BiPAP治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者90例临床分析

目的分组对比双水平正压通气（BiPAP）无创呼吸机机械通气治疗老年COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法 90例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,分为治疗组45例和对照组45例,两组均给予常规药物治疗,治疗组同时给予BiPAP无创呼吸机进行机械通气治疗。结果双水平正压通气耐受较好的患者,治疗后动脉血氧分压（PaO2）和二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）较治疗前明显改善（P〈0.01）;与对照组相比,平均住院天数缩短（P〈0.05）,血气改善时间也明显缩短（P〈0.01）减慢呼吸和心跳的频率（P〈0.01）,对血压无明显影响（P〉0.05）。结论 BiPAP无创呼吸机机械通气治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭是一种安全有效的方法。     

无创通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭中的应用

目的探讨无创通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床应用价值。方法对36例COPD并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者在常规治疗的同时,应用双水平正压无创通气（BiPAP）呼吸机辅助通气治疗,观察治疗前及治疗后2h、4h和24h患者血气分析：动脉氧分压（PaO2）、动脉二氧化碳分压（PaC2）、血氧饱和度（SaO2）、pH,以及呼吸频率（RR）／心率（HH）的变化。结果无创通气治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭后2～6h PaO2、PaC2和SaO2升高,pH改善,RR和HR减慢,24h内呼吸衰竭基本纠正,差异均有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。结论无创通气治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭是安全有效的方法。     

无创通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭中的应用

目的 探讨无创通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床应用价值。方法 对36例COPD并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者在常规治疗的同时，应用双水平正压无创通气（BiPAP）呼吸机辅助通气治疗，观察治疗前及治疗后2h、4h和24h患者血气分析：动脉氧分压（PaO2）、动脉二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、血氧饱和度（SaO2）、pH，以及呼吸频率（RR）／心率（HR）的变化。结果 无创通气治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭后2-6hPaO2、PaCO2和SaO2升高，pH改善，RR和HR减慢，24h内呼吸衰竭基本纠正，差异均有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。结论 无创通气治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭是安全有效的方法。     

BiPAP呼吸机治疗COPD并Ⅱ型呼衰的疗效观察

目的观察BiPAP呼吸机治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法60例COPD并发H型呼衰患者随机分为BiPAP呼吸机通气组和对照组各30例，通气组除常规治疗外加用BiPAP呼吸机辅助通气治疗，对照组则给予（抗感染、通畅气道、持续低流量吸氧，改善通气等）常规治疗，治疗6h与3d后，再测定并比较两组的心率，呼吸频率，血气等指标。结果：无创通气后心率，呼吸频率，pH、PaO2、PaCO2均明显改善，差异均有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论BiPAP呼吸机经口鼻面罩无创通气治疗COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭具有肯定的疗效。     

双水平无创正压通气在COPD合并Ⅱ型呼衰患者中的应用

目的探讨应用无创机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并合并Ⅱ型呼衰的疗效。方法将COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭分为治疗组和对照组,各21例,记录生命体征、血气分析变化。结果通过2h、24h后2组比较,治疗组对提高PaO2和降低PaCO2与对照组比较,差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论BiPAP无创机械通气对COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的治疗较好。     

BiPAP无创呼吸机治疗AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床观察

目的 总结我科近一年应用双水平正压无创通气(BiPAP)对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的治疗效果.方法 对28例AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者给予BiPAP呼吸机通气治疗,观察治疗前后PH、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2等指标变化.结果 BiPAP呼吸机治疗后4h及72 h及通气结束后较治疗前PH、PaO2、SaO2均明显升高,PaCO2明显降低(P均＜0.05).治疗后临床症状得到明显改善.结论 BiPAP呼吸机对AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效显著.     

双水平正压无创通气治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效观察

目的观察双水平正压无创通气（BiPAP）治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法50例COPDⅡ型呼吸衰竭患者中随机分为治疗组和对照组,对照组给予常规抗感染、祛痰、平喘、对症治疗和低浓度氧疗,治疗组在对照组常规治疗基础上,加BiPAP呼吸机双水平气道正压通气。观察两组治疗前后临床症状、动脉血气等指标的变化。结果BiPAP呼吸机对提高pH值、PaO2,降低PaCO2（P〈0．05）及改善HR和R（P〈0．01）的疗效肯定。结论无创通气BiPAP呼吸机对COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效显著。     

BIPAP呼吸机治疗矽肺合并呼吸衰竭临床观察

目的 观察BiPAP呼吸机治疗矽肺合并呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法 50例矽肺合并呼吸衰竭患者随机分为治疗组26例,对照组24例,治疗组在常规治疗基础上应用BiPAP呼吸机通气治疗,观察24h后治疗效果。结果 治疗24h后治疗组PaO2和SaO2明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）,气管插管率明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论 BiPAP呼吸机对矽肺合并呼吸衰竭疗效显著。     

双水平气道正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并重症Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床评价

目的探讨双水平气道正压（BiPAP）通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并重症Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭治疗中的价值。方法在常规应用抗菌药物及对症治疗的基础上给予BiPAP通气，分别于机械通气前、通气后2～4小时、12～24小时作血气分析测定，并观察病情变化。结果BiPAP通气后，血PaCO2和pH均明显改善，以通气12～24小时较通气2～4小时更明显，血PaO2仅在通气后2～4小时增加，血HCO3^-在通气前后则无明显变化。26例患者中，23例在BiPAP通气后症状改善，有效率达88．5％，2例BiPAP通气无效者给予气管插管机械通气后抢救成功，1例未作气管插管者治疗无效死亡。结论BiPAP通气是COPD合并雷症Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭抢救的一种有效措施。     

BiPAP无创机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床分析

目的探讨应用无创机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并失代偿期呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法将COPD合并失代偿期Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭分为治疗组和对照组，各10例，记录生命体征、血气分析变化。结果通过4h、24h后2组比较，治疗组对提高PaO2和降低PaCO2与对照组比较，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论BiPAP无创机械通气对COPD合并失代偿期Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的治疗较好，可作为一线治疗手段。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.