GADD45β基因在脂肪细胞分化过程中的表达及肿瘤坏死因子-α对其的调节作用

目的观察3T3-L1脂肪细胞诱导分化过程中生长抑制和DNA损伤诱导家族45β(GADD45β)基因mRNA表达水平的变化,探讨TNF-α对成熟脂肪细胞中GADD45β基因表达水平的调节作用。方法体外培养3T3-L1脂肪细胞,在诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化成熟的基础上,应用重组TNF-α干预分化成熟的脂肪细胞,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术检测诱导分化不同时段及TNF-α干预后不同时间脂肪细胞中GADD45β基因表达水平。结果随脂肪细胞逐渐分化成熟,GADD45β基因mRNA表达水平渐降低。GADD45β基因表达水平除在细胞分化d1~7、d8~10各时段内差异无显著意义(P>0.05)外,余各时段之间表达水平差异均具有显著意义(P<0.05)。不同质量浓度重组TNF-α(0.1~10.0μg/L)均能显著促进成熟脂肪细胞中GADD45β基因mRNA的表达。TNF-α质量浓度为0.1μg/L时,GADD45β基因表达水平6 h内上升51.39%,24 h内上升100.15%;TNF-α质量浓度为1.0μg/L时,GADD45β基因表达水平6 h内上升44.15%,24 h内上升100.63%;TNF-α质量浓度达10.0μg/L,GADD45β基因表达水平6 h内即上升104.26%,24 h内上升122.17%。结论GADD45β基因可能参与脂肪细胞分化及脂质形成过程;TNF-α对成熟脂肪细胞中GADD45β基因表达具有促进作用,其促进效应总体趋势呈现时间依赖性特征。     

PRNP基因在3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞分化过程中的表达及肿瘤坏死因子-α对其调节作用

目的 探讨3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞诱导分化过程中PRNP基因表达水平的变化及TNF-α对其调节作用.方法 体外培养3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞,胰岛素加地塞米松加1-甲基-3-异丁基黄嘌呤(MDI)方案诱导3T3-L1细胞分化成熟,并收集分化前、分化0～10 d各时段细胞,采用RT-PCR技术检测诱导分化不同时段3T3-L1细胞PRNP基因表达水平;同时在成功诱导3T3-L1细胞分化成熟的基础上,应用不同水平TNF-α(0.1、1.0、10.0 μg/L)干预分化后的成熟脂肪细胞(第10天),收集TNF-α刺激前(0 h)及刺激后0.5、2.0、6.0、12.0、24.0 h的脂肪细胞,通过RT-PCR测定TNF-α干预前后不同时间点脂肪细胞中PRNP基因表达水平.采用Excel软件进行统计学分析.结果 1.PRNP基因低表达于3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞中,随细胞分化成熟该基因表达水平逐渐上调,至分化第10天其表达水平最高.PRNP基因表达水平除在诱导分化前(第-1天)至第4天、第2～5天、第6～10天时段内无显著性差异外(Pa＞0.05),其余各时段间表达水平均有显著性差异(Pa＜0.05);2.在分化前的3T3-L1脂肪细胞和成熟脂肪细胞中,不同水平TNF-α(0.1、1.0、10.0 μg/L)均能在短时间内明显抑制PRNP基因mRNA的表达,且呈时间依赖性.结论 PRNP基因可能参与3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化及脂质积聚过程;不同水平重组TNF-α对成熟脂肪细胞的PRNP基因表达具有抑制作用,其抑制效应总体趋势上呈时间依赖性.     

Ⅱ型钙调蛋白激酶δ亚基基因在3T3-L1脂肪细胞诱导分化中的表达及肿瘤坏死因子-α调控作用

目的观察3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞诱导分化过程中Ⅱ型钙调蛋白激酶δ亚基基因表达水平及肿瘤坏死因子-α对成熟脂肪细胞中Ⅱ型钙调蛋白激酶δ亚基((2AMKⅡD)基因表达的调控作用。方法检测3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞体外诱导分化不同时段CAMKⅡD基因的mRNA表达水平;采用不同浓度TNF-α干预成熟脂肪细胞,检测干预后不同时间点CAMKⅡD基因的表达水平。结果3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞中CAMKⅡD基因mRNA表达,于d1显著下调,与d0比较具有显著差异(P< 0.01);d2其表达水平显著上调,并明显高于d0表达水平(P<0.01);d2-10表达一直维持在较高水平(P>0.05)。0.1、1.0 μg/L的TNF-α干预后,成熟脂肪细胞该基因各时段的表达水平无显著变化(P>0.05);10.0 μg/L的TNF-α干预后,在12 h 始,其表达水平有显著性下调(P<0.01);其他各时段之间无显著变化(P>0.05)。结论CAMKⅡD基因参与脂肪细胞分化的调控,与肥胖发生相关,其在3T3-L1细胞分化过程中的表达变化可能有利于脂肪细胞的分化成熟和脂质积聚。TNF-α对成熟脂肪细胞中CAMKⅡD基因表达可能不具有调控作用。     

TSG-6基因在3T3-L1脂肪细胞诱导分化中表达水平的变化及TNF-α对其调节作用的研究

目的观察3T3-L1脂肪细胞诱导分化过程中TSG-6基因mRNA表达水平的变化,探讨TNF-α对成熟脂肪细胞中TSG-6基因表达水平的调节作用.方法体外培养3T3-L1脂肪细胞,在诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化成熟的基础上,应用重组TNF-α干预分化成熟的脂肪细胞,采用RT-PCR技术检测诱导分化不同时段及TNF-α干预后不同时间脂肪细胞中TSG-6基因的表达水平.结果 (1)随脂肪细胞逐渐分化成熟,TSG-6 基因mRNA表达水平逐渐升高.TSG-6 基因表达水平除在细胞分化第0～2天、第3～5天、第4～6天和第7～10天各时段内差异无显著意义(P>0.05)外,其余各时段之间表达水平,差异均有显著意义(P＜0.05);(2)不同浓度重组TNF-α(0.1～10.0 ng/ml)均能显著抑制成熟脂肪细胞中TSG-6基因mRNA的表达,除外TNF-α浓度1.0 ng/ml时6～24 h时段,其抑制作用呈现随TNF-α浓度增加和刺激时间延长而明显增强的总体趋势.TNF-α浓度为0.1 ng/ml时,TSG-6基因表达水平6 h内下降33.73%,12 h内下降97.39%;TNF-α浓度为1.0 ng/ml时,TSG-6基因表达水平6 h内下降78.68%,并持续至24 h;TNF-α浓度达10.0 ng/ml时,TSG-6基因表达水平2 h内即下降96.27%,TSG-6基因的表达几乎被完全抑制.结论 (1)TSG-6基因可能参与脂肪细胞分化及脂质形成过程;(2)TNF-α对脂肪细胞中TSG-6基因表达具有抑制作用,其抑制效应总体趋势上呈现剂量反应性特征.     

生长激素促分泌素受体-1a基因在3T3-L1脂肪细胞诱导分化过程中的表达

目的 观察生长激素促分泌素受体-1a(GHSR-1a)基因在3T3一K1肪细胞诱导分化过程中不同时段表达水平的变化,探讨GHSR-1a基因在脂肪细胞分化中的作用.方法 体外培养3T3-L1前脂肪细胞,在诱导其向成熟脂肪细胞分化的不同时段(第0-8天).通过形态学观察、油红0染色测定脂肪细胞分化程度及脂滴积聚情况,化学比色法测定脂肪细胞三酰甘油(TG)总量,半定量反转录一聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术检测脂肪细胞中GHSR-1a基因mRNA的表达水平.采用SPSS 12.0软件进行组间t检验.结果 3T3-L1前脂肪细胞在诱导分化前呈梭形的成纤维细胞形态,胞浆内无脂滴;诱导分化后细胞逐渐由梭形变为圆形,胞体变大变圆,胞浆内出现明显的脂滴.3T3-L1前脂肪细胞诱导分化第4天细胞内TG水平已明显升高,第8天TG水平升高更加明显,与前脂肪细胞相比均有显著统计学意义(Pa<0.01).同时GHSR-1a基因mRNA低表达于3T3-L1前脂肪细胞和分化第1天的脂肪细胞,随着3T3-L1脂肪细胞逐渐分化成熟,分化第4天和第8天GHSR-1a基因mRNA的表达逐渐增加,GHSR-1a基因的表达水平除在诱导分化第0-1天和第1-4天内差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)外,其余各时间点表达水平比较均有统计学意义(Pa<0.05).结论 3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化过程中GHSR-1a基因表达逐渐上调,其表达变化与脂肪细胞分化、脂质积聚过程一致,可能参与了脂肪细胞分化过程.     

鞘氨醇激酶基因在3T3-L1脂肪细胞诱导分化中的表达水平

目的 探讨鞘氨醇激酶基因(SPHK）在3T3-L1脂肪细胞诱导分化中表达水平的变化。方法采用细胞培养和RT-PCR技术检测细胞分化不同阶段脂肪细胞中SPHK基因表达水平。结果1．SPHK基因在3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞诱导分化初期表达呈明显上调趋势；2．随着脂肪前体细胞分化成熟，该基因表达水平明显低于诱导分化初期的基因表达水平。结论 SPHK基因可能参与脂肪细胞分化的调控过程，与肥胖发生有一定联系。     

凋亡蛋白酶活化因子1基因在脂肪细胞诱导分化中表达及肿瘤坏死因子-α对其调节作用

目的 观察3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞诱导分化过程中（0~10 d）凋亡蛋白酶活化因子1（APAF1）基因表达水平的变化趋势，探讨肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）对成熟脂肪细胞中APAF1基因表达水平的调节作用。方法 体外培养3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞，通过油红O染色鉴定其分化成熟的基础上，应用人重组TNF-α 1.0 ng·mL-1干预分化成熟的脂肪细胞，抽提脂肪细胞总RNA和总蛋白后，采用RT-PCR及Western blot技术检测诱导分化不同时段及TNF-α干预后不同时间（2、6、12和 24 h）脂肪细胞中APAF1基因的表达水平。结果 ① 3T3-L1 前体脂肪细胞诱导分化过程中（0~10 d），APAF1基因表达水平呈现逐渐减低的趋势;②人重组TNF-α对成熟脂肪细胞中APAF1基因的表达具有显著的增强作用，且TNF-α对APAF1基因表达的上调作用呈现随刺激时间延长而明显增强的总体趋势。结论 ① 在3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞分化过程中，APAF1基因的表达逐渐下调可能有利于脂肪细胞的分化成熟和脂质积聚；② APAF1基因在人重组TNF-α刺激成熟脂肪细胞过程中呈明显上调趋势，这种上调可能具有协同TNF-α促进成熟脂肪细胞去分化的作用。     

3T3-L1前脂肪细胞中烟碱样乙酰胆碱受体α7对脂肪因子肾上腺髓质素mRNA表达的影响

目的研究3T3-L1前脂肪细胞和成熟脂肪细胞中是否有胆碱能系统物质mRNA的表达,及烟碱样乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR)α7功能状态对脂肪因子肾上腺髓质素(AM)mRNA表达的影响,初步阐明脂肪细胞中非神经胆碱能系统与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗及其他脂代谢性疾病的关系。方法以3T3-L1前脂肪细胞和诱导分化成熟的3T3-L1脂肪细胞为研究对象,采用反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测前脂肪细胞和成熟脂肪细胞中是否有乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)和nAChR α7三种胆碱能系统主要组分的mRNA表达;对前脂肪细胞及成熟脂肪细胞分别予不同水平的广谱nAChR激动剂尼古丁、特异性nAChR α7激动剂氯化胆碱及特异性nAChRα7拮抗剂甲基牛扁亭碱处理12、24、36h,并设立相应处理时间的空白对照组,应用RT-PCR方法检测前脂肪细胞和成熟脂肪细胞中AM mRNA的表达。结果1.RT-PCR方法证实在3T3-L1前脂肪细胞和成熟脂肪细胞中均有AChE、ChAT、AChR α7的mRNA表达。2.给予不同剂量的尼古丁和氯化胆碱,干预作用不同时间,3T3-L1前脂肪细胞和成熟脂肪细胞中AM mRNA表达水平与相应的空白对照组比较均呈剂量依赖性升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),但随干预作用时间延长,这种剂量依赖性上调效应减弱。二种激动剂以氯化胆碱的剂量依赖性上调效应更明显。而相同剂量下不同作用时间的处理组间无统计学差异(Pa>0.05)。3.拮抗剂甲基牛扁亭碱对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞和成熟脂肪细胞中AM mRNA表达则呈明显的剂量依赖性抑制作用(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论3T3-L1前脂肪细胞和成熟脂肪细胞中存在非神经元型胆碱能系统,其中nAChR α7调节脂肪因子AM mRNA的表达,脂肪组织中非神经元型胆碱能系统的重要组分nAChR α7可能在肥胖、胰岛素抵抗及其他脂代谢相关疾病的病理生理过程中发挥重要作用。     

解偶联蛋白4基因在3T3-L1脂肪细胞诱导分化中的表达水平

目的　观察 3T3 L1脂肪前体细胞诱导分化过程中解偶联蛋白 4 (UCP4 )基因表达水平变化 ,探讨UCP4基因与肥胖发生之间的关系。方法　体外培养 3T3 L1细胞 ,诱导细胞分化 ,采用RT PCR技术在细胞分化成熟的不同时段检测脂肪细胞中UCP4基因mRNA表达水平。结果　UCP4基因高表达于 3T3 L1脂肪前体细胞中 ,随细胞分化成熟该基因表达水平渐下调。UCP4基因表达水平在诱导分化前 (d - 1)至d0、d0～ 3、d4～6、d7～ 8、d9～ 10内无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,余各时段表达水平均有显著差异 (P均 <0 .0 1)。结论　UCP4基因与肥胖发生相关 ,其在 3T3 L1细胞分化过程中表达逐渐下调可能有利于脂肪细胞的脂质积聚     

胰岛素受体底物1基因沉默对3T3-L1细胞CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ表达的影响

目的研究胰岛素受体底物1(IRS-1)沉默对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化关键分子CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α(C/EBPα)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)mRNA及蛋白表达的影响,并观察IRS-1沉默后前脂肪细胞分化为成熟脂肪细胞能力的改变,探讨胰岛素受体底物(IRSs)是否作为C/EBPα、PPARγ的上游调节信号在前脂肪细胞分化中起到重要的调节作用。方法合成4条IRS-1 shRNA,Western blotting筛选出沉默效率最高的1条。3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分为IRS-1沉默组和对照组。IRS-1沉默组细胞用沉默效率最高的IRS-1 shRNA质粒转染3T3-L1前脂肪细胞,沉默细胞中的IRS-1分子;对照组采用无意义IRS-1 shRNA质粒转染3T3-L1前脂肪细胞。转染24 h后诱导其分化成熟,分化72 h后检测促进前脂肪细胞分化的关键分子C/EBPα、PPARγ的表达。继续诱导分化至第7天,油红O染色观察IRS-1沉默后前脂肪细胞分化为成熟脂肪细胞的比例,检测其分化能力的改变。结果与对照组相比,IRS-1沉默组在诱导分化72 h后,Real-time PCR结果显示3T3-L1前脂肪细胞中C/EBPαmRNA、PPARγmRNA表达明显下降(Pa<0.05),Western blotting结果显示C/EBPα、PPARγ蛋白水平也同样显著下降(Pa<0.05);细胞继续分化至第7天,油红O染色显示,IRS-1沉默组前脂肪细胞分化成熟的比例与对照组比较显著降低。结论胰岛素可能通过IRS-1刺激C/EBPα、PPARγ的表达促进前脂肪组织的分化。     

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase deficiency: review of 18 reported patients

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase deficiency (HMG-CoA lyase) is an inborn error of leucine catabolism which often leads to life-threatening illness in the neonatal period. The cardinal clinical features include severe infantile hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, hepatomegaly, lethargy or coma and apnea. Hyperammonemia is variable. There is a characteristic absence of ketosis. Considerable heterogeneity has been observed in clinical and biochemical presentation. Acute episodes of illness have been mistaken for Reye syndrome. The pattern of organic acids in the urine includes large amounts of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric, 3-methylglutaconic, 3-methylglutaric and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acids. Smaller, but appreciable levels of glutaric, adipic and other dicarboxylic acids may also be excreted in the urine. Lactic acid may be present in sizable amounts at times of acute illness. The primary defect is a deficiency of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase, a key enzyme in the cycle of ketogenesis.Abbreviation HMG-CoA lyase 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase     

3-Methylglutaconic and 3-methylglutaric aciduria in a patient with suspected 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase deficiency

A girl suffering from marked muscular hypotonia, severe statomotor and mental retardation, bilateral optic atrophy with chorioretinal degeneration, convulsions and a moderate compensated metabolic acidosis is described. Screening for metabolic disorders revealed massive 3-methylglutaconic with 3-methylglutaric aciduria leading to the tentative diagnosis of 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase deficiency. Metabolite excretion was correlated with variation of leucine intake. 3-methyl-3-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA lyase activity in cultured fibroblasts was normal. The suspected metabolic defect was not demonstrable in cultured skin fibroblasts, however.Abbreviation MSUD Maple syrup urine disease     

迟发型3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸尿症导致脑白质病

3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸尿症是一种罕见的有机酸代谢病,病因为常染色体隐性遗传所导致的3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A裂解酶缺陷。患者通常在新生儿期至婴幼儿期发病。本研究报告1例晚发型3-羟基3-甲基戊二酸尿症导致的脑白质病。患儿为7岁男孩,急性起病,表现为头痛、困倦、呕吐, 进行性加重,一般化验发现肝损害、酮症、白细胞减少,脑磁共振扫描示双侧脑白质对称弥漫性病变。血液羟异戊酰肉碱、乙酰肉碱显著增高。尿液3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸显著增高,3-甲基戊烯二酸、3-羟基戊二酸、甲基巴豆酰甘氨酸增高。经静脉滴注葡萄糖和左旋肉碱症状缓解。维持治疗半年后复诊,尿3-羟基3-甲基戊二酸降低,全身情况良好。     

X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency with γδT cells

A patient with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) was found to have a deletion mutation of a four base pair in the transmembrane domain of the IL-2 receptor γ chain gene, a subunit shared by the receptors for IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 (common γ chain; γc). He had very few αβT cells but had a considerable number of γδT cells in his peripheral blood. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed that the γδT cells in his peripheral blood were not of maternal origin. He had received a Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination before recognition of the disease, and the BCG infection remained quiescent with no reaction for 19 months. After successful bone marrow transplantation, the site of the BCG vaccination showed a reaction, and live BCG were detected. It is useful to consider the relationship between the existence of γδT cells and BCG in this case, and it is suggested that γδT cells may be, in a given situation, less dependent on the γc chain than are αβT cells.     

3-Ketothiolase deficiency

Two patients have been studied in whom the activity of the short chain-length-specific mitochondrial 3-ketothiolase was found to be deficient. Use of a range of 3-ketoacyl-CoA substrates showed that the other 3-ketothiolase isoenzymes were normal in each case. Both patients had episodic ketosis and metabolic acidosis. One patient had substantial evidence of damage to the central nervous system and two siblings who had died of the disease. The organic aciduria was characterized by the excretion of 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid and tiglyglycine. In one patient the organic aciduria was very subtle and was masked during the presence of ketosis, but it was clarified by an isoleucine load after recovery from ketosis.     

A case of biotin-responsive 3-methylcrotonylglycin- and 3-hydroxyisovaleric aciduria

During selective screening for organic acidurias, a 10-week-old girl with muscular hypotonia and recurrent fits was shown to be excreting 3-methylcrotonylglycin and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid. Besides these metabolites of leucine the presence of small but pathological amounts of propionic and methylcitric acids were demonstrable in her urine, pointing to a defect in the metabolism of biotin.On treatment with biotin (2×5 mg/day) the convulsions stopped at once, her clinical condition improved gradually, and the abnormal metabolites disappeared from the urine. Within 6 weeks the child was discharged in a good general condition without apparent signs of neurological damage.     

3-Methylglutaconic aciduria: a phenotype in which activity of 3-methylglutaconyl-coenzyme A hydratase is normal

3-Methylglutaconic aciduria has been found in two distinct syndromes. In one there is deficient activity of 3-methylglutaconyl coenzyme A hydratase, and the only clinical manifestation observed has been retardation of speech development. In the other, which includes a majority of the patients studied, we document that the activity of this enzyme in fibroblast extracts is normal. The phenotype of this disorder is one of profound neurological impairment with retarded psychomotor development, hypotonicity and/or spasticity, convulsions or EEG abnormalities, and sensorineural changes in the eye and ear.Abbreviations 3-MG-CoA 3-methylglutaconyl coenzyme A - PAS periodic acid-Schiff - ATP adenosine-5-triphosphate - HMG 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid - 3-HB 3-hydroxybutyric acid - EDTA ethylene-diaminetetra-acetic acid     

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency in an infant with macrocephaly and mild metabolic acidosis

A girl, now three years old, is reported, in whom at the age of 5 months the diagnosis of 3-HMG-CoA lyase deficiency was established. The characteristic excretion pattern consisted of 3-HMG, 3-CH₃-glutaconic acid, 3-CH₃-glutaric acid and 3-HIVA. Activity of 3-HMG-CoA lyase in leucocytes was very low. She had compensated metabolic acidosis and mild hypoglycemia.Therapy with a leucine restricted diet decreased excretion of metabolites moderaterely but did not influence the tendency to metabolic acidosis.Clinically the infant presented with macrocephaly. At the age of 3 years she is severely retarded. CAT scan revealed the picture of progressive demyelination of the white matter.