)。AG测压下部阻塞为主3/16,CT测量舌后区阻塞4/16。结论:AG作为便携PSG对OSAHS定性定位诊断具有重要作用,结合CT测量可以很好地评估上气道腭后区狭窄。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.