核素显像对疑肺栓塞患者诊断的对比性研究

目的研究核素下肢静脉造影和肺灌注/通气显像对肺栓塞(PE)的诊断、治疗及预后的评价.方法 31例怀疑深静脉血栓形成(DET)患者行核素下肢静脉造影、肺灌注/肺通气显像;1例行核素上腔静脉造影;2例行核素下腔静脉造影.与高速螺旋CT、彩超、X线胸片结果对比进行评价.结果核素下肢静脉造影阳性20/31例.其中肺灌注/通气显像不匹配高度可能者诊断为PE 4/20例.伴急性PE症状者2/4例,在24小时内行溶栓治疗后,症状消失,肺灌注像恢复正常.2/4例治疗后肺灌注显像持续未恢复患者,3年随访肺灌注显像持续缺损与通气不匹配,出现肺动脉高压、肺原性心脏病.3/20例在1年随访中先后发生PE.2例肿瘤患者下腔静脉造影发现癌栓阻塞.8例下肢静脉造影和肺灌注/通气显像正常的低概率病人,追踪4个月未发现PE.结论肺灌注/通气显像对PE的诊断及高危人群的预测及疗效观察有价值.     

肺灌注与通气显像诊断静注毒品者急性肺栓塞

为探讨肺灌注/通气显像对静脉注射毒品者肺栓塞的早期诊断,9例患败血症心内膜炎,急性脑梗塞患者用核素肺灌注、肺通显像进行观察,并与X线胸片、超声心动图结果进行对照,结果显示9例患者中,8例肺灌注呈双肺多节段稀蔬缺损,与通气显像不匹配,与通气显像不匹配,核医学诊断为急性肺栓塞1例溶栓治疗入病人肺灌注显像明显改善,与临床症状一致,从而证实灌注与肺通气显像联合运用对此类病人急性肺栓塞的早期诊断极有价值,并可做为溶栓治疗疗疗效的观察指标 另外也提示临床医师对静脉注射品者肺栓塞应有足够警惕.     

核素静脉和淋巴显像在下肢浮患者中的应用

目的：探讨核素静脉和淋巴显像在下肢浮肿患者诊治中的价值。方法：对190例下肢浮肿患者和49例正常对照者行^99Tc^m-大颗粒聚合白蛋白（MAA）或（和）^99Tc^m-右旋糖酐（DX）双下肢静脉或（和）淋巴显像，其中35例行肺部多体位静态显像。结果：190例下肢浮肿患者中：下腔静脉栓塞4例（2．1％）；下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）146例（76．8％），血栓性静脉炎为20例（10．5％）；浅静脉曲张7例（3．7％），共177例中同时肺部显像异常35例（19．8％），最后确诊肺栓塞29例（16．4％）；13例（6．8％）浮肿患者下肢静脉显像正常或基本正常，双下肢－腹腔淋巴显像均见淋巴回流障碍。正常对照组49例患者下肢静脉和淋巴显像均正常。结论：核素静脉显像对下肢浮肿患者病变的定位和定性诊断有很高的临床实用价值，对肺栓塞的早期诊断有一定价值。对静脉显像正常的浮肿患者，应常规加做下肢－腹腔淋巴显像。     

肺灌注SPECT-CT显像对肺栓塞诊断和早期疗效评价的应用价值研究

目的探讨肺灌注SPECT-CT显像对肺栓塞(PE)的诊断效能及其在PE早期溶栓治疗疗效评价中的价值。方法回顾性收集临床确诊或可疑肺动脉栓塞患者76例,均接受了肺通气/灌注(V/Q)平面显像及肺灌注SPECT-CT显像,以临床综合资料来判定为确诊PE或排除PE。其中20例确诊为PE者,溶栓治疗后重复以上检查,盲法分析肺V/Q显像、肺灌注SPECT-CT显像对急性肺栓塞的诊断效能,通过肺段表观指数法评价治疗后灌注改善效果。结果肺栓塞患者50/76例(114个受累肺段,17个亚肺段),肺灌注SPECT-CT显像诊断肺栓塞患者47例(99个肺段,15个亚肺段)诊断PE的灵敏度、特异性、准确性分别为83.9%、90.9%,88.2%,明显高于肺V/Q平面显像(73.6%,78.2%和76%),肺灌注SPECT-CT显像对PE溶栓治疗后早期,27/41个肺段及10/12个亚肺段PE病灶可见完全恢复。结论肺灌注SPECT-CT显像在亚肺段PE及PE排除诊断方面具有一定优势,并能有效进行肺栓塞治疗疗效的评价。     

核医学在呼吸系统疾病的应用

核医学应用于诊断呼吸系统疾病方面,近年来有很大发展,主要内容是核素肺灌注和通气显像对肺部疾病的诊断及肺部肿瘤的阳性显像。 1 肺灌注和通气显像 核素肺灌注(示踪剂~(99m)Tc—MAA)和通气显像(示踪剂~(133)Xe或~(99m)Tc—DTPA或GP)首先是应用于肺栓塞的诊断和疗效观察。肺动脉血栓栓塞症(Pulmonary embolism)的栓子主要来自静脉系统或右心,当栓子进入肺循环,可造成肺动脉的广泛栓塞。早期无特异的症状体征和X线征象,因而早期诊断甚为困难,临床诊断的正确率仅25～45％。在急性期如得不到及时治疗,死亡率超过30％,如经及时溶栓治疗,病死率可下降到6～8％,可见对肺栓塞的早期诊断和及时合理治疗至为重要。肺动脉造影是最准确的诊断方法,但属有创性,并有一定危险性,死亡率0.2～0.6％,合并症发生率2～4％,还有相当多的禁忌证。而核素肺灌注和通气显像诊断肺栓塞是     

肺血栓栓塞症核素肺通气／血流灌注显像检查操作规程

核素肺通气／灌注（V／Q）显像是无创性诊断PTE的重要方法，主要用于筛查临床凝诊为PTE的患者。单纯肺血流灌注显像，对PTE诊断的敏感性高，但亦存在假阳性；如果与肺通气显像或X线胸片相结合，可明显降低假阳性率，使诊断的准确率达87％～95％。     

46例肺肿瘤肺吸入／灌注显像肺亲肿瘤显像观察

本文报告了46例经病理确诊为肺肿府患者的肺^99mTc-PYP吸入及^99mTc-MAA灌注的显像结果，发现43例病人患侧肺均有不同程度的通气、灌注受损，46例中有11例行肺灌注断层显像(SPECT)，其检测出最小的肿瘤为2．5cm，另有3例患者患肺通气、灌住功能略高于对侧，这其中有2例为COPD患者，对侧肺有相应病变，1例可能是肿瘤痛变范围太小，46例患者中有21例同时行^99mTc-MIBI素肿瘤显像，其中19例阳性，这19例中17例为恶性肿瘤，作者认为肺通气、灌注显像除了能观察肿瘤的解剖病变位置外，亦可同时提供患者的分肺通气、灌注功能情况，SPECT的应用可提高对肺小肿瘤的检出率，^99mTc-MIBI亲肿瘤显像可帮助术前判断肺肿物的良、恶状况所有这些核素检查的联合应用对肺部肿瘤的诊断将提供一个较为全面的解剖。功能及定性的信息。     

下腔静脉滤器置入术对肺栓塞的预防作用

目的探讨肺栓塞 (PE)合并下肢深静脉血栓形成 (DVT)患者置入下腔静脉滤器 (IVCF)对PE反复发作的预防作用及安全性。方法我院1998年10月～2002年10月经同位素肺通气/灌注扫描、下肢深静脉造影及血管超声明确诊断的急性肺栓塞 (APE)合并DVT患者15例 ,男9例 ,女6例 ,年龄40～66(54±7)岁 ,大面积PE10例 ,次大面积PE5例 ,均予尿激酶、低分子量肝素及华法令溶栓、抗凝治疗。治疗后显效9例 ,有效6例。在溶栓、抗凝治疗后9～21d行IVCF置入。滤器置放于双肾静脉以下的腔静脉内 ,分别于置入滤器后3d、3个月、6个月、12个月、18个月、24个月摄腹部平片及行超声检查观察滤器位置及病人的临床症状。结果15例DVT患者置入IVCF全部成功 ,随访病例无丢失 ,随访率100 %。置入15枚IVCF ,随访无1例发生滤器超过肾静脉水平或滑入髂静脉 ,彩超检查未发现IVCF内血栓形成 ,15例患者随访2～26个月 ,无一例死亡及再次发生PE ,有2例分别于置入后3个月、12个月感活动后胸闷 ,经同位素肺通气/灌注扫描检查未见异常。结论本组15例置入IVCF患者 ,均证实为大面积或次大面积PE合并DVT,临床属高危PE ,且已予正规抗凝、溶栓治疗后临床症状改善 ,为预防PE反复发生而置入IVCF,定期门诊随访2 -26个月 ,无1例再发PE ,证明IVCF是预防P的有效方法     

核素静脉和淋巴显像在下肢浮肿患者中的应用

目的探讨核素静脉和淋巴显像在下肢浮肿患者诊治中的价值. 方法对190例下肢浮肿患者和49例正常对照者行99Tcm-大颗粒聚合白蛋白(MAA)或(和)99Tcm-右旋糖酐(DX)双下肢静脉或(和)淋巴显像,其中35例行肺部多体位静态显像.结果 190例下肢浮肿患者中:下腔静脉栓塞4例(2.1%);下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)146例(76.8%),血栓性静脉炎20例(10.5%);浅静脉曲张7例(3.7%),共177例中同时肺部显像异常35例(19.8%),最后确诊肺栓塞29例(16.4%);13例(6.8%)浮肿患者下肢静脉显像正常或基本正常,双下肢-腹腔淋巴显像均见淋巴回流障碍.正常对照组49例患者下肢静脉和淋巴显像均正常.结论核素静脉显像对下肢浮肿患者病变的定位和定性诊断有很高的临床实用价值,对肺栓塞的早期诊断有一定价值.对静脉显像正常的浮肿患者,应常规加做下肢-腹腔淋巴显像.     

肺通气/灌注显像结合D-二聚体在肺栓塞中的诊断价值

目的 探讨核素肺通气/灌注(V/Q)显像结合血浆D-二聚体(D-dimer)测定在肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)中的诊断价值.方法 对临床疑似肺栓塞患者85例,采用当日或者隔日法进行8个体位的肺V/Q平面显像,有经验的两名核医学医生按PIOPEDⅡ标准分析与评估诊断结果,分为PE、非PE和不确定诊断3种.同时测定血浆D-二聚体浓度.两者相结合诊断和排除PE,并与临床最终诊断结果做对比.结果 依据临床最终诊断,85例患者中确诊PE39例(45.9％),排除PE 46例(54.1％).V/Q显像诊断PE灵敏度89.7％,特异性88.4％,准确性85.9％.血浆D-二聚体诊断PE灵敏度75.7％,特异性62.5％,准确性68.2％.V/Q显像在准确性上高于血浆D-二聚体(x2=7.72,P＜0.01).V/Q显像结合血浆D-二聚体诊断PE的灵敏度82.1％,特异性66.7％,准确性72.9％.结论 肺V/Q显像和血浆D-二聚体测定安全无创、简便,肺V/Q显像较D-二聚体(D-dimer)灵敏度、准确率高,肺V/Q显像对PE诊断有重要的作用,血浆D-二聚体对PE的筛选具有价值,两种方法结合可以提高肺V/Q显像对PE诊断的准确性,降低漏诊率.     

肺栓塞肺动脉能谱CT胸部扫描影像学特征及其诊断价值

目的：探讨肺栓塞（PE）肺动脉能谱CT胸部扫描影像学特征及其诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析53例高度疑似PE患者,获取单能量能谱CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）图像和碘基肺灌注图,记录CTPA图像和碘基肺灌注图检出的肺动脉栓子数目及其分布、分型情况;分析肺动脉能谱CT胸部扫描影像学特征;比较不同栓塞程度及类型能谱CT扫描碘基值;比较栓塞区与对照区能谱CT扫描碘基值、水基值和CT值等能谱CT扫描参数。结果：以CTPA为金标准,53例高度疑似PE的患者中确诊32例。能谱CTPA检出162个栓子,完全型栓子37个,非完全型栓子125个;碘基肺灌注图检出171个栓子,完全型栓子49个,非完全型栓子122个。中心型、偏心型和完全型栓子栓塞区能谱CT扫描碘基值均明显低于对照区（P<0.05）;附壁型栓子栓塞区能谱CT扫描碘基值与对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）;完全型栓塞区碘基值显著低于中心型、偏心型和附壁型等非完全型栓塞区（P<0.05）。结论：PE肺动脉能谱CT胸部扫描影像学特征主要表现为肺动脉内充盈缺损、肺动脉扩张、肺动脉高压、马赛克征、轨道征等征象,肺动脉能谱CT胸部扫描碘基肺灌注...     

Thrombectomy with arteriovenous fistula for embolizing deep venous thrombosis: an alternative therapy for prevention of recurrent pulmonary embolism

Summary Thrombectomy with arteriovenous fistula was performed between 1977 and 1988 in 103 patients (41 females, 62 males, mean age 46.7 years, 114 involved extremities) with embolizing deepvein thrombosis (DVT). The sole aim of the surgical procedure was prevention of recurrent embolization. On the basis of the proximal extent of the thrombosis the source of embolization was identified as the iliac veins or inferior vena cava in 63% of the patients; 48% presented with a postphlebitic vein and/or an older thrombosis, and 46% had already had recurrent pulmonary emboli. Unsuccessful aggressive procedures had been carried out previously in 11%. The rate of intraoperative pulmonary embolism (PE) was 3 % (one fatal case). The perioperative mortality was 6.8%, but only one death was related to the surgical treatment itself. During follow-up (8–140 months postoperatively, mean 55±34 months) late recurrent PE was confirmed in two patients (antithrombin III deficiency, contralateral DVT) and was reported as the suspected cause of death in a third (3.6%). Venous thrombectomy with arteriovenous fistula is a reliable and effective procedure for management of embolizing DVT and is indicated especially in young patients. The rates of early- and late-recurrent PE are low, introduction of artificial material into the vein can be avoided, and long-term preservation of valve function is occasionally possible.Abbreviations DVT deep venous thrombosis - PE pulmonary embolism     

关节置换后的深静脉血栓形成

背景：关节置换后形成深静脉血栓发病的概率为40%~60%,而深静脉血栓容易出现肺栓塞并发症而危及生命,死亡率高达20%~30%。 目的：对骨科关节置换后下肢深静脉血栓形成的病因与治疗及并发症肺栓塞的治疗进展进行阐述。 方法：以“关节置换,静脉栓塞,肺栓塞,病因,预防,治疗”为关键词应用计算机检索2000/2010万方数据库和中国期刊全文数据库。 结果与结论：关节置换后下肢深部静脉血栓形成的病因及发病机制有着多方面的因素,深静脉血管壁损伤,血流缓慢和高凝状态是静脉血栓形成的3个因素。患者的全身状况差,合并其他疾病,关节置换手术创伤,手术麻醉方法,手术时间延长,肢体固定以及长期卧床都是下肢深静脉血栓形成的高危因素。下肢深静脉栓塞和肺栓塞是导致关节置换后患者高致残率和高死亡率的主要原因。临床医生应于术前对关节置换患者形成深静脉血栓的危险因素进行系统评估,并采取相应措施,最大限度降低其发生率。     

Diagnostic value of fibrinopeptide A and beta-thromboglobulin in acute deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive values of the assays of fibrinopeptide A (FPA), beta-thromboglobulin (BTG) and their combination in patients suspected of having acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE). In 80 controls the mean (+/- SD) plasma concentrations of FPA and BTG were 0.72 +/- 0.47 and 28.2 +/- 10.1 ng/ml, respectively. In 26 patients in whom DVT was confirmed by phlebography and Doppler ultrasound, clearly raised mean FPA (5.62 ng/ml) and BTG (70.6 ng/ml) concentrations were measured compared to those in 13 patients in whom this disorder was excluded (1.00 and 33.6 ng/ml, respectively). Also in 25 patients, in whom PE was established by perfusion lung scanning, clearly increased mean FPA (6.28 ng/ml) and BTG (82.4 ng/ml) concentrations were measured compared to those in 12 patients without this disease (1.03 and 32.5 ng/ml, respectively). Raised FPA and BTG concentrations were also found in 20 patients with inflammatory disorders and in 10 with various types of malignancy. The mean FPA and BTG concentrations did not differ between patients with renal failure or diabetes mellitus and patients without these diseases. From the predictive values of these assays and their combination it can be concluded that raised FPA and BTG concentrations are not specific for thrombosis. However, when normal FPA and BTG concentrations are present, acute DVT or PE can safely be excluded in symptomatic patients. In the group with confirmed DVT/PE, anticoagulant treatment (heparin and phenprocoumon) brought down the mean FPA concentration to levels within the normal range in less than 1 hour while the mean BTG concentration remained elevated throughout the 10-day study period.     

Sudden death caused by pulmonary thromboembolism in Proteus syndrome

We report 3 patients with Proteus syndrome (PS) who died suddenly from pulmonary embolism (PE). The first patient was a male diagnosed with PS at 12 years who had varicose veins, portal vein thrombosis, right iliac vein occlusion and recurrent PE. At age 25 years, he was admitted to the hospital with a severe headache. Despite therapeutic doses of warfarin, investigations for an acute episode of breathlessness showed PE and he was unable to be resuscitated. The second case was a 9-year-old male with PS who collapsed at home and could not be revived. Autopsy revealed that the cause of death was a PE associated with thrombosis of the deep veins (DVT). The third patient was a 17-year-old female undergoing inpatient treatment for sinusitis when she unexpectedly arrested. She could not be revived and a full autopsy revealed a large PE with no identified DVT. We conclude that PE is a serious complication of PS and recommend vigilance concerning the signs and symptoms of thrombosis and PE in individuals with PS, including children. Aggressive evaluation and treatment should be considered urgently in patients with PS and signs or symptoms of DVT.     

The significance of mitral and tricuspid valve systolic lateral annular velocities in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism in patients with chronic heart failure

Introduction

The diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism (APE) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) remains a difficult task, despite the refinement of imaging techniques. The goal of this study was to assess the value of measuring tricuspid and mitral valve systolic annular velocities in CHF patients with suspected PE by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI).

Material and methods

The study included 75 patients with previously diagnosed CHF, admitted due to resting dyspnea, with a maximum tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient (TRPG) of ≥ 35 mm Hg and positive D-dimer assay. Spiral computed tomography (sCT) was performed on all subjects to confirm APE. Acute pulmonary embolism was diagnosed in 35 patients (PE+), and excluded in 40 others (PE–). Tissue Doppler imaging was performed to measure maximum systolic lateral annular velocities in the mitral (SmLV) and tricuspid (SmRV) valves, as well as the SmRV/SmLV ratio.

Results

PE+ subjects were found to have higher SmLV than PE– subjects (6.0 cm/s (2.0–13.8 cm/s) vs. 4.2 cm/s (1.3–9.1 cm/s), p = 0.003). SmRV/SmLV ratios were 1.05 (0.50–2.50) and 1.56 (0.62–4.30), respectively (p < 0.0001). Areas under ROC curves for diagnosis of APE were 0.700 for SmLV and 0.789 for SmRV/SmLV. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, only SmRV/SmLV was statistically significant, with an odds ratio for APE of 6.26 (95% CI: 1.53–25.59; p = 0.009).

Conclusions

Tissue Doppler imaging of the lateral tricuspid and mitral annuli is a useful clinical tool that can help identify PE in CHF patients. Those patients who fulfill these criteria should be considered for further diagnostic studies to confirm PE.     

Incidence of Deep Vein Thrombosis after Spinal Cord Injury in Korean Patients at Acute Rehabilitation Unit

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and subsequent pulmonary embolism (PE) remain significant causes of morbidity, mortality in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Since incidence of DVT after SCI in Korean population has not been much studied, we retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 185 SCI patients admitted for acute rehabilitation unit to investigate the incidence of DVT. Color Doppler ultrasonography was performed to screen for the occurrence of DVT at the time of initial presentation to acute rehabilitation unit. Primary study outcome was the incidence of DVT. Possible risk factors for DVT including the epidemiologic characteristics, completeness of motor paralysis, cause of injury, spasticity, surgery, and active cancer were analyzed. The incidence of DVT after SCI was 27.6%. In multiple logistic regression analysis, absence of spasticity was a significant independent risk factor (P<0.05) for occurrence of DVT. Symptomatic pulmonary embolism was evident in 7 patients without an episode of sudden death. Therefore, it is concluded that the incidence of DVT after SCI in Korean patients is comparable with that in Western populations. This result suggests that pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis should be considered in Korean patients with SCI.     

下腔静脉滤器预防肺动脉栓塞的应用价值

目的 讨论下腔静脉滤器放置术在下肢静脉血栓形成(DET)患者进行溶栓治疗中预防肺动脉栓塞(PE)的应用价值．方法 37例DET形成患者放置Greenfield下腔静脉滤器22个、Simon滤器12个、Bird—nestle滤器3个，放置后进行下肢静脉溶栓治疗，48h腹平片观察滤器的位置，1周后行彩色多普勒检查了解下腔静脉通畅度，出院后定期复查滤器位置．结果 滤器放置成功率为100％，溶栓过程中及追踪复查均未发生PE．结论 下腔静脉滤器放置术对PE的预防有较高的临床价值，下肢DET成患者行溶栓治疗前，作为常规应用可确保安全．