大鼠脑缺血后脑线粒体功能的改变

为探讨脑缺血再灌注后脑线粒体功能的改变，利用大鼠全脑缺血及再灌注动物模型，测试各组大鼠脑线粒体的呼吸控制率、膜流动性和呼吸链的标志酶琥珀酸脱氢酶及细胞色素氧化酶的活性。结果显示，脑缺血２０分钟后，脑线粒体的呼吸控制率和线粒体膜的流动性开始降低，至再灌注１小时降为最低。随着再灌注时间的延长，两者都有恢复，但始终不及假手术组水平。琥珀酸脱氢酶和细胞色素氧化酶的活性在脑缺血及再灌注期降低的程度更重，持续的时间更长。结论：缺血性脑损伤对脑线粒体膜的破坏作用可能是线粒体呼吸受抑制的主要原因     

缺血再灌注期间大鼠脑线粒体的变化

目的　观察局部脑缺血再灌注对大鼠脑线粒体呼吸链酶复合物活性、过氧化氢 (H2 O2 )产生量和脂质过氧化水平 (MDA含量 )的影响。方法　酶学方法 ,荧光法和比色法。结果　缺血 2 h后复合物 的活性即有明显下降 ,再灌注 30 m in至 4h均无恢复。酶重复合物 活性缺血时无明显变化 ,再灌注 30 m in开始下降 ,一直持续到再灌注 4h。酶复合物 活性在缺血与再灌注期间均无明显变化。缺血再灌注 1h时脑线粒体过氧化氢产生量明显上升 ,再灌注 2 h后又恢复到正常水平。 MDA含量则是在再灌注 2 h开始明显增高 ,4h时仍维持较高水平。结论　缺血再灌注可造成脑线粒体本身氧化损伤。     

不同运动方式和时间对大鼠骨骼肌线粒体呼吸链复合体酶Ⅰ和Ⅳ活性的

背景：急性剧烈运动对机体可造成氧化应激,线粒体生成活性氧造成机体氧化应激和钙离子超负荷,导致骨骼肌功能下降,机体产生疲劳。然而长期规律运动后线粒体产生适应性变化,从而起到保护机体免受过多活性氧损害的作用。 目的：观察不同运动方式和时间对大鼠骨骼肌线粒体呼吸链复合体酶Ⅰ,Ⅳ活性的影响。 方法：48只健康雄性SD大鼠随机等分为正常对照组、无氧运动组、有氧运动组和交替运动组。在大鼠运动2,4,6周的时候分别处死,差速离心提取大鼠骨骼肌线粒体,分光光度法测定线粒体呼吸链复合体酶Ⅰ,Ⅳ的活性。 结果与结论：运动后有氧组、交替组与无氧组线粒体呼吸链复合体酶I的活性随时间先增强而后下降;运动后有氧组与交替组线粒体呼吸链复合体酶Ⅳ的活性随时间而增强,无氧组则下降。说明有氧运动在中长期耐力运动中可有效提高大鼠体内呼吸链复合体酶Ⅰ,Ⅳ的活性,而无氧运动则只能在短期内提高其活性,长时间无氧运动可能导致对线粒体呼吸链复合体酶的损伤,影响骨骼肌工作效率,造成机体疲劳。     

氧化应激在慢性缺血性脑白质损伤中的作用

目的 阐明氧化应激是否参与大鼠慢性脑缺血所致的脑白质损伤.方法 健康雄性Wistar大鼠按照完全随机数字表法分为假手术组,持久性双侧颈总动脉结扎3 d组、7 d组、3周组及6周组,每组6只.应用大鼠双侧颈总动脉结扎制备慢性脑缺血模型,检测大鼠脑白质内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量以及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)和4-羟基壬烯醛(4-HNE)加合物的变化.结果 与假手术组比较,慢性脑缺血大鼠脑白质内MDA含量在手术后3周明显增加,手术后6周进一步增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).手术后3d至6周,慢性脑缺血大鼠脑白质内4-HNE蛋白加合物逐渐增高,与假手术组比较有差异有统计学意K(P<0.05).SOD活性在手术后3周和6周才明显降低,与假手术组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).此外,慢性脑缺血大鼠脑白质内GSH含量在手术后7d即开始降低,而在手术后3周及6周则进一步下降,与假手术组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 慢性脑缺血导致大鼠脑白质氧化性损伤增加,抗氧化防御能力降低:氧化性损伤的增加和抗氧化防御能力的降低与慢性脑缺血所致的脑白质损伤密切相关.     

雌激素对慢性脑缺血大鼠认知功能及突触素的影响

目的 研究苯甲酸雌二醇对慢性脑缺血大鼠认知功能及突触素的影响.方法 采用双侧颈总动脉永久性结扎制备慢性脑缺血模型,30只大鼠随机分为3组,A组:假手术组;B组:缺血组;C组:雌激素治疗组.各组于手术60d后,应用Y迷宫、免疫组化及图像分析系统测定大鼠认知功能及海马、齿状回突触素的含量.结果 治疗组较缺血组认知障碍明显改善(P＜0.01),与假手术组相比,缺血组突触素的含量明显下降,治疗组以上变化明显减轻(P＜0.01).结论 苯甲酸雌二醇能改善慢性脑缺血大鼠的认知功能,这可能与增加大鼠脑内突触素的含量有关.     

还原型谷胱甘肽保护性治疗帕金森病的机制研究

目的观察还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)对帕金森病(PD)大鼠模型的异常行为、黑质抗氧化系统、线粒体呼吸链功能及细胞形态学的影响。方法应用6-羟基多巴胺立体定向注射制作PD大鼠模型。将24只大鼠随机分为3组(每组8只):模型组、GSH组、假手术组,分别给予相应处理,共45d,给药前后均进行行为学测试,给药后测定各组大鼠黑质区谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)、活性氧(ROS)及线粒体呼吸链酶复合体水平,并行免疫组化检测。结果(1)GSH对大鼠旋转行为无明显影响(P>0.05)。(2)GSH能减轻黑质区氧化应激损伤。(3)GSH能增强黑质呼吸链酶复合体I活性。(4)免疫组化发现GSH组TH-IR神经元数量较模型组明显增多。结论GSH能减轻PD模型大鼠黑质区氧化应激损伤,并对线粒体呼吸链及细胞形态具有一定保护作用。     

紫草素对慢性脑低灌注损伤大鼠认知功能的保护作用

目的观察紫草素对慢性脑低灌注损伤大鼠所致认知损害的保护作用。方法雄性SD大鼠经双侧颈动脉结扎建立慢性脑低灌注损伤大鼠模型,将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、脑缺血模型组和紫草素(SK)治疗组。以Morris水迷宫检测其空间学习记忆能力;取大鼠海马组织测定其丙二醛(MDA)的含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的活力、乙酰胆碱转移酶(ChAT)含量。结果 SK高剂量组0.7mg·100g~(-1)·d~(-1))、低剂量组0.35mg·100g~(-1)·d~(-1)均可明显改善慢性脑低灌注损伤大鼠学习记忆障碍,可增加海马组织中SOD活性、抑制MDA的形成(P0.01);降低TChE含量、提高ChAT活性(P0.01)。结论 SK可明显改善慢性脑低灌注损伤大鼠模型的学习记忆能力,减轻氧化应激损伤、增强中枢胆碱能系统功能。     

小鼠慢性暴露于百草枯对其脑线粒体呼吸链复合酶活性的影响

目的 :探讨百草枯对黑质细胞线粒体呼吸链的影响和导致黑质细胞损害的可能机制。方法 :测定通过口服途径亚慢性暴露于百草枯、MPTP或等量生理盐水的小鼠脑内线粒体呼吸链中复合酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ及柠檬酸合成酶的活性。结果 :百草枯和MPTP干预组小鼠黑质部及纹状体线粒体呼吸链中复合酶Ⅰ的活性显著降低 ,额叶和小脑中该酶的活性无变化。各组小鼠黑质部、纹状体、额叶及小脑中复合酶Ⅱ、Ⅳ及柠檬酸合成酶的活性均无显著差异。结论 :百草枯透过血脑屏障后选择性地导致黑质部和纹状体中线粒体功能障碍。     

缬沙坦对慢性脑缺血大鼠认知障碍及MDA、SOD的影响

目的　研究缬沙坦对慢性脑缺血大鼠认知障碍、丙二醛 (MDA)及超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)的影响。方法　采用双侧颈总动脉永久性结扎制备慢性脑缺血模型 ,3 0只大鼠随机分为 3组 ,A组 :假手术组 ;B组 :缺血组 ;C组 :缬沙坦治疗组。术后 12周测定其认知能力及脑组织MDA、SOD含量。结果　C组较B组认知障碍明显改善 (P <0 0 1) ,MDA含量明显降低 (P <0 0 1) ,SOD明显升高 (P <0 0 1)。结论　缬沙坦能有效清除自由基 ,并能改善慢性脑缺血大鼠的认知障碍。     

左旋多巴对帕金森病大鼠毒性作用的实验研究

目的　研究左旋多巴 (L dopa)对帕金森病 (PD)模型大鼠异常行为、黑质抗氧化系统、线粒体呼吸链功能和神经递质代谢的影响及其机制。方法　应用 6 羟基多巴胺 (6 OHDA)立体定向注射制作PD大鼠模型 ,给PD大鼠L dopa 2 5mg/ (kg·d)灌胃 ,共 4 5d。给药前后分别进行行为学测试 ,给药后测定黑质区谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH Px)、丙二醛 (MDA)、活性氧 (ROS)及线粒体呼吸链酶复合体Ⅰ水平 ,测定尾状核头部多巴胺 (DA)、高香草酸 (HVA)、单胺氧化酶 B(MAO B)的水平。结果　 (1)L dopa组大鼠旋转速度给药前为(13.1± 1.5 )r/min ,给药后为 (7.2± 1.6 )r/min,给药前后比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;(2 )L dopa组GSH Px活性、呼吸链酶复合体Ⅰ水平降低 ,MDA含量、ROS活性升高 ,与对照组比较差异均有显著性 (均P <0 .0 1) ;(3)L dopa组MAO B活性、DA、HVA含量及DA/HVA比值与对照组比较均显著升高 (P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1)。结论L dopa能有效改善PD大鼠的旋转行为 ,但可加重黑质区氧化应激损伤 ,抑制线粒体呼吸链酶活性。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。