The memory enhancing effects of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination in healthy middle-aged volunteers

The effects of capsules containing 60 mg of a standardised extract of Ginkgo biloba (GK501) and 100 mg of a standardised extract of Panax ginseng (G115) on various aspects of cognitive function were assessed in healthy middle-aged volunteers. A double blind, placebo controlled, 14 week, parallel group, repeated assessment, multi-centre trial of two dosing regimens, 160 mg b.i.d. and 320 mg o.d. was conducted. Two hundred and fifty-six healthy middle-aged volunteers successfully completed the study. On various study days (weeks 0, 4, 8, 12 and 14) the volunteers performed a selection of tests of attention and memory from the Cognitive Drug Research computerised cognitive assessment system prior to morning dosing and again, at 1, 3 and 6 h later. The volunteers also completed questionnaires about mood states, quality of life and sleep quality. The Ginkgo/ginseng combination was found significantly to improve an Index of Memory Quality, supporting a previous finding with the compound. This effect represented an average improvement of 7.5% and reflected improvements to a number of different aspects of memory, including working and long-term memory. This enhancement to memory was seen throughout the 12-week dosing period and also after a 2-week washout. This represents the first substantial demonstration of improvements to the memory of healthy middle-aged volunteers produced by a phytopharmaceutical.     

A double-blind,placebo-controlled,randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsychological findings

There appears to be an absence of large-scaled clinical trials that have examined the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract on the neuropsychological functioning of cognitively intact older adults. The importance of such clinical research appears paramount in light of the plethora of products containing Ginkgo biloba that are currently being widely marketed to predominantly cognitively intact adults with claims of enhanced cognitive performances. The purpose of this research was to conduct the first known, large-scaled clinical trial of the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the neuropsychological functioning of cognitively intact older adults. Two hundred and sixty-two community-dwelling volunteers (both male and female) 60 years of age and older, who reported no history of dementia or significant neurocognitive impairments and obtained Mini-Mental State Examination total scores of at least 26, were examined via a 6-week, randomized, double-blind, fixed-dose, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, clinical trial. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761(n = 131; 180 mg/day) or placebo (n = 131) for 6 weeks. Efficacy measures consisted of participants' raw change in performance scores from pretreatment baseline to those obtained just prior to termination of treatment on the following standardized neuropsychological measures: Selective Reminding Test (SRT), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III Block Design (WAIS-III BD) and Digit Symbol-Coding (WAIS-III DS) subtests, and the Wechsler Memory Scale-III Faces I (WMS-III FI) and Faces II (WMS-III FII) subtests. A subjective Follow-up Self-report Questionnaire was also administered to participants just prior to termination of the treatment phase. Analyses of covariance indicated that cognitively intact participants who received 180 mg of EGb 761 daily for 6 weeks exhibited significantly more improvement on SRT tasks involving delayed (30 min) free recall (p < 0.04) and recognition (p < 0.01) of noncontextual, auditory-verbal material, compared with the placebo controls. The EGb 761 group also demonstrated significantly greater improvement on the WMS-III FII subtest assessing delayed (30 min) recognition (p < 0.025) of visual material (i.e. human faces), compared with the placebo group. However, based on the significant difference (p < 0.03) found between the two groups' pretreatment baseline scores on the WMS-III FII, this result should be interpreted with caution. An examination of the participants' subjective ratings of their overall abilities to remember by treatment end on the Follow-up Self-report Questionnaire also revealed that significantly more (p = 0.05) older adults in the EGb 761 group rated their overall abilities to remember by treatment end as 'improved' compared with the placebo controls. Overall, the results from both objective, standardized, neuropsychological tests and a subjective, follow-up self-report questionnaire provided complementary evidence of the potential efficacy of Ginkgo biloba EGb 761 in enhancing certain neuropsychological/memory processes of cognitively intact older adults, 60 years of age and over.     

Ginkgo biloba is not a smart drug: an updated systematic review of randomised clinical trials testing the nootropic effects of G. biloba extracts in healthy people

Here, we update our earlier systematic review of 2001, which critically evaluated the data from clinical trials to determine whether Ginkgo biloba enhances cognitive function in healthy subjects. Literatures searches of six computerised databases, updated to January 2007, were made for randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials of the effects of standardised Ginkgo biloba (G. biloba) extracts on cognitive function in healthy subjects under the age of 60 years. Trials published in any language were included, and data were extracted independently by the two authors following a standardised protocol. We include 15 randomised clinical trials of which 7 are single-dose studies and 8 are longer term studies with treatment periods ranging from 2 days to 13 weeks. Three single dose studies and 4 longer term studies are newly included. Several of the studies have methodological flaws. A number of the acute studies used multiple outcomes and report positive effects on one or more of these at particular time points with particular doses but these findings are either not replicated, or are directly contradicted by other studies. The evidence from longer term studies is largely negative. Of those studies which measured subjective effects, only one of five acute studies and one of six longer term studies reported any significant positive results. Overall, and in line with our previous conclusions, we have found no convincing evidence from randomised clinical trials for a robust positive effect of G. biloba ingestion upon any aspect of cognitive function in healthy young people, after either acute or longer term administration.     

Ginkgo biloba: specificity of neuropsychological improvement—a selective review in search of differential effects

Extracts of Ginkgo biloba are widely used for the treatment of cognitive impairment. Whereas reviews have focused on the question whether ginkgo is effective to enhance cognition in general, little is known about specificity of improvement. This might be crucial for future trials, thus enabling hypotheses about sensitive outcome measures. Therefore, this article summarizes such information, i.e. neuropsychological effects of chronic administration of ginkgo in healthy and cognitively impaired subjects of any age. Objective psychometric test results were considered if they reflected distinct cognitive functions from randomized controlled group‐studies (RCT). We reviewed 29 RCTs yielding 209 placebo‐drug comparisons of psychometric scores in four different cognitive domains comprising 14 sub‐functions. Whereas little specific information can be obtained from trials for treatment of dementia, a pattern of pharmacological actions on cognitive processes emerges here from studies for mild cognitive impairment (MCI), depression, multiple sclerosis and healthy young and elderly subjects. There is consistent evidence that chronic administration improves selective attention, some executive processes and long‐term memory for verbal and non‐verbal material. Further trials should be more comprehensive as there are few data available on some cognitive functions and psychometric flaws in the selection of tests and the interpretation of their results favouring predominantly β‐errors. Thus, though this pattern is encouraging it also asks for a cautious interpretation to date. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

复方银杏滴丸对糖皮质激素诱导的脑功能衰退小鼠的保护作用

目的: 观察复方银杏滴丸 (CO GBE)对糖皮质激素(GC)诱导的脑功能衰退小鼠的保护作用。方法: 6月龄小鼠隔日皮下注射氢化可的松 30mg·kg-1共计 11次造成脑功能衰退模型,分别采用跳台法和水迷宫法测定小鼠的学习记忆能力,并检测其体重、脾脏指数和胸腺指数。结果:与空白对照组相比,模型小鼠的学习记忆能力明显下降 [跳台试验中,学习能力测定的反应期 (2. 4±s1. 9 )s、潜伏期(41±81)s、停留时间 (13±14 )s、错误次数 (2. 5±2. 4)次。记忆能力测定的潜伏期 (159±144)s、停留时间(3±4)s、错误次数 (0. 6±1. 0)次。水迷宫试验中,学习能力测定的B点到达时间 (61±37)s、错误次数(3. 2±2. 4)次、C点到达时间(65±65)s、错误次数(3. 9±2. 9)次,记忆能力测定的B点到达时间(60±41)s、错误次数(3. 0±1. 0)次,C点到达时间(71±59)s,错误次数 (3. 2±2. 2)次 ];体重明显减轻;脾脏指数减小(P<0.05,P<0. 01);胸腺指数呈减小趋势。CO GBE 15, 30, 60mg·kg-1不同程度地增强模型小鼠的学习记忆能力 (P<0.05,P<0. 01), 60mg·kg-1还可以明显抑制模型小鼠体重下降,P<0. 05,增加其脾脏指数 (98±33 )mg·10g-1体重,P<0. 05,未见药物对模型动物胸腺指数有影响。结论:CO GBE可以明显改善GC诱导的脑功能衰退小鼠的学     

Acute,dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba,Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demand

The present paper describes three studies examining the acute effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba (GK501), Ginseng (G115) and their combination (Ginkoba M/E, Pharmaton SA) on the performance of healthy young adults (mean age 21 years) during serial arithmetic tasks with differing cognitive load. In each double-blind, placebo-controlled study three different treatment doses and a placebo were administered, according to a balanced crossover design, with a 7-day washout period between each dose. Participants' scores on two computerised serial subtraction tasks (Serial Threes and Serial Sevens) were assessed pre-dosing and at 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 h thereafter. A number of significant time, dose and task-specific effects were associated with each treatment. There was a dose-dependent improvement in speed of responding during Serial Threes following Ginkgo biloba. Different doses of Ginseng improved accuracy and slowed responses during Serial Sevens. The most striking result, however, was a highly significant and sustained increase in the number of Serial Sevens responses following 320 mg of the Ginkgo-Ginseng combination at all post-treatment testing times. This was accompanied by improved accuracy during Serial Sevens and Serial Threes following the 640 mg and the 960 mg dose, respectively. The paper concludes with speculation into the possible mechanisms underlying these effects.     

The acute nootropic effects of Ginkgo biloba in healthy older human subjects: a preliminary investigation

Ginkgo biloba has been shown to have chronic memory enhancing effects in healthy subjects and patients with dementia. There is limited research on the acute nootropic effects of Ginkgo biloba in humans. The current study aimed to examine the acute effects of Ginkgo biloba (120 mg) on memory functioning in healthy older volunteers using the cognitive drug research (CDR) battery of memory tests and the Rey auditory verbal learning task (AVLT). The study was a double-blind placebo-controlled design, with each participant tested under both placebo and Ginkgo biloba treatment conditions. Testing was conducted pre- and 90 min post-drug administration for each treatment condition. Treatment conditions were separated by a 7 day wash out period. No acute effects of Ginkgo biloba were found for any of the memory tests examined. The findings suggest that 120 mg of Ginkgo biloba has no acute nootropic effects in healthy older humans.     

Ginkgo biloba: no robust effect on cognitive abilities or mood in healthy young or older adults

Ginkgo biloba extracts are commonly used to prevent or treat memory problems but evidence on the efficacy of ginkgo is equivocal. In any case, the psychological locus of ginkgo's effects is unknown. A 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessed effects of ginkgo (120 mg per day) on a wide range of cognitive abilities, executive function, attention and mood in 93 healthy older adults (55-79 years) and in 104 young adults (18-43 years). For the older adult sample, longer-term memory assessed by associational learning tasks showed improvement with ginkgo (d = 0.52, p = 0.04). There was no statistically significant difference on any other measure. For the young adult group no measure showed statistically significant effects of ginkgo enhancement. There were no side effects unequivocally attributable to treatment with ginkgo and those reported by participants in the ginkgo groups were mild and similar to those reported elsewhere.     

银杏叶提取物对缓激肽诱导的大鼠记忆能力减退的改善作用

目的观察银杏叶提取物(GBE)对缓激肽诱导的大鼠记忆能力减退的改善作用,并探索其作用机制。方法大鼠经Morris水迷宫训练合格后,分别灌胃给予GBE(40,80和160mg.kg-1,每日1次)3周,于给药1周时海马内注射20mmol.L-1缓激肽5μL,给药结束后用Morris水迷宫检测大鼠的空间记忆能力,RT-PCR法测定海马半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶(caspase)3及caspase8mRNA的表达。结果海马内注射缓激肽后,大鼠在水迷宫中的逃避潜伏期和寻台搜索距离明显延长,且海马caspase3和caspase8mRNA表达增加;GBE对缓激肽诱导的空间记忆能力减退有改善作用,且降低海马caspase3及caspase8mRNA表达。结论GBE可改善缓激肽诱导的大鼠记忆能力减退,其机制可能与降低海马caspase3和caspase8mRNA表达有关。     

Effects of a combined extract of Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera on cognitive function in healthy humans

Extracts of Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera have been shown to produce positive effects on cognitive function in healthy subjects. While the exact mechanisms are not known, it has been suggested that antioxidant properties and cholinergic modulation may play a role. In the current study the sub-chronic (2 weeks) and chronic (4 weeks) effects of an extract containing Ginkgo biloba (120 mg) and Bacopa monniera (300 mg) (Blackmores Ginkgo Brahmi) on cognitive function were examined. The study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, independent group design in which 85 healthy subjects were allocated to one of two treatment conditions (placebo or combined Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera extract). Testing was conducted at baseline and 2 and 4 weeks post treatment. The results showed that the combined extract relative to placebo did not demonstrate any significant effects on tests investigating a range of cognitive processes including attention, short-term and working memory, verbal learning, memory consolidation, executive processes, planning and problem solving, information processing speed, motor responsiveness and decision making. These findings suggest that at least within the current treatment duration and doses, an extract containing Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera had no cognitive enhancing effects in healthy subjects.     

Effects of Ginkgo biloba on alertness and chemosensory function in healthy adults

Ginkgo biloba is reported to enhance cognitive function in patients with selected neural disorders. Its effects in healthy, young adults are less well characterized. This work explored whether Ginkgo biloba could ameliorate decrements in alertness post-prandially and/or enhance chemosensory function. Both are functions that could be influenced by enhanced cerebral blood flow and neuronal metabolism, reported properties of the compound. A double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted with 19 males and 20 females with a mean age of 23.6 +/- 5.4 years and mean weight of 70.0 +/- 1.9 kg. Participants were supplemented for 13 weeks with either Ginkgo biloba (mean dose 184.5 mg/d (range 130-234 mg/d)) or placebo and administered various alertness, performance, affective state and chemosensory tests at weeks 1, 5, 9 and 13. Participants did experience the post-prandial affective state decrement (i.e. post-lunch dip), but not the performance decrement. Performance on the chemosensory tests improved over the 13-week study. However, Ginkgo biloba was ineffective at alleviating the symptoms of the post-lunch dip or at enhancing taste and smell function.     

银杏叶胶囊联合认知训练治疗稳定期慢性阻塞性肺病患者认知功能障碍临床观察

目的：观察银杏叶胶囊联合认知训练对稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD）患者认知功能障碍的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法60例稳定期COPD患者随机分为常规治疗组（ A组）,银杏叶胶囊治疗组（B组）,认知训练组（C组）和银杏叶胶囊联合认知训练组（D组）,各15例,观察3个月,各组患者治疗前后简易智能精神状态检查量表（ Mini?Mental State Exam,MMSE）和蒙特利尔认知评估量表（ Montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA）评分进行比较分析,并采用酶联免疫吸附实验（ ELISA）检测治疗前后患者外周静脉血清S100B水平。结果与各组治疗前相比,B组、C组及D组治疗后的MMSE和MoCA评分有提高,外周静脉血清S100B水平降低,但以D组各指标差异有统计学意义（均P＜0．05）。结论银杏叶联合认知治疗能够有效改善COPD患者的认知功能,可能与降低患者血清中S100B水平有关。     

银杏叶提取物对小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的拮抗作用

目的　研究银杏叶提取物 (EGb76 1)对小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的拮抗作用及其作用机理。方法双侧颈总动脉加迷走神经结扎法 (左侧不完全结扎 )造成小鼠局部脑缺血 5min ,再灌注 30min。DTNB法测定谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH px)活性 ;荧光分光光度法测定脑组织线粒体膜蛋白结合铽 ;被动性回避行为学模型检测小鼠记忆能力 ;海马形态学观察。结果　小鼠局部脑缺血再灌注后 ,海马GSH px活性降低 ,海马 ,下丘脑和皮质线粒体膜蛋白结合铽降低 ,说明结合钙升高 ,海马CA1区神经元损伤 ,小鼠的记忆能力下降。EGb76 1(2 5 ,5 0 ,10 0mg·kg- 1·d- 1,ig ,连续 7d)能逆转上述变化。结论　EGb76 1拮抗小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用与抗氧化及阻止线粒体膜蛋白结合钙增加有关     

利培酮对精神分裂症的疗效及对记忆和注意功能的影响

目的 :探讨利培酮对精神分裂症 (SC)的疗效及对认知功能的影响。方法 :对 45例首发精神分裂症及分裂样精神障碍病人在利培酮治疗前后分别进行临床记忆量表、数字划销测验、阳性与阴性症状量表 (PANSS)和不良反应量表评定。疗程 8wk。结果 :利培酮治疗SC的临床总有效率为 91 % ,显效率 78%。治疗后记忆商、指向记忆、无意义图象再认及数字划销测验净分均高于治疗前 ,数字划销测验的失误率低于治疗前 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1 )。PANSS的阳性症状量表分下降与记忆商呈负相关 ,与数字划销测验的失误率呈正相关 ;而阴性症状量表分的下降与记忆和数字划销测验各项指标间无明显相关性。结论 :利培酮能有效地治疗SC病人的阳性和阴性症状 ,改善记忆及注意功能。     

银杏叶提取物(GBE)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血后细胞间黏附分子-1及其mRNA表达的影响

目的　探讨银杏叶提取物对鼠脑缺血后细胞间黏附分子 1(ICAM 1)及其mRNA表达的影响。方法　建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞 /再灌注模型 ,应用RT PCR及免疫组织化学的方法 ,观察各实验组鼠脑缺血后细胞间黏附分子 1及其mRNA的表达。结果　ICAM 1及其mRNA在假手术组鼠脑组织呈低表达 ;缺血 90min再灌 2 4h脑组织ICAM 1及其mRNA表达较前显著增高 (P 0 .0 1) ;银杏叶提取物治疗组于相同时限ICAM 1及其mRNA的表达与缺血再灌注组相比较显著下调 (P 0 .0 1)。结论　银杏叶提取物能显著下调ICAM 1及其mRNA的表达 ,减轻脑缺血后炎性病理损害 ,具有明显的缺血脑保护作用。     

Assessment of a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between simvastatin and Ginkgo biloba extracts in healthy subjects

Abstract

1. Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) is one of the most commonly used herbal remedies worldwide. It is usually concomitantly administrated with statins to treat diseases in geriatric patients. We aim to determine the influence of GBE on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics of simvastatin, which is currently unknown.

2. An open-label, randomized, two-period, two-treatment, balanced, crossover study was performed in 14 healthy volunteers. Subjects received simvastatin 40?mg once daily, co-treated with placebo or GBE 120?mg twice daily. Each treatment was administered for 14?d, separated by a wash-out period of 1 month. Simvastatin, simvastatin acid and lipoprotein concentrations were assessed.

3. GBE administration reduced mean simvastatin area under the curve (AUC)_0–24, AUC_0–∞ and C_max by 39% (p?=?0.000), 36%(p?=?0.001) and 32% (p?=?0.002), respectively, but did not cause significant differences in simvastatin acid PK or its cholesterol-lowering efficacy.

4. GBE consumption decreased simvastatin system exposure, but did not affect simvastatin acid PK. However, we cannot rule out the possibility for a pharmacodynamic interaction between GBE and simvastatin in vivo.     

Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on lopinavir,midazolam and fexofenadine pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects

ABSTRACT

Objective: Animal and in vitro data suggest that Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) may modulate CYP3A4 activity. As such, GBE may alter the exposure of HIV protease inhibitors metabolized by CYP3A4. It is also possible that GBE could alter protease inhibitor pharmacokinetics (PK) secondary to modulation of P-glycoprotein (P?gp). The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of GBE on the exposure of lopinavir in healthy volunteers administered lopinavir/ritonavir. Secondary objectives were to compare ritonavir exposure pre- and post-GBE, and assess the effect of GBE on single doses of probe drugs midazolam and fexofenadine.

Methods: This open-label study evaluated the effect of 2 weeks of standardized GBE administration on the steady-state exposure of lopinavir and ritonavir in 14 healthy volunteers administered lopinavir/ritonavir to steady-state. In addition, single oral doses of probe drugs midazolam and fexofenadine were administered prior to and after 4 weeks of GBE (following washout of lopinavir/ritonavir) to assess the influence of GBE on CYP3A and P?gp activity, respectively.

Results: Lopinavir, ritonavir and fexofenadine exposures were not significantly affected by GBE administration. However, GBE decreased midazolam AUC_0–∞ and C_max by 34% (?p = 0.03) and 31% (?p = 0.03), respectively, relative to baseline. In general, lopinavir/ritonavir and GBE were well tolerated. Abnormal laboratory results included mild elevations in hepatic enzymes, cholesterol and triglycerides, and mild-to-moderate increases in total bilirubin.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that GBE induces CYP3A metabolism, as assessed by a decrease in midazolam concentrations. However, there was no change in the exposure of lopinavir, likely due to ritonavir's potent inhibition of CYP3A4. Thus, GBE appears unlikely to reduce the exposure of ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors, while concentrations of unboosted protease inhibitors may be affected. Limitations to our study include the single sequence design and the evaluation of a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor exclusively.     

银杏酮酯分散片对脑卒中患者血清炎症因子水平、神经功能的影响

目的 分析银杏酮酯分散片对脑卒中患者血清炎症因子水平、神经功能改善情况。方法 本研究对象选取92例脑卒中患者,按照随机数字表法分成对照组和观察组各46例。对照组患者给予常规治疗,观察组患者在此基础上辅以银杏酮酯分散片口服治疗。连续治疗14 d,对比两组治疗前后血清炎症因子水平、血脂水平、神经功能缺损程度、认知功能、不良反应的差异。结果 治疗前两组患者血清白介素-8（IL-8）、白介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平无统计学差异;治疗后两组IL-8、IL-6、TNF-α水平均明显降低,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且观察组血清IL-8、IL-6、TNF-α水平低于对照组,组间有显著的统计学差异（P<0.05）。治疗前两组患者血脂水平无统计学差异;治疗后对照组TC明显降低,HDL-C明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组TG、TC、LDL-C低于对照组,HDL-C高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗前两组患者NIHSS评分、MMSE评分无统计学差异;治疗后两组NIHSS评分均降低,MMSE评分均升高,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组NIHSS评分低于对照组、MMSE评分高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗期间两组均未见不良反应报告。结论 银杏酮酯分散片可降低脑卒中患者血清中促炎症因子水平、调节血脂水平、减轻神经功能缺损程度、改善认知功能,且无明显不良反应,值得临床推广应用。     

银杏叶提取物等5种药物抑制蛋白质体外糖基化作用的比较

目的 :研究银杏叶提取物、葛根素、氨基胍、二甲双胍和普罗布考对蛋白质体外非酶糖基化反应的影响。方法 :分别将上述 5种药物与葡萄糖和牛血清清蛋白孵育 ,并在 4 ,8,12wk时取出 ,用荧光法测定糖基化产物的自发荧光值。结果 :银杏叶提取物组、葛根素组、氨基胍组均能抑制蛋白质体外非酶糖基化在 5 0mmol·L- 1葡萄糖组分别为 (5 .6±s 0 .4 ) ,(8.3± 0 .7) ,(6 .0± 0 .6 )AFU ,与对照组(11.0± 1.0 )AFU比较 ,差异有非常显著意义 (P <0 .0 1) ,其中银杏叶提取物组的抑制作用比氨基胍组更明显。二甲双胍组与对照组相比 ,糖基化产物的荧光值有降低趋势 ,但差异未达到显著水平。普罗布考组对蛋白质糖基化无影响。结论 :银杏叶提取物和葛根素可明显抑制蛋白质体外糖基化反应 ,它们在防治糖尿病血管并发症方面可能有较好的应用前景     

Validation of the Korean version of the Syndrom Kurztest (SKT): a short test for the assessment of memory and attention

The Syndrom Kurztest SKT is a brief neuropsychological test battery that consists of nine subtests and defines two independent factors of memory and attention deficit. The aim of this study was to validate the Korean version of the SKT. The reliability of each subtest among three parallel Forms (A, B and C) of the Korean version was high (r = 0.46-0.95). The SKT had good concurrent validity with the Mini-Mental State Examination (r = -0.83, p < 0.001). Factor analysis confirmed the presence of two primary factors, memory and attention. The overall similarities of the factor structures for the Korean data and those for the data from Germany and the USA provide evidence of the transcultural stability of the SKT.