化肥施用与土壤环境安全效应的研究

介绍我国肥料使用现状,分析化肥施用对土壤、环境的影响,并提出了提高化肥施用安全的若干建议.     

PPF促生真菌在肥料发展中大有可为

化肥产业问题亟待解决纵观我国化学肥料生产、应用的发展历程,由于化肥施用引起的土壤营养成分的平衡变化,使得化肥产业存在着结构不合理、投入量低、化肥资源配置不合理、养分投入比例不平衡、新型高效肥料发展缓慢等一系列问题。化肥是农作物增产增收的物质基础,是粮食的粮食,对农作物施肥是提高土壤肥力,改善农作物营养,提高农作物产量的重要措施。大量试验和     

钾肥和有机肥对油荬菜产量及商品品质的影响

试验结果表明 ,土壤缺钾是该试验的主要养分限制因子之一 ;在NP基础上施钾肥增产 5 5 0 6 % ;有机无机肥料配合施用 ,比单施有机肥增产 4 5 0 1% ,比单施化肥仅增产 3 88% ,并可提高油荬菜的商品质量 ;化肥的利用率为 6 2 11% ,钾肥的利用率为 77 90 %。     

论提高我国化肥利用率

对比世界各国人均耕地、人均施肥量、人均谷物产量及消费量等农业基础数据,认为：我国人多地少,人均耕地０．１１４ｈｍ２（与英、德国家相近）;土壤总体肥力较低,必须靠增施化肥来提高单产,因而化肥需求量将持续增长;但增加化肥产量近期受投资及能源产量的制约、远期受二氧化碳排放量及水体污染的制约;我国化肥施用总量占世界第一位,但在销售、供应和施用方面还存在不少问题。指出应把研究提高化肥利用率作为降低农业生产成本的一项长期的主要措施,最后对开源节流提高我国化肥利用率提出若干建议。     

有机,无机态氮肥及施用方法对水稻吸收土壤氮素的影响

两年盆栽试验的结果表明,1.在淹水土壤中施用硝酸钾和尿素(1986),均有促进水稻吸收土壤氮素的作用,分别比不施肥的对照增加3.4％～12.7％和13、0％～28.9％,尿素的效果优于硝酸钾。这两者深施或混施的促进作用均对应优于其表面匀施。2.施用尿素和豆科绿肥箭舌豌豆(1987)后,水稻吸收的土壤氮素,随生育期的进展而不断增加。从六叶期到完全成熟期,水稻吸收的土壤氮占其吸收全氮的百分数,施用尿素的从21.9增至31.0,施用箭舌豌豆的从26.4增至40.8。3.在整个生育期,施用尿素和箭舌豌豆的水稻吸收土壤氮素的绝对量,均高于不施肥的对照。箭舌豌豆促进水稻增加吸收土壤氮素的作用优于尿素。4.淹水植稻,不论有否施用化学氮肥或施用何种形态的氮,都会发生土壤原始氮素的损失;但合理施用有机肥料有利于土壤原始氮素的维持,以及土壤的培肥。     

以沸石作载体的复混肥研究

以沸石作载体的复混肥研究刘伯元，张寿稳，唐俊，李淑琴，宋仲耆，马友华（冶金部华东地勘局矿产品开发研究所）（安徽农业大学）１绪言肥料是农作物的粮食，施用肥料是为了提供和补充土壤的养分并改善土壤肥力状况。随着农业的发展，农业施用肥料的水平也不断提高。化肥...     

我国有机肥料工厂化现状及发展前景

介绍我国有机肥料工厂化发展现状 ,包括有机肥料工厂化模式、生产规模、生产能力和生产技术等 ;分析我国有机肥料工厂化发展中存在的问题 ,并提出相应的对策及发展前景     

我国磷铵产业发展存在的问题

阐述我国磷铵产业快速发展所带来的一系列资源、环保、消费、价格定位、企业间关系及国家产业政策等方面的隐忧。建议国家“十一五”发展规划中制定必要的化肥产业方针及措施,规范引导磷铵产业有序及可持续发展,避免资源及投资利用的低效和浪费。     

人口.粮食.化肥

从分析我国解放后至2030年这80年间人口增长率是东汉至解放前2000年间17倍的这一基本事实出发,阐述了养活1 6亿人口,粮食不能依赖进口,只能依靠自己的观点.若欲达到2030年人均占有粮食400 kg的目标,并假设其中5%进口,在耕地面积、化肥用量保持不变的情况下,单位面积粮食产量需从1995年的4 250 kg/hm2增加到2030年的5 815kg/hm2.进一步说明施用化肥对增加粮食产量的重要作用,并对21世纪我国化肥工业发展速度进行了预测.     

桃树专用肥及其施用技术研究

１９９１年春,我所会同辽宁省化肥工业公司、瓦房店市化工厂主持了原化工部下达的桃树专用肥及其施用技术的研究项目,并组成试验协作网。现将试验结果总结如下。１试验材料和方法试验点各果园的土壤状况见表１。表１试验区土壤养分含量试验点ｐＨｗ（有机质）／％ｗ（Ｎ...     

Long-term effects of fertilizer on soil enzymatic activity of wheat field soil in Loess Plateau,China

The effects of long-term (29 years) fertilization on local agro-ecosystems in the Loess Plateau of northwest China, containing a single or combinations of inorganic (Nitrogen, N; Phosphate, P) and organic (Mature, M Straw, S) fertilizer, including N, NP, SNP, M, MNP, and a control. The soil enzymes, including dehydrogenase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, invertase and glomalin, were investigated in three physiological stages (Jointing, Dough, and Maturity) of wheat growth at three depths of the soil profile (0–15, 16–30, 31–45 cm). We found that the application of farmyard manure and straw produced the highest values of soil enzymatic activity, especially a balanced applied treatment of MNP. Enzymatic activity was lowest in the control. Values were generally highest at dough, followed by the jointing and maturity stages, and declined with soil profile depth. The activities of the enzymes investigated here are significantly correlated with each other and are correlated with soil nutrients, in particular with soil organic carbon. Our results suggest that a balanced application of fertilizer nutrients and organic manure (especially those containing P) has positive effects on multiple soil chemical parameters, which in turn enhances enzyme activity. We emphasize the role of organic manure in maintaining soil organic matter and promoting biological activity, as its application can result in a substantial increase in agricultural production and can be sustainable for many years.     

Microcalorimetric study of the effects of long-term fertilization on soil microbial activity in a wheat field on the Loess Plateau

The effects of the long-term inorganic (nitrogen, N; phosphate, P) and organic (manure, M; straw, S) fertilizers/managemenet individually and in combinations (N, NP, SNP, M, and MNP) on soil microbial activity were investigated in a wheat field on the Loess Plateau, China. Microcalorimetry was used to determine microbial activity under different treatments. Nearly 30 years of consecutive fertilization has altered the culturable population of soil bacteria and fungi, the highest ones were detected in the treatments of manure and MNP, followed by the NP and SNP treatments. The microbial growth rate constant (μ/h^?1) was significantly greater in the MNP treatment than all the other treatments. The total heat exchange values (Q/J) were the highest in the MNP and NP treatments, which were significantly different from the N and M treatments. The peak height (P _t/μW) were significantly higher in MNP and NP treatments than in the remaining treatments. The peak time values (t _p/h) among the MNP, NP, SNP and M, N and CK treatments were significantly different. In general, comparing with control, soil microbial activity was much higher in MNP, NP and SNP treatments, all including the phosphate fertilizer. Our results showed that the application of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure have positive effects on multiple soil chemical parameters, soil microorganism abundance and activity, and hence crop yield.     

广东低塱渍水地区主要土壤理化性质及其利用改良

本文研究广东低塱渍水地区主要土壤理化性质及其利用改良。采取田间调查研究与分析化验相结合的办法,结果表明:水稻土的养分含量较高,如有机质、氮素和全钾量均较高,伹速效磷和钾均偏低,冲积土和堆叠土的养分含量则较低(全钾量除外);土壤阳离子交换量、活性铁、锰和有效锌含量均较高,符合一般作物的需要;耕层土壤多属强酸性,pH多为4.5～5.1;土壤质地偏粘(冲积土除外),粘粒含量达30～45％;土壤生态环境条件不良,容易发生涝害,生产没有保证。因此,土壤利用改良的主要措施应是:继续整治水利,改善土壤生态条件;适施石灰,每亩一造约施25kg,增施有机肥;增施磷、钾肥,特别要注意早造施磷肥,晚造施钾肥;在保证粮食生产的前提下,适当发展养鱼(塘与基的面积比例以3:2为宜)、种植甘蔗、花生和水果等经济作物。     

从农业用肥角度分析我国肥料工业部分工艺路线

从农业用肥角度,对我国目前肥料工业路线进行综合分析,目的是有效利用磷矿资源,减少废弃物,更好满足农作物对养分的需求。如复混肥生产提倡磷矿加工过程不分离磷石膏的复肥生产工艺;应正确认识氯化钾的作用,对无氯钾肥的生产不应过于苛求;有机、无机肥料的配施并不等于发展有机无机肥料;挤压造粒目前有较好的利用价值。     

An unusual case of hypereosinophilia and abdominal pain: an outbreak of Trichostrongylus imported from New Zealand

We report an outbreak of severe symptomatic Trichostrongylus spp. in travelers visiting a sheep farm in New Zealand. The unusual source of the outbreak was traced as the use of sheep manure as an organic fertilizer on a salad garden.     

粤北作物生产潜势的分析

本文在分析粤北自然条件和农业生产主要特点基础上,运用光能利用测算原理,热潜势测定方法,侧算分析了八种主要作物及其相应熟制的生产潜势,剖析了水肥转化效率。潜势分析表明:水稻和甘蔗(主要在本区南部)光能利用率高,热潜势利用率大,是当地的优势作物;花生、番薯、大豆光热潜势利用偏低,有待提高;油菜、小麦尚待克服当地限制因素,潜势始能发挥。双季稻一年二熟或与油菜、小麦组成的一年三熟是当地当前的高产熟制。并就充分利用粤北光热水肥资源提出了建议。     

含稀土有机复混肥的研制及其在甘蔗上的应用研究

在考虑土壤肥力、甘蔗营养特性的基础上,研制出含有改性配方稀土、甘蔗滤泥和氮、磷、钾的甘蔗专用肥。３年９个大田试验的平均结果表明：甘蔗施用含稀土有机复混肥后,平均产量为８８ ６８０ ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,平均田间锤度为 １９． ８％,理论产糖量平均为 １０ ５３０ ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,比不含稀土,但含等量氮、磷、钾、有机质的有机复混肥增产 ８ ４１５ ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,增产率为１０．５％,田间锤度提高１％,增糖１６．４％。