体外循环心内直视手术对患者外周血白细胞中性粒细胞T淋巴细…

选择３０期择期心内直视术患者，治疗期间连续观察麻醉前后、术毕、术后第１、７、１４天其外周血白细胞、中性粒细胞、Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群变化，借以判断麻醉与体外转流手术后上述免疫参数变化，为及时防治心内直视术患者术后并发症提供实验依据。结果发现静吸复合麻醉近１ｈ后外周血淋巴细胞数急剧下降，术毕、术后第１至１４天外周血白细胞、中性粒细胞数及其所占百分率显著升高，而淋巴细胞数及其百分率则明显下降。Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群分     

心内直视术中患者血浆PGE2水平变化及其负性免疫调节作用

为了探讨心内直视术体外循环（ＣＰＢ）对患者血浆前列腺素Ｅ２（ＰＧＥ２）含量影响及ＰＧＥ２与ＣＰＢ后免疫功能关系，选择了３０例心内直视术患者，分别监测术前、ＣＰＢ６０分钟、１２０分、术毕、术后第１、７、１４天外周静脉血血浆ＰＧＥ２水平和外周血淋巴细胞白介素－２受体（ＩＬ－２Ｒ）表达及诱生白介素－２能力变化。结果显示ＣＰＢ中ＰＧＥ２急剧升高，是基础值的１０倍，术毕及术后第７天仍高于基础值（Ｐ〈０．０５     

心内直视术期间脑血流的观察与研究

观察和研究了１８例成人心内直视术期间脑血流变化规律及其影响因素。脑血流以经颅多普勒（ＴＣＤ）测定大脑中动脉血流平均速度Ｖｍ。结果表明：心脏功能明显影响Ｖｍ，麻醉可致Ｖｍ下降２６．３％±１６．７％，但某些心功能很差的患者Ｖｍ增快，体外循环转流中较转流前Ｖｍ下降４２．７％，转流期间 Ｖｍ受体温、转流流量、通气、血液稀释等因素影响，体外循环毕较转流前 Ｖｍ提高 １８． １％。因此，许多因素影响心内直视术期间脑血流。ＴＣＤ是目前研究麻醉期间脑血流及其影响因素较好的方法。     

体外循环对单核细胞HLA-DR表达的影响

目的研究体外循环对单核细胞表面HLA-DR表达水平的影响.方法16例风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换术患者为试验组(心内直视术组),10例肺叶切除术患者为对照组(非心内直视术组).采用流式细胞术动态观察麻醉诱导前、气管插管后、体外循环心肺转流前、体外循环心肺转流后、手术后第1d、第3d及第5d淋巴细胞和单核细胞表面HLA-DR的表达水平,同时观察APACHEⅡ评分及手术后恢复情况.结果心内直视术组心肺转流后、术后第1d、第3dHLA-DR表达阳性的单核细胞百分率显著下降,且心肺转流后单核细胞数显著下降,单核细胞表面的HLA-DR分子数显著下降(P＜0.05).肺叶切除术组手术后HLA-DR表达阳性的单核细胞百分率明显下降,但单核细胞占外周血白细胞比例无显著性差异.HLA-DR表达阳性的淋巴细胞百分率在各个时间点均无统计学差异(P＞0.05);两组相比,手术后HIA-DR表达阳性的单核细胞百分率心内直视组显著低于肺叶切除组.2例心内直视术后并发感染患者于术后第6dHLA-DR表达阳性的单核细胞百分率仍低于40%.结论心肺转流后机体免疫功能的障碍与单核细胞的功能紧密相关.动态监测单核细胞表面HLA-DR的表达水平有助于预测心内直视术后感染的发展及预后.     

食管癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群,肿瘤坏死因子的改变及其相 …

目的 探讨食管癌患者外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群、肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）改变的规律性及其相关因素。方法 将７５例食管癌患者、５５名健康志愿者纳入本研究。对患者术前，术后３、７、１４天外周血样按ＡＰＡＡＰ及酶联免疫法，检测Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群和血浆ＴＮＦ。将所得结果与正常人组作对比研究。结果 与正常人相比，患者外周血ＣＤ３＾＋、ＣＤ４＾＋明显减少；而ＣＤ８＾＋明显增加；ＣＤ４＾＋／ＣＤ８＾＋比值明显下降。术后３天     

全麻下经胸食管癌切除前后病人外周血TNF,T淋巴细胞及其亚？…

探讨全麻下经胸食管癌切除术病人对免疫功能的影响。方法；以ＡＰＡＡ法７５例食管癌病人术前，全麻６０分钟以虎发皮术后第１天，７天外赂血Ｔ细胞亚群及血浆中ＴＮＦ水平的变化，３５例为健康对照。结果：食管癌病人ＣＤ＾＋３，ＣＤ＾＝４，ＣＤ＾＝４／ＣＤ＋８明显低于健康人，术中各指标变化不明显，术后１天继续下降，术前ＣＤ＾＋８及ＴＮＦ明显高于健康人，围手术期ＴＮＦ的波动不明显，术后７天Ｔ细胞亚群及ＴＮＦ趋于恢复     

体外循环对瓣膜替换病人T淋巴细胞免疫功能的影响

探讨体外循环对心脏瓣膜替换病人外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞免疫功能的影响。作者对９例单瓣膜替换和７例双瓣膜替换病人的Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群、ＩＬ－２诱生能力和ＳｍＩＬ－２Ｒ＋表达水平在术前和术后１、３、７、１４天进行动态检测。结果显示术后早期、ＩＬ－２和ＳｍＩＬ－２Ｒ＋值均较术前明显降低；ＩＬ－２和ＳｍＩＬ－２Ｒ＋的下降，双瓣膜替换者较单瓣膜替换者更明显；均于术后７～１４天恢复。表明体外循环能明显抑制这类手术病人的Ｔ淋巴细胞免疫功能，抑制程度与体外循环时间和输血量有关。故认为围术期应采取保护和增强病人免疫功能的综合措施。     

阻塞性黄疸患者手术前后红细胞免疫功能和T淋巴细胞亚 …

对探讨阻塞性黄疸患者免疫功能的变化，采用红细胞Ｃ３ｄ受体花环率，红细胞免疫复合物花环率，肿瘤红细胞花环率及ＣＤ＾＋３，ＣＤ＾＋４，ＣＤ＾＋８细胞作为观测指标，测定了３５例阻塞性黄疸患者免疫功能，并与３０例正常人比较。结果显示：疾病组患者术前红细胞及Ｔ淋巴细胞免疫功能低于正常人，术后５天变化不大，术后１４天术前１天明显增高，但尚未恢复正常。提示解除胆道梗阻及切除肿瘤有助于阻塞性黄疸患者免疫功能的恢复     

全麻手术中自体血液回输和异体输血病人T淋巴细胞及其亚群改变的比较

目的 比较自体血液回输及异体输血对病人Ｔ淋巴细胞及其亚群的影响。方法 ６０例脊柱四肢非肿瘤无免疫系统疾病病人随机分为三组,Ⅰ组：自体输血组（ｎ＝２１）,Ⅱ组：异体输血组（ｎ＝２０）,Ⅲ组：不输血组（ｎ＝１９）。三组病人于麻醉前、术后第２ｄ、第７ｄ检测外周静脉血内ＣＤ３＾＋、ＣＤ４＾＋４＾＋／ＣＤ８＾＋比值。结果 三组病人术前各项指标无明显差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）;Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组术后第２ｄ、第７ｄ与术前比较及两组间比较无明显差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）;Ⅱ组病人术后第２ｄ与术前比较及与Ⅰ组、Ⅲ组术后第２ｄ比较ＣＤ３＾＋、ＣＤ４＾＋、ＣＤ８＾＋明显下降（Ｐ〈０．０５）,ＣＤ４＾＋／ＣＤ８＾＋比值无明显改变（Ｐ〉０．０５）,术后第７ｄ各组指标与术前比较及组间比较无明显差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论 自体血液回输对病人Ｔ细胞免疫功能影响较     

阻塞性黄疸患者手术前后红细胞免疫功能和T淋巴细胞亚群的变化

为探讨阻塞性黄疸患者免疫功能的变化，采用红细胞Ｃ３ｂ受体花环率、红细胞免疫复合物花环率、肿瘤红细胞花环率及ＣＤ＋３、ＣＤ＋４、ＣＤ＋８细胞作为观测指标，测定了３５例阻塞性黄疸患者免疫功能，并与３０例正常人比较。结果显示：疾病组患者术前红细胞及Ｔ淋巴细胞免疫功能低于正常人（Ｐ＜０．００１），术后５天变化不大，术后１４天较术前１天明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０５），但尚未恢复正常。提示解除胆道梗阻及切除肿瘤有助于阻塞性黄疸患者免疫功能的恢复。     

Effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on circulating lymphocyte function.

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been associated with a wide variety of immunological derangements, including a transient postoperative impairment of lymphocyte function. We examined changes in phenotypic and nonspecific cytotoxicity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells after extracorporeal CPB. The peripheral blood samples obtained from 10 patients were subjected to natural killer and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity assay before and at intervals after CPB. Phenotypic analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes was performed in 5 patients before and immediately after CPB. We observed a significant increase in peripheral blood CD8+ cells (cytotoxic/suppressor T lymphocytes) (16.1% +/- 2.5% versus 22.5% +/- 2.1%; p less than .005) and a decrease in CD4+ cells (helper/inducer T lymphocytes) (46.1% +/- 3.5% versus 36.1% +/- 3.5%; p less than 0.02) immediately after extracorporeal circulation. The CD8/CD4 ratio in peripheral blood was significantly increased immediately after bypass (0.53 versus 0.80; p less than 0.001). No significant changes in percentages of other leukocyte subsets in peripheral blood were noted. The activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in peripheral blood was impaired on postoperative days 1 and 3 but was restored to preoperative values by removal of mononuclear phagocytes from these cells. The decrease in natural killer cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in peripheral blood may signify a temporary impairment of the effector arm of the cell-mediated immunity in the post-operative period. The observed changes in peripheral blood phenotype and function may be involved in early organ injury and infectious complications after CPB.     

Reduction of neutrophil activation by prostaglandin E1 in open heart surgery]

This study was designed to demonstrate the effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on neutrophil activation in open heart surgery. Twenty adult patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for various cardiac operations were divided into 2 groups. PGE1 group consisted of 10 patients (7 males and 3 females) and the control group consisted of 10 patients (6 males and 4 females). In PGE1 group patients, 20-50 ng/kg/min of PGE1 was administered intravenously from the induction of anesthesia to the completion of CPB. Blood samples were taken before, during, after CPB, and in the morning of the first postoperative day. Differential counts of white blood cells, plasma neutrophil elastase (PNEL) activity, serum complements activity (C3a, CH50) and superoxide production of neutrophils were measured. Superoxide production by isolated neutrophils was evaluated utilizing luminol dependent chemiluminescence. After the initiation of CPB complements were activated markedly, and PNEL activity increased significantly in both groups. Although after CPB PNEL activity turned to decrease, it was still significantly higher on the first postoperative day than the preoperative value. There were no significant differences between two groups as for complements activation and PNEL activity. The total number of white blood cells unchanged during CPB and neutrophilia appeared after CPB, but no significant difference between two groups. Superoxide production of neutrophils relatively decreased during CPB and significantly increased after CPB in the control group. However, in PGE1 group superoxide production was reduced after CPB, especially on the first postoperative day. These results showed that PGE1 reduced neutrophil-mediated superoxide production in open heart surgery. In conclusions, PGE1 is useful agent to reduce the hazardous effects of neutrophils after CPB.     

The effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on T cells and their subpopulations

To investigate the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on T cells, lymphocyte subsets of peripheral blood and lymphoid organs were monitored during and after open-heart surgery (Group 1). As a control, lymphocyte subsets of peripheral blood were measured in patients undergoing thoracovascular operations without CPB (Group 2). In Group 1, analysis of each subset-to-total lymphocyte ratio revealed that observed lymphocytopenia in the early postoperative days was mainly the result of T cell reduction, and that the decrease of helper/inducer T cells contributed to this decrease. In contrast, no significant fluctuation of any lymphocyte subpopulation ratio was observed in Group 2. Analysis of lymphocyte subpopulation ratios in lymphoid organs showed that reciprocal changes of T cells and their subsets were observed in the bone marrow, thus indicating that the redistribution of T cells (especially of helper/inducer cells) seems to occur between peripheral blood and bone marrow in Group 1. Furthermore, there was no relationship between serum cortisol levels and the changes in lymphocyte subset ratios in Group 1 patients.     

Perioperative changes in cell-mediated immunity in patients with chronic renal failure

The effect of anesthesia and surgery on cell-mediated immunity was investigated in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) having latent immunological abnormalities compared with patients with normal renal function (NRF) as control. The patient had minor surgery with enflurane anesthesia. During the perioperative period the numbers of peripheral lymphocyte and its subsets were measured by single and two-color analysis, by applying monoclonal antibodies against lymphocyte membrane surface markers. While the number of peripheral lymphocyte was lower in CRF group than in NRF group throughout the whole period, it decreased significantly on the first and third post-operative days in CRF group. No change in peripheral lymphocyte subsets and CD 4/CD 8 ratio was observed except for increase in CD 8 one hour after incision and decrease in CD 8 on the first postoperative day. Significant difference from NRF group was observed neither in peripheral lymphocyte subset nor in CD 4/CD 8 ratio. In minor surgery under enflurane anesthesia no disturbance on immunological system was observed even in the patients with chronic renal failure.     

Natural killer cell activity and lymphocyte function during and after coronary artery bypass grafting in relation to the endocrine stress response

The effects of elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and the associated endocrine stress response on natural killer (NK) cell activity in peripheral blood, the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations, and the phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced lymphocyte transformation were studied in 20 patients anesthetized with either etomidate-high dose fentanyl (75-125 micrograms . kg-1) or midazolam-low dose fentanyl (less than 20 micrograms . kg-1). The endocrine response to surgery was measured as changes in serum cortisol, plasma epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Compared with control values, a significant increase of NK cell activity was found in both groups prior to induction of anesthesia, followed by a decrease after induction until initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and a gradual increase to levels exceeding controls during CPB. Postoperatively, NK cell activity and the lymphocyte transformation to PHA stimulation were significantly depressed for at least 1-3 days. These changes were accompanied by severe lymphopenia affecting the T-lymphocytes (T3, T4, and T8) and the NK cells (Leu 11). Apart from a delayed cortisol increase in the etomidate group, the endocrine response showed a similar pattern in the two groups. Compared with control values, a significant decrease in the serum cortisol until CPB could be demonstrated, followed by a significant increase persisting for at least 6 days postoperatively. The plasma catecholamines showed a steep rise and, consequently, a significant increase during CPB, followed by a gradual return to control values in the postoperative period. The results indicate that, in patients undergoing CABG, immune surveillance is impaired prior to CPB and during the early postoperative period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

心肺转流下室间隔缺损修补术患儿单个核细胞的变化

目的探讨室间隔缺损(VSD)患儿心肺转流(CPB)前后单个核细胞的变化。方法 CPB下行VSD修补术的患儿32例,分别于麻醉诱导后(T0)、停CPB即刻(T1)、术后第1天(T2)、第3天(T3)及第7天(T4)采集静脉血标本,应用流式细胞仪测定CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD19+、CD14+、CD16+CD56+细胞百分率;采用组织化学方法进行核仁组成区嗜银蛋白(AgNORs)染色并在全自动数码显微镜下测定其直径,计算每个细胞核中AgNORs的个数。结果与T0时比较,T1~T3时CD3+、CD4+均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);T1时CD19+、CD14+明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),CD16+CD56+明显升高(P<0.01);T2时CD4+/CD8+明显降低(P<0.01),CD16+CD56+仍明显升高(P<0.01);T4时仅CD14+升高(P<0.05),其它指标均恢复到T0时水平。AgNORs形态类型为单一型,大都呈规则的圆形,CPB前后形态和数量无明显变化。结论单个核细胞的数量减少是细胞免疫功能受抑制的主要因素。     

体外循环心脏瓣膜替换术对机体免疫功能的影响

探讨体外循环心脏瓣膜替换术对机体免疫功能的影响。动态检测３０例心脏瓣膜替换病人术前和术后１、３、７、１４天多项细胞和体液免疫功能指标。结果显示：术后早期Ｔ、Ｂ淋巴细胞数目减少，亚群分布异常，淋巴细胞转化率及转化后白细胞介素２受体阳性表达细胞数低下；红细胞免疫功能降低；血中免疫球蛋白浓度及其诱生能力低下，血中补体水平低下和Ｃ反应蛋白增高。结论：体外循环换瓣术后机体免疫功能受到明显抑制，是术后易发感染的主要原因，应强调围术期采用综合性预防感染措施的重要性     

Effect of 2 anesthetic techniques on the postoperative proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine response and cellular immune function to minor surgery

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of 2 established anesthetic techniques: total intravenous anesthesia and balanced inhalation anesthesia (BAL) on the perioperative-induced changes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), changes in lymphocyte subsets, and the balance of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. DESIGN: This is a prospective, randomized, clinical comparison study. SETTINGS: This study was set at a university hospital. PATIENTS: This study involved 50 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I who were scheduled for elective minimal invasive partial diskectomy. INTERVENTIONS: There was no intervention involved in this study. MEASUREMENTS: Changes in differential counts, lymphocyte subsets, and proliferation rates were determined before surgery and in the early postoperative period. Plasma concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, interferon gamma) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-1RA, transforming growth factor beta), and plasma concentrations of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were measured before, during, and after surgery. MAIN RESULTS: Absolute number of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+, and expression of HLA-DR and activation marker CD25+, CD26+, and CD69+ decreased more in response to surgery after BAL. Changes in distribution of T-lymphocyte cells seem to be in part related to severe postoperative pain. Plasma concentration of IL-6 significantly increased during and after surgery with BAL without relation to pain. CONCLUSION: Anesthetic management may have varying influences on the postoperative immune response. Surgery-induced inflammatory response and alteration in cell-mediated immunity seem to be more pronounced after BAL. These effects were attributed to the enhanced stress response after BAL.     

Neutrophil adhesion molecule expression and serum concentration of soluble adhesion molecules during and after pediatric cardiovascular surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass

BACKGROUND: Increased neutrophil activation by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during cardiovascular surgery is thought to be responsible for postoperative complications. In children, the contribution of cardiovascular surgery alone to this response is not well-characterized. METHODS: Children undergoing surgery with CPB (CPB group, n = 35) and without CPB (control, n = 22) were studied (age, 3-17 yr). Blood was drawn 24 h preoperatively before medication, after anesthesia, after connection to CPB, at reperfusion, 4 h to 2 days after surgery, at discharge, and months after surgery. Neutrophil antigen expression and serum concentration of adhesion molecules, interleukin 8, and C5a (fragment of C5 complement) were analyzed by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. RESULTS: With and without CPB, anesthesia and surgery induced decreased LFA-1 (CD11a-CD18), Mac-1 (CD11b-CD18), CD45, and CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) surface expression and sICAM-1 serum concentrations (all P < 0.001). sL-selectin serum concentration decreased with CPB (P < 0.001) but was not significantly altered in the control. In contrast, CD62L expression increased during CPB (P < 0.001). The time course of all analyzed markers was not significantly different between CPB and control, with the exception of sL-selectin (P = 0.017). One-day preoperative baseline values were reached days to months after surgery. Interleukin 8 and C5a serum concentrations increased after surgery in both the CPB group and the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric cardiovascular surgery leads to reduced adhesiveness and activity of circulating neutrophils. This reduction is more pronounced and sustained with CPB. These data may be useful in the assessment of novel therapeutic strategies.     

Platelet-monocyte pro-coagulant interactions in on-pump coronary surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Platelets and monocytes possess haemostatic properties, but the clinical effect of platelet-monocyte interactions on haemostasis following coronary surgery is not known. The study characterises the platelet and monocyte responses in cardiac surgery and its impact on haemostasis. METHODS: In 1342 patients, changes in white blood cell counts (WBC), monocyte counts and platelet counts were measured. PMC formation was analysed by flow-cytometry using monoclonal antibodies against pan-leucocyte marker CD45, monocyte marker CD14 and platelet marker CD42. TF expression was determined using monoclonal antibodies against, CD45, CD14 and human-TF. Continuous variables were expressed as mean+/-SD. Changes in monocyte and platelet counts over time were considered as repeated measures data, and analysed using Generalised Estimating Equations (GEE). Multivariate regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of several factors on blood loss. RESULTS: A monocytosis occurs with on-pump coronary surgery, but is less pronounced than with off-pump surgery. No difference was seen in patients having redo-surgery or more complex cardiac surgery. Factors associated with monocytosis on multivariate analysis were higher body mass index (p=0.02), diabetes (p=0.035) and smoking (p=0.01). Older patients manifested a lower response (p<0.001). Cross-clamp fibrillation was associated with a lower (p=0.048) monocytic response than was cardioplegia. PMC formation dropped following administration of heparin, peaked at 5 min of CPB, and declined by 2h of CPB (p=0.04). A return towards preoperative levels was found during postoperative days 1-5. No significant change in monocyte TF expression occurred. The mean postoperative blood loss was 581.2+/-292.8 ml, and inversely related to increasing preoperative platelet counts (p<0.001), and to higher monocyte % counts (p=0.012). Patients, who were female (p<0.001), had higher body mass indices (p<0.001), and higher core body temperatures during surgery (p=0.013), as well as patients having perioperative aprotinin (p<0.001) related to less blood loss. CONCLUSIONS: A higher postoperative platelet count as well as monocyte% significantly and independently decreases postoperative blood loss following cardiac surgery.