Burnout, social support, and coping at work among social workers, psychologists, and nurses: the role of challenge/control appraisals

The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to compare stress appraisals, coping strategies, social resources, and burnout at work between social workers, psychologists and nurses; and (2) to assess the effectiveness of appraisals and support in reducing burnout and enhancing effective coping strategies. Questionnaires containing assessments of work stress appraisals, coping strategies used to deal with problems at work, and social support at work, as well as burnout measures of exhaustion, depersonalization, and accomplishment were completed by 249 female professionals (age range 25-61). No differences were observed between the three professions on most psychological measures, except for the depersonalization outcome of burnout, which was significantly lower among psychologists than among nurses or social workers. High challenge/control appraisal of the job was directly related to all burnout outcomes, contributing to less exhaustion and depersonalization and to more personal accomplishment. The challenge/control appraisal was also negatively associated with emotion-focused coping. By comparison, the stress/load appraisal contributed to more exhaustion at work, while emotion-focused coping contributed to higher depersonalization. Social support was associated with higher challenge/control appraisal, with the latter mediating support effects on burnout. These data suggest that the perception of challenge/control in one's work may be an important factor in preventing work burnout in the three professions tested in the study.     

事业单位管理者和高校教师的职业倦怠现状及其影响因素

目的 了解事业单位管理者和高校教师的职业倦怠现状及其影响因素.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法抽取管理者、高校教师等1250名作为样本进行问卷调查.结果 男性的人格解体和职业倦怠得分均高于女性;不同民族职业倦怠得分无明显差异;年轻人、工作早期、低收入、低学历和未婚者较容易产生职业倦怠.社会支持、内控、积极应对与职业倦怠呈负相关,职业应激、外控、心理控制、消极应对与职业倦怠呈正相关.影响职业人群职业倦怠的主要因素有人口学特征(低年龄、低工龄、低收入、低学历和未婚)、社会支持、心理控制感、应对方式和职业应激,其中职业应激是主要的影响因素.职业应激可以直接导致职业倦怠,同时又受到心理控制等调节变量的影响对职业倦怠产生间接作用.结论 职业倦怠随着职业人群人口学特征的不同而有差异,同时受到心理控制等变量的调节.     

Effect of work stressors, personal strain, and coping resources on burnout in chinese medical professionals: a structural equation model

The present study analyzes the effect of work stressors, personal strain and coping resources on burnout among Chinese medical professionals. A total of 2,721 medical professionals were selected using the stratified cluster sampling method. A Chinese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey was used to measure burnout, whereas the Occupation Stress Inventory-Revised Edition was used to evaluate work stressors, personal strain, and coping resources. The structural equation model (SEM) was established to test the effect of work stressors, personal strain, and coping resources on burnout. Among the predictive factors for burnout, work stressors and personal strain were the primary risk factors, whereas coping resources make up the important protective factor. The result from SEM indicated that work stressors had both direct and indirect effects on burnout, with the indirect effect mediated by both personal strain and coping resources. Coping resources only affected burnout indirectly, as mediated by personal strain, whereas personal strain affected burnout independently. The results suggest that work stressors, personal strain, and coping resources play important roles in burnout among medical professionals. To prevent burnout, such countermeasures as controlling the work stressors, reducing personal strain, and strengthening coping resources are recommended.     

艾滋病医护人员工作压力源、应对方式与工作倦怠的关系

目的 了解艾滋病医护人员工作倦怠与工作压力源和应对方式的关系.方法 采用中式工作倦怠量表(CMBI),简易应对方武问卷(SCSQ)以及自编工作压力源问卷对342名艾滋病医护人员进行调查.结果 ①工作倦怠3个维度与工作压力源和应对方式的多个因素有显著相关关系(P＜ 0.05和0.01).②管理问题和职业风险的压力对情感耗竭以及职业风险对人格解体的预测作用均极其显著(P＜0.01);消极应对对于情感耗竭和人格解体具有显著正向预测作用(P＜ 0.01和0.05),而积极应对对成就感降低具有显著反向预测作用(P＜0.01).③Amos路径分析表明,职业风险的压力和消极应对方式直接影响情感耗竭和人格解体,人际排斥的压力直接影响成就感降低,而积极应对反向作用于成就感降低;消极应对在压力源和工作倦怠中起着部分的中介作用.结论 应当重视艾滋病医护人员的工作压力问题,指导他们使用积极的应对方式,以降低其工作倦怠水平,提高工作生活质量.     

护士职业压力、应对方式与职业倦怠的相关性

目的了解重症监护病房（ICU）护士的职业压力、应对方式及职业倦怠现状,明确职业压力、应对方式与职业倦怠的相关性,为减轻ICU护士职业倦怠提供科学依据。方法 2013年10月对唐山市工人医院13个ICU 204名护士,采用护士工作压力源、简易应对方式、职业倦怠量表进行问卷调查。结果护士工作压力总分为（2.36±0.42）分,其中工作量及时间分配是其护士最主要工作压力源（2.95±0.67）分。ICU护士积极应对方式为（1.78±0.46）分,与全国常模无差异;消极应对方式为（1.16±0.54）分,低于全国常模;ICU护士情感枯竭为（26.60±10.23）分,个人成就感为（26.20±9.78）分,去人格化维度为（6.99±5.31）分。相关性分析显示,ICU护士职业压力、消极应对与情感枯竭、去人格化呈正相关,积极应对与个人成就感呈正相关（P〈0.05）。结论 ICU护士职业压力愈大,情感枯竭、去人格化程度愈重,积极应对方式可提高护士的个人成就感,消极应对方式易使情感枯竭、去人格化程度增高。     

门诊护理人员职业倦怠相关性因素分析

目的 探讨分析门诊护理人员职业倦怠的相关性因素及其应对策略.方法 随机选取医院门诊工作时间超过12个月的30名护士作为研究对象,并对其采用护士职业倦怠量表(nurse burnout scale,NBS)进行调查,总结职业倦怠相关性因素并制定应对策略.结果 门诊护士均有不同程度职业倦怠,分别有:工作负担、工作压力、心理...     

中小学教师职业倦怠与职业压力应对策略研究

目的探讨中小学教师职业倦怠与职业压力应对策略的关系,以便为中小学教师的身心健康教育提供科学依据.方法采用中小学教师职业倦怠问卷和中小学教师职业压力应对策略问卷,对中小学教师367名进行调查.结果中小学教师的职业压力应对策略中的忍耐策略、积极评价策略、自我调控策略、回避策略、幻想策略和接受责任策略对职业倦怠的情绪疲惫维度具有显著的预测作用;积极评价策略、接受责任策略、计划解决策略和忍耐策略对职业倦怠的少成就感维度具有显著的预测作用;忍耐策略、积极评价策略、接受责任策略和自我调控策略对职业倦怠的去个人化维度具有显著的预测作用.结论中小学教师的职业倦怠与其职业压力应对策略存在显著的相关关系.     

Longitudinal predictors of burnout in HIV/AIDS health professionals

Abstract: This study examined causes of burnout in doctors, nurses and social workers caring for patients in HIV/AIDS units. There were 84 participants at Time 1 (1990) and 134 at Time 2 (1991). The results focus on the longitudinal subsample of 32 who participated in the study at both times. Path analysis was used to explore relationships between burnout at Time 2 and age, hours per week in HIV/AIDS work, and external coping style at Time 1. Older age was related to lower levels of burnout at Time 2. Hours per week in HIV/AIDS work was related to levels of burnout. Participants using an external coping style were more likely to score highly on burnout at Time 2. Where possible, management should avoid recruiting young, inexperienced staff without addressing burnout issues. Workshops to teach staff internal coping skills are recommended. Units might promote the psychosocial achievements of staff, shifting away from the traditional cure-based achievement measures.     

Supporting African refugees in Canada: insights from a support intervention

Although evidence suggests the importance of social support for refugees, this knowledge has not been invoked to systematically develop culturally congruent support interventions that help refugees adapt to life in receiving countries. The objective of this study was to design and pilot test a culturally congruent intervention that meets the support needs and preferences of two ethno‐culturally distinct refugee groups. Support was delivered to Somali and Sudanese refugees (n = 58), by trained peer and professional facilitators. Face‐to‐face groups comprised of refugees, matched by gender and ethnicity, were created to enhance the depleted social networks of Somali and Sudanese refugees. Each peer support group met bi‐weekly for a face‐to‐face session for 12 weeks. Peer facilitators delivered supplementary one‐to‐one support via the telephone. The ingredients of the support intervention included: (i) peer facilitators and professionals; (ii) provision of information, affirmation and emotional support; and (iii) accessibility (e.g. childcare, transportation). The study employed a qualitative participatory research design. Data collected for the study included (i) in‐depth pre‐intervention interviews with potential support group participants in 2008–2009 to assess intervention preferences; (ii) fieldnotes by peer and professional facilitators during the intervention in 2009–10; (iii) post‐intervention group interviews with support group participants in 2010; and (iv) in‐depth interviews with peer and professional helpers in 2010. A major perceived benefit of the support programme was connecting with people from African refugee participants’ cultural communities. Participants appreciated the gender and culture‐specific groups. Following the social support intervention, refugees reported increased social integration, decreased loneliness and expanded coping repertoire.     

教师工作倦怠与人格特征关系

目的了解教师工作倦怠水平现状及其与人格特征的关系,为制定教师工作倦怠干预措施提供依据。方法采用中式工作倦怠量表、简式艾森克人格问卷和内在-外在心理控制源量表对350名教师进行测试。结果教师轻度工作倦怠的检出率为38.6%,中度工作倦怠的检出率为19.7%,重度工作倦怠的检出率为4.3%;精神质对人格解体有显著的预测作用（P〈0.01）,内外向对耗竭（P〈0.05）、人格解体（P〈0.01）和成就感降低（P〈0.01）均有显著的预测作用;神经质对耗竭（P〈0.01）有显著的预测作用;心理控制源对耗竭（P〈0.01）和人格解体（P〈0.05）有显著的预测作用。结论应当重视教师的工作倦怠问题,并充分考虑人格特征对其工作倦怠的影响作用。     

妇幼保健机构医护人员工作倦怠调查分析

目的了解妇幼保健医护人员的工作倦怠状况,为妇幼保健管理提供参考依据。方法应用马斯勒倦怠量表（MBI-HSS）对342名妇幼保健医护人员进行了调查。结果 （1）分别有99.4和31.6的医护人员有中、重度的情绪衰竭和情感疏远,但89.8的医护人员成就感较高;（2）工作倦怠不受性别、婚姻的影响;（3）30岁以下医护人员的情感疏远程度最高;（4）高学历医护人员的情绪衰竭较高,其个人成就感也较高;（5）值夜班医护人员在情绪衰竭、情感疏远及个人低成就感上均显著高于不值夜班者。结论妇幼保健医护人员存在一定的工作倦怠现象,应从组织、个人和工作特征等层面预防和缓解倦怠。     

Anxiety,Self-Esteem and Coping with Stress in Secondary School Students in Relation to Involvement in Organized Sports

Aim

The objective of the study was to examine self-esteem, anxiety level and coping strategies among secondary school students in relation to their involvement in organized sports.

Methods

The sample included 280 Slovenian male and female secondary school students aged between 15 and 19 years. The participants completed The Adolescent Coping Scale, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the PSDQ Selfesteem Scale.

Results

Participants engaged in organized sports exhibited higher self-esteem scores and lower anxiety scores in comparison to non-sport participants. Differences between the two groups have also been identified with respect to the use of certain coping strategies. Sport participants reported more productive coping than non-sport participants, which represents an active and problem-focused approach to dealing with everyday problems. Gender differences in the referred variables have also been studied, with female athletes exhibiting higher levels of anxiety than male athletes. Female participants were also found to use more non-productive coping than males, focused mainly on reducing emotional effects of stress.

Conclusions

Organized youth sports have an important role in improving and maintaining a favorable sense of self-worth, reducing anxiety, and promoting productive coping strategies in adolescents when dealing with everyday problems.     

医护人员职业倦怠原因剖析及干预策略

职业倦怠是现代社会的普遍现象,医护人员是职业倦怠的易感人群.分析了引起医护人员职业倦怠的原因,其既有宏观的社会环境和体制原因,也有组织特征、医护职业特点、个体人格特质等方面的原因.从不同层面提出了职业倦怠的干预对策:倡导关心他人福祉,重视人与人之间关系质化生活的文化价值取向;构建和谐医患关系和良好的执业环境;加强社会公关,塑造医疗机构良好的媒体形象;在组织和管理层面上,完善管理制度和运行机制;在个人层面上,可通过培训等干预方式提高个体应对能力等.     

The relationship between burnout symptoms and Type D personality among health care professionals in Turkey

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between burnout and Type D personality in health care professionals. The study randomly included 120 health care professionals (73 nurses, 47 doctors). Sociodemographic data form, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Type D Personality Scale were applied to each participant; 38.3% of the health care professionals (n = 46) had the Type D personality. Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization of health care professionals with Type D personality were higher than of those without Type D personality (p = .006 and p = .005). Stepwise regression analysis indicated that Type D personality was a predictor of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization (p = .005 and p = .001, respectively). Our results suggest that Type D personality is associated with higher burnout levels.     

新疆高校教师工作倦怠和应对方式的现况调查及其关系研究

目的了解新疆高校教师的工作倦怠及个人应对方式的现状,探究高校教师工作倦怠和应对方式的影响因素以及应对方式和工作倦怠之间的相互关系,提出相应的建议。方法采用分层整群抽样方法,对新疆9大高校16个院系的950名高校教师进行问卷调查。结果①新疆高校教师中,男性教师人格解体维度得分高于女性教师（13．19±6．32 vs 12．23±5．95,P〈0．05）,汉族教师的耗竭维度要高于维、哈、回民族教师（18．24±6．82VS16．93±7．03 vs 16．49±7．23 vs 4．62±6．36,P〈0．05）。②不同性别、民族教师应对方式不同,消极应对方式退避得分男性要比女性得分高（7．58±2．73 vs 7．19±2．74,P〈0．05）,维族、哈族教师消极应对方式中,幻想得分高于回族教师（8．02±2．67 vs8．04±2．55 vs 6．72±3．19,P〈0．01）。③应对方式中的积极应对方式求助与工作倦怠人格解体、成就感降低呈显著的负相关（r=0．116,P〈0．01;r=0．036,P〈0．01）,消极应对方式中幻想、退避和工作倦怠的人格解体维度呈显著的正相关（r=0．342,P〈0．01;r=0．348,P〈0．01）,相关性求助〉退避〉合理化〉幻想。结论新疆高校教师工作倦怠情况普遍存在;不同性别、民族及教龄教师采取应对方式不同;不同的应对方式与教师工作倦怠存在显著相关性。     

Changes in coping,autonomous motivation,and beliefs about exercise among women in early recovery from alcohol participating in a lifestyle physical activity intervention

Women are particularly likely to drink alcohol for the purpose of coping with or alleviating negative affect. Engaging in physical activity has been posited as a potentially effective alternate coping strategy during early recovery for managing mood and cravings. Utilizing exercise to cope may be associated with more adaptive coping strategies in general. Additionally, an intrinsic (autonomous) motivational style and positive beliefs about exercise are associated with long-term adherence to physical activity. The current study evaluates changes in coping strategies, autonomous motivation, and beliefs about exercise among women engaged in a physical activity intervention during early recovery (N = 20; mean age = 39.53). General coping strategies, motivational style, and beliefs about exercise were examined before and after engaging in the 12-week intervention which aimed to help women utilize physical activity as a means to cope with negative affect and alcohol craving. We found that, by the end of the intervention, participants significantly increased utilization of adaptive coping strategies such as the use of emotional support from others. Additionally, participants increased autonomous motivation over time. There were no significant changes in beliefs about exercise. Changes in beliefs about benefits of exercise, autonomous motivation, and adaptive coping were related to use of exercise to cope. However, even though these changes were associated with how women in the intervention used exercise, they were not associated with exercising more. Results from this open pilot suggest that women in early recovery from alcohol who increase physical activity – specifically as a means to cope with negative affect and craving – also demonstrate other wider coping strategies, more positive beliefs, and autonomous motivation.     

Addressing holistic health and work empowerment through a body-mind-spirit intervention program among helping professionals in continuous education: A pilot study

To examine the effectiveness of a body-mind-spirit (BMS) intervention program in improving the holistic well-being and work empowerment among helping professionals in continuous education. Forty-four helping professionals, who were in their first-year part-time postgraduate study, participated in the present study. All participants attended a 3-day BMS intervention program which emphasized a holistic approach to health and well-being. Ratings on their levels of physical distress, daily functioning, affect, spirituality, and psychological empowerment at work were compared before and immediately after the intervention. Participants reported significantly lower levels of negative affect and physical distress, and were less spiritually disoriented after the intervention. Enhanced levels of daily functioning, positive affect, spiritual resilience, and tranquility were also reported. Results also suggested that participants were empowered at work, and specifically felt more able to make an impact on work outcomes. The 3-day BMS intervention program produced a positive and measurable effect on participants’ holistic well-being and empowerment at work. Educators in related fields could incorporate holistic practices into the curriculum to better prepare the future practitioners, leading to better outcomes both to the professionals themselves and their clients or patients.     

Effectiveness of an experiential workshop for enhancing helping professionals’ self‐competence in death work in Hong Kong: a randomised controlled trial

Helping professionals require self‐competence in coping with the existential and emotional challenges of death work. Previous training often focused on knowledge and skills rather than on this competence. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a 3‐day workshop in Hong Kong to enhance helping professionals’ self‐competence in death work. A randomised controlled trial was conducted to examine the effects of the training between January and May 2014. Targeted participants were helping professionals who had been doing death work for at least 6 months. The 112 participants were openly recruited from hospitals and NGOs and were assigned to an intervention group or a waitlist control group. Data were collected at pre‐intervention and post‐intervention. Primary outcome was self‐competence in death work. All participants were grouped for analysing the changes in outcomes at pre‐intervention, post‐intervention and 3‐month follow‐up. Participants in the intervention group experienced a significant increase in the total score of the Self‐competence in Death Work Scale (SC‐DWS) and in scores of the Existential and Emotional subscales of SC‐DWS. The positive effects of training on self‐competence in death work were maintained at the 3‐month follow‐up. This study provides evidence of the effectiveness of training in enhancing helping professionals’ self‐competence in death work. Further research is required to examine the long‐term effects of training.     

A three-year cohort study of the relationships between coping,job stress and burnout after a counselling intervention for help-seeking physicians

Background  

Knowledge about important factors in reduction of burnout is needed, but there is a dearth of burnout intervention program studies and their effects among physicians. The present three-year follow-up study aimed to investigate the roles of coping strategies, job stress and personality traits in burnout reduction after a counselling intervention for distressed physicians.