术前血清CEA在结直肠癌患者预后判断上的作用

目的研究术前血清癌胚抗原(CEA)在判断结直肠癌患者预后中的价值。方法 426例结直肠癌患者按术前CEA水平分为两组:CEA正常组(﹤5ng/mL)和CEA升高组(≥5ng/mL)。跟踪随访上述病例并分析相关临床病理学指标同预后的关系。结果术前血清CEA水平与结直肠癌患者肿瘤大小、浸润深度、淋巴结转移及临床分期密切相关。血清CEA升高组患者的总生存期和无进展生存期明显低于CEA正常组(P<0.001,P<0.001)。单因素及多因素回归分析证明,术前血清CEA水平为判断结直肠癌患者预后的独立指标。结论血清CEA可为结直肠癌患者预后判断提供重要的临床参考依据。     

CEA,CYFRA21-1和NSE联检在肺癌诊治中的应用

目的 :探讨CEA、CYFRA2 1- 1和NSE 3种肿瘤标志物联检在肺癌诊治中的应用及胸水与血清水平同时测定在肺癌诊断中的差异。方法 :放免法测定CEA、CYRFA2 1- 1和NSE。共测定 37例健康成人、2 6例肺良性疾病及 5 3例肺癌患者的血清 ,并对 5 3例肺癌患者中的 33例同时进行了胸水 3项标志物的测定。结果 :健康成人组CEA为 (2 6 8± 1 75 )ng/ml,CYFRA2 1- 1为 (1 5 2± 0 86 )ng/ml,NSE为 (8 77± 4 13)ng/ml。肺良性疾病组CEA为 (5 4 8± 3 2 6 )ng/ml,CYFRA2 1- 1为 (5 32± 2 2 7)ng/ml,NSE为 (15 2 1± 11 36 )ng/ml,肺癌组CEA为 (2 4 95± 18 36 )ng/ml,CYFRA2 1- 1为 (17 81± 11 35 )ng/ml,NSE为 (19 85± 14 2 2 )ng/ml。肺癌组 3项标志物均较健康成人组有显著增高 (P <0 0 1) ,敏感性分别为 2 4 5 %、71 7%、35 8% ,3项联检敏感性为 83 0 % ,较肺良性疾病组CEA、CYFRA2 1- 1两项有显著增高 (P <0 0 1) ,NSE增高不明显 (P >0 0 5 ) ,肺良性疾病组较健康成人组均有显著性增高 (P <0 0 5及P <0 0 1)。同时测定 33项肺癌患者的胸水标本 ,胸水 3项标志物中的CEA、NSE水平较血清增高 ,但无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,CYFRA2 1- 1显著增高(P <0 0 1) ,3项标志物水平与血清相比敏感性均增高     

血清PSA RIA在前列腺癌患者手术前后的临床应用价值

目的 :探讨血清前列腺特异性抗原 (PSA)在前列腺癌 (PC)患者手术前后的临床应用价值。方法 :采用放射免疫分析 (RIA)对 35例正常人及 4 8例PC患者在手术前后进行血清PSA测定。结果 :术前检测PC组 4 6例阳性 ,PC与正常组PSA测定值分别为 5 4 4 7± 4 3 5 2ng/ml与 1 72± 1 14ng/ml(p <0 0 0 1) ,对PC检测的灵敏度 95 8% ,特异性 95 %。其中 2 3例患者在确诊PC前患有前列腺增生 (BPH)时血清PSA水平为 6 2 3±2 94ng/ml,在确诊PC时血清PSA水平上升至 5 6 84± 4 8 12ng/ml(p <0 0 0 1)。术后观察PSA在 3～ 6个月降为正常 ,患者均已生存 4年以上 ,一般情况良好 ,术后PSA无明显变化者均在 2年内先后死亡 ,其中 8例为全身骨转移。结论 :血清PSARIA检测对PC术前诊断及术后评估患者的预后具有良好的应用价值     

妊高征患者血清瘦素水平的初步研究

目的　探讨妊娠高血压综合征 (妊高征 )血清瘦素水平及其与血压间的关系。方法　采用放射免疫法 ,测定 32例妊高征患者 (妊高征组 )及 30例正常妊娠妇女 (对照组 )血清瘦素水平 ,分析瘦素与收缩压 (SBP)、舒张压 (DBP)的相关性。结果　⑴妊高征组血清瘦素水平为 (16 .5 1± 4 .4 7)ng/mL ,高于正常妊娠组的 (14 .14± 3.79)ng/mL ,差异具有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )产后妊高征组瘦素水平为 (8.6 2± 2 .2 3)ng/mL ,较产前明显降低 (P <0 .0 1) ,与对照组产后瘦素水平 (7.97± 2 .2 2 )ng/mL相比 ,差异无显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(3)正常妊娠组与妊高征组产前血清瘦素水平与SBP、DBP的相关系数分别为 (0 .2 5 8,0 .0 74 )及 (0 .0 91,0 .0 6 5 ) ,均无显著相关 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　妊高征患者血清瘦素水平升高 ,它与血压不相关 ,妊高征血压升高与血清瘦素水平间无明确的因果关系。     

血清基质金属蛋白酶-9诊断子宫内膜异位症术后复发的价值

目的:探讨血清基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)诊断子宫内膜异位症(EMs)术后复发的价值。方法:对69例曾行子宫内膜异位症手术治疗的患者在术后6~12个月采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清MMP-9含量,同时取25例正常妇女做对照。并用腹腔镜检查69例患者术后有无复发。结果:腹腔镜下诊断69例患者中有22例复发,47例未见复发。复发组血清MMP-9含量252·21±17·90ng/ml,明显高于未复发组(31·26±1·84ng/ml)和正常对照组(12·93±0·57ng/ml)。复发组与未复发组及正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0·01)。血清MMP-9对EMs复发的敏感性为91·6%,特异性为85·1%。结论:血清中MMP-9水平检测可作为诊断EMs术后复发一个较为敏感而特异的参考指标。     

结肠直肠癌筛查在腹股沟疝修补术前评估是必要的吗?病例对照研究

目的　关于需行腹股沟疝修补术的患者术前是否需要对结肠癌的可能性进行评估 ,目前尚无定论。为了评估腹股沟疝患者结肠癌前病变和结肠癌的发生率是否高于一般人群 ,有必要作病例对照研究。方法　 1990～ 2 0 0 0年期间 ,VAPAHCS施行了 6 14例腹股沟疝修补手术。本研究回顾了其中的 14 9例 (2 4 % )无结肠息肉、结肠癌及在术前和术后行乙状结肠镜或结肠镜检查及消化道出血的病史的患者 ,同期行乙状结肠镜或结果肠镜筛查结肠癌的 14 9例患者作为对照。结果　患者组的平均年龄为 6 7± 0 .7岁 (范围 :31～ 92岁 ) ,对照组为 6 6± 0 .8岁 (…     

肝病患者血清胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ含量及与肝功能的关系

目的　研究肝病患者血清中胰岛素样生长因子I(IGF -I)的变化及其与肝功能的关系 .方法　各型肝炎患者 113例 ,对照组 30例 ,用放射免疫法检测血清IGF -I含量 ,同时检测有关肝功能指标 .结果　急性肝炎、慢性肝炎轻度、慢性肝炎中度患者血清IGF -I含量分别为 6 37.6± 178.3ng/ml、4 5 8.6± 2 76 .4ng/ml、6 0 1.7± 2 76 .8ng/ml,明显高于对照组 316 .1± 10 9.1ng/ml (p <0 .0 0 1) .慢性肝炎重度、肝硬化患者血清IGF -I含量为 2 2 4 .5± 16 8.2ng/ml和12 0 .5± 94 .4ng/ml明显低于对照组 (p<0 .0 5 ) .IGF -I含量与部分肝功能指标相关 (p <0 .0 5 ) .结论　检测IGF -I对估计慢性肝病预后有一定的价值 .     

CA系列对恶性肿瘤诊断临床表达的价值

目的 :利用标记免疫分析CA5 0 ,CA12 5 ,CA199和CA15 3水平进行肝癌、结直肠癌、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、肺癌和胃癌的诊断研究。方法 :标记免疫分析了 6 7例肝癌 ,88例结直肠癌 ,48例卵巢癌 ,36例胰腺癌、乳腺癌 ,12 8例肺癌 ,2 71例胃癌和 6 8例正常对照组。CA5 0 ,CA12 5 ,CA199和CA15 3的批内变异分别为3 7% ,4 8% ,7 6 %和 8 1% ,批间变异分别为 8 1% ,10 1% ,12 3%和 10 4% ,回收率平均介于 95 %～ 10 7%之间。结果 :6 7例肝癌CA5 0 ,CA12 5 ,CA199和CA15 3分别为 40 1± 30 0U/ml,2 8 1± 2 1 2U/ml,11 4± 9 6U/ml和16 2± 8 0U/ml;88例结直肠癌分别为 6 7 8± 45 0U/ml,44 4± 36 1U/ml,6 0 1± 35 8U/m和 2 0 8± 14 8U/ml;48例卵巢癌分别为 40 6± 2 5 1U/ml,180 1± 10 0 2U/ml,15 1± 11 2U/ml和 47 1± 16 4U/ml;36例胰腺癌分别为37 1± 2 2 1U/ml,2 1 8± 14 2U/ml,2 34 2± 6 6 5U/ml和 17 1± 9 1U/ml;34例乳腺癌分别为 10 4± 4 4U/ml,16 4± 9 8U/ml,11 8± 9 8U/ml和 80 1± 36 3U/ml;12 8例肺癌分别为 13 0± 4 6U/ml,10 0 1± 76 4U/ml,12 1±8 8U/ml和 40 3± 18 1U/ml;2 71例胃癌分别为 6 0 6± 40 1U/ml,2 5 7± 18 1U/ml,80 3± 43 2U/ml     

化学发光免疫法与RIA法测定人血清抗TgAb和抗TpoAb结果的比较

比较CLIA和RIA法测定抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体 (抗TgAb)和抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体 (抗TpoAb)的临床应用意义。对经临床诊断甲状腺功能检查及病理证实的 37例慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎患者 ,30例甲亢患者及36例患有内分泌疾病的患者 (包括甲状腺结节、甲状腺癌、糖尿病及库兴氏综合征 )和 35名正常人 ,用CLIA和RIA两种方法分别测定其血清的抗TgAb和抗TpoAb水平 ,并进行比较。结果表明 :(1 )CLIA和RIA法的批内变异分别为 3.0 %和 1 0 .0 % ,批间变异分别为 3.9%和 1 5 .0 % ;(2 )正常人抗TgAb水平分别为CLIA法是 2 5 .9± 9.6U/mL ;RIA为 1 1 .2± 2 .8% ,抗TpoAb水平分别为CLIA法是 31 .4± 6 .7U/mL ;RIA是 8.7± 3.0 % ;(3)慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎患者分别用CLIA法测定抗TaAb为 2 92 .6± 334.1U/mL(1 7例 ) ,RIA为 5 6 .4±1 1 .2 % (2 1例 )。而用CLIA法测定抗TpoAb为 5 0 4 3.3± 31 96 .1U/mL(1 7例 ) ,RIA为 35 .4± 6 .9% (2 1例 ) ,该结果显示CLIA法所测抗TgAb和抗TpoAb水平均明显高于正常人 (P <0 .0 0 1 ) ,特别是抗TpoAb水平比正常人高百倍以上 ,说明其特异性更高 ;(4 )甲亢患者及内分泌病患者 ,用CLIA法测定抗TgAb为 2 0 2 .3±5 0 6 .3U/mL和 2 8.7± 1 5 .0U/mL ;用RIA法为 2 8.8± 2 0 .2 %和 1     

特异性小鼠血清中瘦素放射免疫分析的建立和应用

目的　建立高特异性和高灵敏度的小鼠血清瘦素 (Leptin)放射免疫分析方法 ,用于测定小鼠血清中瘦素水平。方法　用人工重组的小鼠leptin多次免疫兔子获取高效价、高特异的小鼠leptin抗体。用氯氨T法制备1 2 5I标记的leptin ,经Sep hadexG 2 5纯化。抗原抗体反应采用平衡一步法 ,4℃培养 2 4h后经PR试剂分离结合和游离的标记抗原。该法测定范围为 1.1～ 30 0ng mL ,最低检出值为 0 .5ng mL ,批内和批间误差小于 4 .4 %和 6 .7%。结果　用该法测定正常小鼠 2 3例 ,血清leptin为 (39.6 5± 15 .72 )ng mL ,而人leptin放射免疫法为 (1.5 6± 0 .4 5 )ng mL ,具有显著的差异 ,2组数据有中等程度的相关性 (r=0 .6 2 18)。用该法测定正常人样本 30例 ,血清leptin为 (19.4 6± 7.0 9)ng mL ,而人leptin放射免疫法为 (10 .0 8± 5 .2 0 )ng mL ,具有显著差异 ,但不存在明显的相关性 (r =- 0 .0 95 9)。用该法发现烫伤大鼠血清leptin明显下降 (14 .33± 3.5 2 )ng mL与(6 .71± 3.14 )ng mL ,烫伤大鼠切痂后leptin于 96h内恢复正常水平 (12 .0 8± 4 .0 5 )ng mL。结论　该法稳定、简便、特异、灵敏 ,适于检出小鼠和大鼠血清中的leptin水平 ,而不适合于检测人血清内leptin水平     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.