癌相关成纤维细胞在乳腺癌侵袭转移及耐药中的作用研究进展

癌相关成纤维细胞(CAF)是肿瘤微环境中主要的基质细胞。CAF可在血小板源性生生长因子、成纤维细胞生长因子、白介素6及肝细胞生长因子等多种分泌因子作用下由正常成纤维细胞转化形成,也可由间充质干细胞、脂肪细胞等多种细胞可通过上皮间质转化(EMT)过程形成,还有部分由癌症干细胞转化而来。近来有研究显示,乳腺癌中的CAF可通过分泌多种细胞因子及外泌体、参与EMT及细胞外基质重塑,进而促进乳腺癌细胞侵袭转移,也可在肿瘤缺氧微环境下通过激活相关信号通路促进乳腺癌细胞生长和侵袭。此外,CAF通过增加了乳腺癌细胞的凋亡阈值、作为抗肿瘤药物的物理屏障、分泌的谷氨酰胺增加乳腺癌细胞的存活率、激活生长因子相关的信号通路或增加线粒体功能产生抗凋亡作用等多种途径介导乳腺癌化疗耐药、内分泌治疗耐药及多药耐药。笔者总结CAF的重要来源及其在乳腺癌侵袭转移与治疗耐药中的研究进展。     

结缔组织生长因子与病理性瘢痕

病理性瘢痕是以成纤维细胞为主的细胞成分过度增殖和以胶原为主的细胞外基质过度沉积的皮肤纤维化疾病。近年来，越来越多的研究发现病理性瘢痕的纤维化过程与多种生长因子有关。目前普遍认为转化生长因子β1（Transforming Growth Factor，TGF-β1）是促进纤维化发展的最重要的生长因子之一，在随后的研究中，     

HB-EGF与肾脏疾病

HB EGF是属于表皮生长因子家族的一种强烈的丝裂原 ,它以自分泌、旁分泌或邻分泌形式发挥其多种生物学效应。无论在体内、外实验 ,多种肾脏病变时HB EGF的产生均增加。HB EGF刺激系膜细胞、内皮细胞、肾小管细胞增殖 ,促进系膜基质合成和急性损伤小管的修复等 ,成为肾脏病变过程中的一个关键生长因子。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子与肾小管间质纤维化

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)是成纤维细胞生长因子家族成员之一,主要作用是促进多种细胞分裂,诱导内皮细胞转化。近年发现,bFGF可促进肾小管细胞再生并使其向成纤维样细胞转化,能刺激肾小球系膜细胞增殖;同时还与TGF-β之间存在正反馈环,在肾小管间质纤维化过程中起重要作用。     

富血小板血浆在肌肉骨骼疾病中的应用

治疗慢性复杂性的肌肉骨骼损伤对于医生来说是一个严峻的挑战。骨生物活性材料是一种相对前沿的技术,如人类自身的细胞和血浆,为促进和加速骨与软组织的愈合提供了希望。富血小板血浆(PRP)是一种近来得到关注的骨生物活性材料。α颗粒是血小板的主要成分,富含多种生长因子,包括转化生长因子β、血小板源生长因子、胰岛素样生长因子、血管内皮生长因子和表皮细胞生长因子等,这些因子在疾病发展及组织修复中起到重要作用。本文回顾总结了PRP的作用机制及近年来其用于治疗肌肉骨骼疾病的文献。     

血管内皮生长因子与骨折愈合

骨折愈合是一个复杂的过程 ,涉及多种细胞的增殖 ,分化和细胞外基质的合成与钙化等修复过程。随着分子生物学技术的发展 ,现已发现骨折位点存在多种生长因子 ,它们在骨折修复中的作用正引起人们的广泛关注。血管的重建贯穿骨折修复的全过程 ,多种细胞因子和生长因子参与新血管的形成 ,如成纤维细胞生长因子、转化生长因子α、β、血小板生长因子、前列腺素 E、血管内皮细胞生长因子、肿瘤坏死因子等。其中血管内皮细胞生长因子 (Vascular endothelialgrowth factor,VEGF)是最有力的血管生长因子 ,它通过与血管内皮上的特异性受体结合 ,发…     

生物材料递送生长因子调控创面修复的研究进展

创面修复是一个由多种细胞、细胞外基质、细胞因子等共同参与、高度协调又相互调控的复杂过程。多种生长因子在创面修复过程中发挥重要调控作用, 而实现生长因子有效递送和功能持续发挥是至关重要的。近年来, 生物材料在组织工程中的应用显示出巨大潜力, 生物材料对生长因子的有效递送也日益受到关注。基于此, 该文介绍了相关生长因子在创面修复过程中的作用机制, 并重点讨论了生物材料递送生长因子加速创面愈合的最新进展, 以期为临床上创面治疗提供新的启示。     

当归在创面修复中的作用机制研究进展

当归被称为"补血活血"要药,是创面修复治疗的常用药,含有挥发油、有机酸类、多糖以及黄酮等多种活性成分,具有活血化瘀、镇痛抗炎、抗氧化、免疫调节等多种作用,在皮肤修复过程中,当归能够促进创面生长因子分泌,促进创面血管形成,影响角质形成细胞及肉芽组织.现对当归在创面修复中的具体机制进行综述.     

生长因子与椎间盘再生

目的：追溯近阶段国内外有关生长因子与椎间盘修复研究的进展。方法：广泛渣阅近期有关生长因子与椎间盘修复的文献，综述生长因子在椎间盘突的表达，生长因子对椎间盘细胞的作用等特点，结果：多种生长因子在椎间盘生长发育和退变过程中表达，外源性生长因子能促进培养的椎间盘细胞分化增殖，合成蛋白多糖和胶原，运用腺病毒可将生长因子基因转染至椎间盘细胞。结论：生长因子在椎间盘的生长发育和退变过程中起调节作用，可望运用生长因子进行椎间盘退变治疗和修复重建。重庆     

局部应用上皮生长因子促进烧伤愈合

上皮生长因子是一种53-氨基酸多肽,能促进多种细胞中的RNA、DNA和蛋白质的合成。它能在体外实验中刺激角化细胞分裂,于体内促进上皮再生。在实验动物部分深度烧伤和供皮区,它有明显促进上皮再生的作用。它还能影响间质细胞而显著促进部分深度烧伤的真皮再生及增加外科切口间张力。本实验旨在研究上皮生长因子对供皮区和受皮区愈合率的影响。     

The use of epidermal growth factor in dermatological practice

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a growth factor that plays a pivotal role in wound healing and maintaining tissue homeostasis by regulating cell survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Exogenous administration of bioidentical human recombinant epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) has been known to promote skin wound healing, although rhEGF is increasingly being used in drug delivery systems and nanotechnology. However, despite considerable attention being focused on the potential clinical applications of rhEGF in several dermatological conditions beyond wound healing, the number of studies still remains relatively low. Herein, we conducted a literature search of PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar databases to retrieve published literature related to rhEGF and summarised the effects of rhEGF in the treatment of various wound types, radiotherapy or chemotherapy-related skin reactions, atopic dermatitis, skin aging, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.     

Differential expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptors in porcine fibroblasts cultured from skin and granulation tissue

This study investigated the biological response of fibroblasts cultured from uninjured skin and granulation tissue from different stages of healing wounds to the three isoforms of platelet-derived growth factor. Fibroblasts were derived by explant culture from the skin or the granulation tissue that formed within open mesh nylon Schilling-Hunt chambers (postoperative days 10, 20, 30, and 50) which had been implanted subcutaneously in the backs of domestic pigs. Cells were cultured under identical conditions in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. Mitogenic activity was measured with (3)H-thymidine incorporation into DNA. Fibroblasts from normal skin responded equally well to all of the platelet-derived growth factor isoforms in the mitogenic assays. All of the wound fibroblasts exhibited a decreased response to platelet-derived growth factor compared with those from skin. Granulation tissue fibroblasts responded to platelet-derived growth factor BB, less to platelet-derived growth factor AB, and poorly to platelet-derived growth factor AA. These results correlated with a significantly decreased growth rate of fibroblasts in culture from both 30- and 50-day postsurgical wound tissue compared with normal skin. Western blot studies of cell membrane extracts showed that wound fibroblasts contained less than 20% as many platelet-derived growth factor-alpha receptors as found in fibroblasts cultured from normal skin. No significant difference in the amount of platelet-derived growth factor-beta receptor was detected. The decreases in platelet-derived growth factor-alpha receptors are sufficient to account for the diminished response of the wound fibroblasts to all platelet-derived growth factor isoforms and the differential loss of responsiveness to platelet-derived growth factor AA. These results show that fibroblasts derived from granulation tissue of pig skin wounds exhibit a decreased growth response to platelet-derived growth factor and a decreased growth rate in culture media as compared with fibroblasts derived from uninjured skin. How these differences may relate to the physiologic characteristics of normal and healing-impaired wounds is considered.     

生物型人工皮肤及复合bFGF对兔创面愈合的影响

目的：探讨生物型人工皮肤复合碱性成纤维生长因子对兔创面愈合的影响。方法：以动物膜组织为基材,经环氧交联固定及表面透明质酸修饰制备生物型人工皮肤,复合碱性成纤维生长因子形成生物活性人工皮肤。光镜观察生物型人工皮肤的结构,进行物理及生物性能测定水蒸汽透过量、液体吸收量、力学性能及细胞毒性。最后将两种人工皮肤植入兔全层皮肤创伤模型,观察术后4周内创面愈合情况,进行病理组织学检查评估创面的修复质量。结果：光镜下生物型人工皮肤为无细胞的胶原结构。贴附性好,无免疫排斥反应,有一定韧性,水蒸汽透过量：372±45g/（m2×24h）,液体吸收量：269±38%,无细胞毒性。复合少量碱性成纤维生长因子后,明显促进创面愈合,减少瘢痕形成。结论：生物型人工皮肤复合少量碱性成纤维生长因子使创面快速愈合,可作为烧伤科、整形外科进行皮肤重建的良好替代物。     

Time course analysis of hypoxia, granulation tissue and blood vessel growth, and remodeling in healing rat cutaneous incisional primary intention wounds

Hypoxia and the development and remodeling of blood vessels and connective tissue in granulation tissue that forms in a wound gap following full-thickness skin incision in the rat were examined as a function of time. A 1.5 cm-long incisional wound was created in rat groin skin and the opposed edges sutured together. Wounds were harvested between 3 days and 16 weeks and hypoxia, percent vascular volume, cell proliferation and apoptosis, alpha-smooth muscle actin, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, and transforming growth factor-beta1 expression in granulation tissue were then assessed. Hypoxia was evident between 3 and 7 days while maximal cell proliferation at 3 days (123.6+/-22.2 cells/mm2, p<0.001 when compared with normal skin) preceded the peak percent vascular volume that occurred at 7 days (15.83+/-1.10%, p<0.001 when compared with normal skin). The peak in cell apoptosis occurred at 3 weeks (12.1+/-1.3 cells/mm2, p<0.001 when compared with normal skin). Intense alpha-smooth muscle actin labeling in myofibroblasts was evident at 7 and 10 days. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A were detectable until 2 and 3 weeks, respectively, while transforming growth factor-beta1 protein was detectable in endothelial cells and myofibroblasts until 3-4 weeks and in the extracellular matrix for 16 weeks. Incisional wound granulation tissue largely developed within 3-7 days in the presence of hypoxia. Remodeling, marked by a decline in the percent vascular volume and increased cellular apoptosis, occurred largely in the absence of detectable hypoxia. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, and transforming growth factor-beta1 is evident prior, during, and after the peak of vascular volume reflecting multiple roles for these factors during wound healing.     

The combined effect of recombinant human epidermal growth factor and erythropoietin on full‐thickness wound healing in diabetic rat model

Diabetic wound is a chronic wound in which normal process of wound healing is interrupted. Lack of blood supply, infection and lack of functional growth factors are assumed as some of the conditions that lead to non‐healing environment. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) acts primarily to stimulate epithelial cell growth across wound. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a haematopoietic factor, which stimulates the production, differentiation and maturation of erythroid precursor cells. This study hypothesised combining these two factors, non‐healing process of diabetic wound will be compensated and eventually lead to acceleration of wound healing compared with single growth factor treatment. A total of 30 diabetic Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three treatment groups (single treatment of rh‐EPO or rh‐EGF or combined treatment on a full‐thickness skin wound). To assess the wound healing effects of the components, the wound size and the healing time were measured in each treatment groups. The skin histology was examined by light microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis of proliferating markers was performed. The combined treatment with rh‐EPO and rh‐EGF improved full‐thickness wound significantly (P < 0·05) accelerating 50% healing time with higher expression of Ki‐67 compared with single growth factor‐treated groups. The combined treatment failed to accelerate the total healing time when compared with single growth factor treatments. However, the significant improvement were found in wound size reduction in the combined treatment group on day 4 against single growth factor‐treated groups (P < 0·05). This study demonstrated that the combined treatment of rh‐EPO and rh‐EGF improved the wound healing possibly through a synergistic action of each growth factor. This application provides further insight into combined growth factor therapy on non‐healing diabetic wounds.     

Boosting epidermal growth factor receptor expression by gene gun transfection stimulates epidermal growth in vivo

Expression constructs encoding a full-length cDNA encoding the human epidermal growth factor receptor, or reporter gene for green fluorescent protein or luciferase were coated onto gold particles and driven into porcine skin using a gene gun delivery system. Strategies for epidermal growth factor receptor boosting were tested in two types of wounds. For grafted wounds, intact porcine skin was pretreated by the introduction of the epidermal growth factor receptor expression construct 24 hours before its harvesting as a split-thickness skin graft. Partial-thickness excisional wound beds (donor sites) were transfected at the time of their creation. Wound healing parameters were subsequently tested in the presence or absence of excess epidermal growth factor ligand. Initial distributions of gene gun delivered gold particles as well as luciferase expression levels suggested that optimal skin penetrations and expression levels were achieved at 500 psi for intact epidermis and 300 psi for exposed wound beds. At 2 days after gene delivery, visualization of green fluorescent protein by fluorescence microscopy showed focal expression of green fluorescent protein at the advancing epithelial outgrowths found at wound edges or surviving epithelial remnants. Green fluorescent protein expression appeared transient since no green fluorescent protein was noted in specimens removed at 4 days after injury. Northern blot analysis on mRNA isolated from wounds 2 days after introduction of epidermal growth factor receptor coated gold particles by gene gun confirmed the expression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor transgene in both skin grafts and excisional wounds. Skin grafts showed subsequent biological responses to the introduction of excessive epidermal growth factor receptor as well as expression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor construct within healing epidermis. While control autografts (reporter gene treated, epidermal growth factor alone, placebo formula, no treatment) showed few 5'-bromodeoxyuridine-labeled cells, epidermal growth factor receptor autografts showed 5'-bromodeoxyuridine labeling of nearly every basal cell. Favorable wound healing outcomes were also shown within excisional wounds following in vivo boosting of epidermal growth factor receptor. Four days after receiving epidermal growth factor receptor particle growth factor receptor transgene. Application of topical epidermal growth factor ligand resulted in the highest percentage of resurfacing. Maximal re-epithelialization was noted in wound beds receiving both receptor boosting and excessive daily epidermal growth factor ligand. A modest increase in the thickness of the granulation tissue followed gene therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor. In summary these in vivo data suggest that it is possible to boost in vivo expression of a tyrosine kinase receptor during wound repair. Increased epidermal growth factor receptor expression has an integral impact on cell proliferation, rates of resurfacing and dermal components and merits consideration as a possible therapeutic agent.     

Human plasma fibronectin potentiates the mitogenic activity of platelet-derived growth factor and complements its wound healing effects

Integrin-mediated cell adhesion and growth factor stimuli are both required for optimal control of cell proliferation. In the context of skin injury, cell-derived fibronectin and platelet-derived growth factor play important roles in the stimulation of cell proliferation and migration, activities that are crucial to the healing process. To assess the ability of exogenously supplied plasma-derived fibronectin to stimulate wound repair and to study its ability to cooperate with platelet-derived growth factor-BB during healing, we devised a novel topical delivery formulation that allows the controlled release of both molecules to a wound. Using this topical formulation and the rabbit ear model of dermal wound healing, we show that plasma fibronectin is a potent stimulator of the wound healing process. We also show that administration of fibronectin and platelet-derived growth factor-BB in combination has additive wound healing effects. Finally, we report novel findings on the ability of soluble plasma fibronectin to potentiate the mitogenic effects of platelet-derived growth factor-BB in vitro. These findings not only show that optimal concentrations of exogenous fibronectin administered using an effective delivery system stimulate wound healing; they also suggest that PDGF-BB should be administered with fibronectin to achieve optimal therapeutic stimulation of wound healing.     

Different wound healing properties of dermis,adipose, and gingiva mesenchymal stromal cells

Oral wounds heal faster and with better scar quality than skin wounds. Deep skin wounds where adipose tissue is exposed, have a greater risk of forming hypertrophic scars. Differences in wound healing and final scar quality might be related to differences in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and their ability to respond to intrinsic (autocrine) and extrinsic signals, such as human salivary histatin, epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth factor beta1. Dermis‐, adipose‐, and gingiva‐derived MSC were compared for their regenerative potential with regards to proliferation, migration, and matrix contraction. Proliferation was assessed by cell counting and migration using a scratch wound assay. Matrix contraction and alpha smooth muscle actin was assessed in MSC populated collagen gels, and also in skin and gingival full thickness tissue engineered equivalents (reconstructed epithelium on MSC populated matrix). Compared to skin‐derived MSC, gingiva MSC showed greater proliferation and migration capacity, and less matrix contraction in full thickness tissue equivalents, which may partly explain the superior oral wound healing. Epidermal keratinocytes were required for enhanced adipose MSC matrix contraction and alpha smooth muscle actin expression, and may therefore contribute to adverse scarring in deep cutaneous wounds. Histatin enhanced migration without influencing proliferation or matrix contraction in all three MSC, indicating that salivary peptides may have a beneficial effect on wound closure in general. Transforming growth factor beta1 enhanced contraction and alpha smooth muscle actin expression in all three MSC types when incorporated into collagen gels. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for the superior oral wound healing will aid us to develop advanced strategies for optimal skin regeneration, wound healing and scar formation.     

SCF increases in utero–labeled stem cells migration and improves wound healing

Diabetic skin wounds lack the ability to heal properly and constitute a major and significant complication of diabetes. Nontraumatic lower extremity amputations are the number one complication of diabetic skin wounds. The complexity of their pathophysiology requires an intervention at many levels to enhance healing and wound closure. Stem cells are a promising treatment for diabetic skin wounds as they have the ability to correct abnormal healing. Stem cell factor (SCF), a chemokine expressed in the skin, can induce stem cells migration, however the role of SCF in diabetic skin wound healing is still unknown. We hypothesize that SCF would correct the impairment and promote the healing of diabetic skin wounds. Our results show that SCF improved wound closure in diabetic mice and increased HIF‐1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression levels in these wounds. SCF treatment also enhanced the migration of red fluorescent protein (RFP)‐labeled skin stem cells via in utero intra‐amniotic injection of lenti‐RFP at E8. Interestingly these RFP+ cells are present in the epidermis, stain negative for K15, and appear to be distinct from the already known hair follicle stem cells. These results demonstrate that SCF improves diabetic wound healing in part by increasing the recruitment of a unique stem cell population present in the skin.     

The impact of resveratrol on skin wound healing,scarring, and aging

Resveratrol is a well-known antioxidant that harbours many health beneficial properties. Multiple studies associated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cell protective effects of resveratrol. These diverse effects of resveratrol are also potentially involved in cutaneous wound healing, scarring, and (photo-)aging of the skin. Hence, this review highlighted the most relevant studies involving resveratrol in wound healing, scarring, and photo-aging of the skin. A systematic review was performed and the database PubMed was searched for suitable publications. Only original articles in English that investigated the effects of resveratrol in wound healing, scarring, and (photo-)aging of the skin were analysed. The literature search yielded a total of 826 studies, but only 41 studies met the inclusion criteria. The included studies showed promising results that resveratrol might be a feasible treatment approach to support wound healing, counteract excessive scarring, and even prevent photo-aging of the skin. Resveratrol represents an interesting and promising novel therapy regime but to confirm resveratrol-associated effects, more evidence based in vitro and in vivo studies are needed.