改良中面部除皱术在临床中的应用

目的探讨改良中面部除皱手术的方法，以及手术要点与优势。方法对43例面中部皮肤及软组织松弛的女性，采用颞部“w”形＋耳前倒“L”形切口，在皮下和SMAS筋膜之间分离组织间隙达到设计范围，并在耳前纵向解剖分离一“舌形”SMAS筋膜瓣，大小约2．5em×1．5cm；将筋膜瓣掀开，在SMAS筋膜前侧断缘，斜向上45。对位拉紧缝合，使口角上提，鼻唇沟变浅；再将预制的SMAS筋膜瓣向上提紧，缝合固定于颧弓处；下颌缘及部分颈部皮肤上提，去除颞部及耳前多余皮肤并缝合固定。结果本组共43例患者，术后随访3～18个月，鼻唇沟明显变浅，下颌缘及颈部形态清晰，效果满意。结论采用改良中面部除皱术能有效改善口角、鼻唇沟、下颊部及部分颈部的皮肤松弛，同时手术切口张力小，瘢痕不明显，位置隐蔽，且术后皮肤紧致、弹性好，表情自然，值得临床推广应用。     

全面部复合除皱术30例分析

目的 探讨一种可以整体上提面中、上部,并解决睑袋、颧部皮肤软组织松弛、鱼尾纹、额纹、鼻唇沟过深的复合除皱术.方法 自2008年2月至2011年5月,共对30例患者施行全面部复合除皱术.额颞部选择发际缘切口与额部切口入路,颞部在颞深筋膜浅层剥离至颞肌前缘及眶外缘,额部在帽状腱膜下剥离至眶上缘及鼻根部,并在眉上1.0cm处及两侧眉峰间离断额肌、皱眉肌和降眉肌.联合应用耳前、耳后切口,行面中、下部超过鼻唇沟的广泛皮下及SMAS下剥离,分别向上、后、乳突3个方向悬吊,对松弛的眼轮匝肌进行悬吊,并将颧脂肪垫向外上方悬吊、固定于颧骨体表面.对于睑袋及颧部松弛严重者,辅以睑袋切口,在面中部骨膜下分离颧骨上分离至鼻唇沟外上1.5cm并悬吊.结果 本组30例患者,术后随访6～24个月,额纹、眉间纹、鱼尾纹、鼻唇沟过深、面中部组织松弛等问题均得以改善,无血肿、面瘫等并发症发生,效果满意.结论 全面部复合除皱术可从根本上改善老年患者面部组织松垂问题,效果持久,只要严格手术操作,避开重要血管、神经及其分支,可作为一种安全、可靠的面部年轻化手术的选择.     

传统面部除皱术结合QUILL悬吊SMAS中面部年轻化

目的探讨传统的面部除皱术结合可吸收双向倒刺线(QUILL)悬吊SMAS,实现中面部年轻化的效果。方法在传统面部除皱术基础上显露SMAS,并在SMAS上置入QUILL,利用QUILL对脂肪垫、韧带及SMAS进行悬吊并固定于颧弓韧带,实现面部松弛下垂组织整体复位;无张力切除多余皮肤,美容线缝合切口。结果本组共27例患者,切口均一期愈合。其中,2例患者早期有轻度淤青,无面瘫和血肿等并发症。术后获随访6个月,患者的面部皮肤紧致,鼻唇沟无加深,除皱效果较满意。结论在传统除皱术的基础上使用QUILL进行面部SMAS悬吊,可达到脂肪垫的复位与固定,术后面部年轻化效果较满意。     

面颈部除皱术的探讨

目的 探讨SMAS瓣悬吊复合吸脂术及填充术在面颈部除皱术中的应用. 方法 采用额部冠状切口或微小切口,颞区发际后、耳前、耳垂、耳后切口,分别在皮下、SMAS瓣下剥离悬吊,辅以颊脂肪垫切除,面颈部吸脂和颞部填充术. 结果 本组623例患者,均获得良好的手术效果,皮肤松垂得以复位,面部轮廓清晰,面型完美,效果满意. 结论 SMAS瓣悬吊辅以面颈部吸脂、颊脂肪垫切除、颞部填充术,不仅使面部年轻化,同时改变了面部外形轮廓.     

颈阔肌肌瓣在面颈部除皱术中的应用

目的为解决颏颈部老化提供一种新的更有效的方法。方法采用多层次除皱法，耳前分离一舌形SMAS筋膜瓣转移至耳后，缝合固定于乳突区筋膜表面，颈阔肌采用T形瓣法，将两瓣向后上方悬吊固定于乳突区，修剪多余的皮肤。结果临床应用12例，随访6个月至1年，术后效果均满意，无一例出现面神经损伤及术后并发症。结论在面颈部除皱术中，采用改良的SMAS筋膜瓣法加强下颌缘上提作用的同时结合颈阔肌肌瓣悬吊法，使颈部除皱效果大大改善，亦增强了面部除皱术的效果。     

面颈部除皱术的探讨

目的探讨SMAS瓣悬吊复合吸脂术及填充术在面颈部除皱术中的应用。方法采用额部冠状切口或微小切口，颞区发际后、耳前、耳垂、耳后切口，分别在皮下、SMAS瓣下剥离悬吊。辅以颊脂肪垫切除，面颈部吸脂和颞部填充术。结果本组623例患者，均获得良好的手术效果，皮肤松垂得以复位，面部轮廓清晰，面型完美，效果满意。结论SMAS瓣悬吊辅以面颈部吸脂、颊脂肪垫切除、颞部填充术，不仅使面部年轻化，同时改变了面部外形轮廓。     

两级递进式提紧浅表肌腱膜系统除皱术

目的探讨两级递进式提紧面部浅表肌腱膜系统（superficial muscular aponeurotic system，SMAS）-颈阔肌除皱术效果。方法颞面颈部皮下小范围分离，颞区颞深筋膜浅面大范围分离，面颈部SMAS-颈阔肌下大范围分离，离断SMAS-颧颊部韧带。分SMAS-颈阔肌瓣为前、后两叶。先提紧前叶：在其前下方最远处以3-0涤纶线横褥式缝1针向后上提紧固定在SMAS的后上切缘处；再在其后上方以褥式缝合固定在颧弓根部骨膜上。后提紧后叶：在其前下方最远处以3-0涤纶线横褥式缝合，向后提紧固定在SMAS瓣的后切缘处；再在其后方横褥式缝合固定在胸锁乳突肌腱膜上。颞支蒂瓣也以两级递进式提紧固定，重建颈阔肌-耳韧带。额部除皱术的操作要点是确切地切除皱眉肌、降眉肌和额肌。结果共施术284例，绝大部分结果令医者与受术者双方满意。仅有9例发生中度（15～20ml）血肿，8例耳后乳突区皮瓣早期血运不良，经及时处理无不良后果产生。结论两级递进式提紧固定SMAS-颈阔肌瓣和颞支蒂瓣，对于提紧表情区，特别是鼻唇沟附近、颌缘前段的软组织松垂，具有比较明显的效果，但是对于静态脸型或（和）动态脸型比较宽大者，上述方法的效果不明显。     

高位SMAS联合颧脂肪垫及眼轮匝肌悬吊在面中部除皱术中的应用

目的探讨一种相对微创的面中部除皱技术,并分析高位SMAS联合颧脂肪垫及眼轮匝肌提升对面中部老化的改善情况。方法对121例患者实施高位SMAS联合颧脂肪垫及眼轮匝肌悬吊,于颞部发际缘设计切口,在颧弓以上范围沿SMAS浅层剥离,将下垂的颧脂肪垫、SMAS和眼轮匝肌悬吊于颞深筋膜,去除多余的皮肤组织,使下垂的面部组织维持长期的提升效果。结果本组121例患者术后随访6周至1年,均取得了面中部年轻化的效果;术后恢复时间较短,未发生面神经损伤、面部皮下血肿、切口感染等并发症;手术切口瘢痕较隐蔽。结论高位SMAS及颧脂肪垫和眼轮匝肌的复位,是面中部年轻化的关键。皮下层的安全剥离避免了面神经分支的损伤。该方法对面中部除皱效果较显著,皮下分离安全,且具有简便、效果持久等优点。     

SMAS——颈阔肌区两级递进悬吊中下面、颈部提紧术

目的 探讨表浅肌肉腱膜系统(sMAS)在面颈部除皱术时,对该部位软组织松弛下垂的提紧效果.方法 将SMAS瓣分离、裁剪、悬吊,颈脂肪垫上移,颊脂肪垫释放、悬吊,提升面、颈软组织松弛下垂,辅以颞部组织代用品填充,颊、颏下部皮下脂肪抽吸.对下颌骨骨性肥大截除,以改变脸型.结果 本组患者共220例,3例术后48 h内发生血肿,经对症处理后痊愈,切口均Ⅰ期愈合.对120例随访3个月至2年,患者皮肤松弛软组织下垂得到明显改善,术后眉梢、眼外眦、口角明显向上提升,鼻唇沟变浅,面颈部呈现年轻化.结论 SMAS的处理是面颈部提升术中的关键,SMAS-颈阔肌瓣两级递进式悬吊,基本上消除了面颈部软组织下垂,同时缓解了皮肤切口张力,切口瘢痕轻,避免损伤面神经,是去除面部皱纹、提升下垂组织、改善脸型的有效手段.     

经颞部骨膜下剥离面中部提紧术

目的探讨一种经颞部矫正面中部老化征象的简单而有效的方法。方法经颞部头皮切口在颞浅筋膜和颞深筋膜间剥离,下达颧弓,内达眶外侧缘。在颧弓上约2cm,平行颧弓切开颞深筋膜浅层约3cm,在颞深筋膜浅层下剥离至颧弓上缘进入骨膜下剥离。松解面中部。将已充分活动的面中部全层组织上提,缝合固定于颞深筋膜表面。结果自2000年以来,临床应用21例,术后效果满意,外观自然,无并发症发生。结论本方法具有手术时间短,剥离层次深,耳前无切口,术后恢复快,效果自然,维持时间长的优点。选择合适的病例,能获得满意的效果。     

经颞部骨膜下剥离面中部提紧术

目的探讨一种经颞部矫正面中部老化征象的简单而有效的方法。方法经颞部头皮切口在颞浅筋膜和颞深筋膜间剥离,下达颧弓,内达眶外侧缘。在颧弓上约2cm,平行颧弓切开颞深筋膜浅层约3cm,在颞深筋膜浅层下剥离至颧弓上缘进入骨膜下剥离。松解面中部。将已充分活动的面中部全层组织上提,缝合固定于颞深筋膜表面。结果自2000年以来,临床应用21例,术后效果满意,外观自然,无并发症发生。结论本方法具有手术时间短,剥离层次深,耳前无切口,术后恢复快,效果自然,维持时间长的优点。选择合适的病例,能获得满意的效果。     

额颞部除皱术的方法改进

目的：探讨对轻、中度皮肤松驰患者选用改进的额颞部除皱术治疗的美容效果。方法：在额颞部小切口除皱术的基础上，将颞部切口延长至耳屏前，于颞部、颧部皮下充分分离，将眶部眼轮匝肌外缘向外上提升缝合固定于颞深筋膜层，同时将颧弓处颞浅筋膜也向外上方提升缝合固定于颞深筋膜层。结果：自2000年以来，采用此法治疗12例，术后随访1个月-2年，效果满意，无一例发生并发症。结论：此手术方法既消除了额纹、鱼尾纹，又减轻了鼻唇沟的深度，是一种疗效较好的除皱方法。     

耳屏前小切口内镜辅助颧弓骨折的复位内固定

目的探讨经耳屏前小切口内镜辅助下颧弓骨折复位内固定的相关技术及临床价值。方法单侧颧弓骨折7例,单侧颧骨、颧弓骨折10例,均采用经耳屏前小切口内镜辅助下颧弓复位内固定治疗。结果所有病例术后双侧颧部对称,无张口、咀嚼功能障碍及明显并发症发生。结论经耳前隐匿小切口内镜辅助下颧弓骨折复位内固定可作为部分颧弓骨折病例治疗的选择术式。     

Temporal and malar-zygomatic reduction and augmentation

The temporal fossa, zygomatic arch, and malar-midface should be considered jointly when augmentation of the temporal area or reduction of the zygomatic arch are to be carried out. These anatomic areas relate so closely to one another that altering one affects the other. In addition, augmentation of the malar-midface area may be done if one of the other two procedures is to be considered, or if a brow lift, subperiosteal face lift, or other reason for using a coronal incision exists. Use of the coronal incision for malar augmentation is probably not justified because of the large amount of surgery required in spite of the lesser morbidity associated with this approach in terms of amount of infections, lip stiffness, and hypesthesia. Planning a surgical procedure must be done in the office, by examining the patient at eye level to determine the amount of zygomatic arch reduction and the amount of temporal fossa augmentation necessary. Similarly, the three zones of the malar-midface complex must be assessed, with the amount of augmentation of each zone determined prior to the day of surgery. The surgical procedure is then executed through a coronal incision, with the dissection extending down to the zygomatic arch. If the temporal muscle is to be elevated out of its fossa, it is cut on its anterior, superior, and posterior edges, elevating it out of its fossa so that a Proplast implant, typically 3 to 4 mm thick and finely tapered on its superior and posterior edges, with suturing done anteriorly, may be inserted. The muscle is then resutured to its aponeurosis on all three edges. If the zygomatic arch and malar-midface area are to be approached, the dissection is carried to the deep and superior edge of the zygomatic arch, and the periosteal elevator is used to elevate the soft tissue off the lateral and inferior edge. The arch and malar-midface are cleared of soft tissue, extending the tunnel to the upper buccal sulcus. The arch is then reduced with a contouring burr to the thinness desired. Alternatively, the malar-midface area may be augmented with synthetic material precisely positioned, with a suture around the zygomatic arch, holding it in position as measured from the lateral orbital rim. The incision in the temporal fascia is then resutured, and the coronal incision is closed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

改良限制性切口额颞部除皱术

目的　为提高额颞部除皱术的效果 ,延长有效时间 ,从理论与实际观察探讨额颞部老年化改变形成的原因 ,并采用相应的手术术式进行矫正。方法　肿胀麻醉下 ,通过颞部发际缘切口入路 ,在颞深筋膜浅面剥离 ,内达颞肌前缘及眶外缘 ,下达颧弓上缘 ,后达耳屏前线。额部切口入路在帽状腱膜下剥离 ,下达眶上缘外至颞线后至枕外隆突。口腔内上颊龈沟入路在颧骨及颧弓骨膜下剥离。上述各剥离区域相互贯通 ,最后将颞区皮瓣上提 ,并将颞浅筋膜与颞深筋膜缝合固定。结果　本组共 32例 ,术后眉外侧平均上提 8mm ,鼻唇沟变浅 ,获随访的 7例为术后 3～2 4个月 ,除皱效果满意。结论　本术式旨在通过广泛剥离解除了额颞部皮肤筋膜上提的羁绊 ,同时减少上面部降肌的作用 ,相对增强提肌的作用 ,再辅以筋膜及皮肤上提固定达到除皱的目的 ,效果确实、可靠、安全、持久。     

The fascial planes of the temple and face: an en-bloc anatomical study and a plea for consistency.

Many investigators have detailed the soft tissue anatomy of the face. Despite the broad reference base, confusion remains about the consistent nature of the fascial anatomy of the craniofacial soft tissue envelope in relation to the muscular, neurovascular and specialised structures. This confusion is compounded by the lack of consistent terminology. This study presents a coherent account of the fascial planes of the temple and midface. Ten fresh cadaveric facial halves were dissected, in a level-by-level approach, to display the fascial anatomy of the midface and temporal region. The contralateral 10 facial halves were coronally sectioned through the zygomatic arch at a consistent point anterior to the tragus. These sections were histologically prepared to demonstrate the fascial anatomy en-bloc with the skeletal and specialised soft tissues. Three generic subcutaneous fascial layers consistently characterise the face and temporal regions, and remain in continuity across the zygomatic arch. These three layers are the superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS), the innominate fascia, and the muscular fasciae. The many inconsistent names previously given to these layers reflect their regional specialisation in the temple, zygomatic area, and midface. Appreciation of the consistency of these layers, which are in continuity with the layers of the scalp, greatly facilitates an understanding of applied craniofacial soft tissue anatomy.     

Reduction Malarplasty by 3-mm Percutaneous Osteotomy

Oriental people usually have a wide midface and a prominent malar curve. The zygomatic bone forms the prominence of the cheek, and it is the most important part in determining the ideal oval shape of the face on the frontal view and the character of the oblique profile. Therefore, zygoma contouring is commonly performed. Women with a prominent zygoma have an inferiority complex associated with unattractive facial features resembling aged, melancholic, and strong characters in oriental culture. Zygoma is the highlighted area of the midface and a major determinant of midfacial shape, but harmony with the adjacent area is very important. Therefore, to obtain the optimal outcome of reduction malarplasty, various ancillary procedures must be performed simultaneously. The authors performed 30 reduction malarplasties during the past 2 years. The amount of bone to be removed was determined by the preoperative interview, physical examination, and x-rays. Intraoral incisions provided access to the zygomatic body and lateral orbital rim. After the L-shaped osteotomy, two parallel vertical and transverse osteotomies in the medial part of the zygomatic body, the midsegment was removed. The posterior portion of the zygomatic arch was approached through a stab incision in the preauricular area. A 3-mm osteotome was used. After completion of the osteotomy, the movable zygomatic complex was reduced medially and superiorly, then fixed with miniplates and screws on the zygmaticomaxillary buttress. The combined operations with reduction malarplasty were as follows: reduction of the mandibular angle in 15 cases, rhinoplasty in 14 cases, and double-fold operation in 11 cases. The follow-up period was 2 months to 2 years, and all the patients were satisfied with the results. In conclusion, this method is a very simple, easy, and safe method that reduces the operating time to 1 h and minimizes postoperative edema and swelling. Consequently, recovery time is relatively short, and no conspicuous scars in the preauricular area are left. The authors also performed many ancillary procedures, thereby obtaining optimal satisfaction with their results, including decreased facial width and superior mobilization of the prominent area. They were able to prevent postoperative cheek drooping, and to give the patients a more youthful, charming look.     

Zentrolaterales vertikales Mittelgesichtslifting

The use of the fiber endoscope video-assisted technique in facial rejuvenation is one of the most recent advances in aesthetic plastic surgery of the face. It offers the advantage of substituting the periorbital soft tissues without the necessity of skin resection and allows a vertical repositioning by mobilization of the frontoorbital and midface soft tissues. It can easily be done through a small incision of the scalp just behind the coronal incision and in the temporal area. The indications for this procedure are, however, limited to patients where a skin resection for the treatment by rhytidectomy is not necessary.