Poor attendance at a child TB contact clinic in Malawi.

SETTING: Child tuberculosis (TB) contact clinic, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi. DESIGN: Patients registered with smear-positive pulmonary TB (PTB) were encouraged to bring childhood household contacts to the clinic for assessment and management. Data of TB cases registered over the same period were collected from the Blantyre District TB Office. RESULTS: Attendance at the contact clinic was very poor, representing only 7.7% of all adults registered with smear-positive PTB over 17 months, and was significantly lower for potential male source cases than females (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.23-0.55, P < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Improved uptake and implementation of child contact management in Malawi is a challenge.     

Passive versus active tuberculosis case finding and isoniazid preventive therapy among household contacts in a rural district of Malawi.

SETTING: Thyolo district, rural Malawi. OBJECTIVES: To compare passive with active case finding among household contacts of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients for 1) TB case detection and 2) the proportion of child contacts aged under 6 years who are placed on isoniazid (INH) preventive therapy. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Passive and active case finding was conducted among household contacts, and the uptake of INH preventive therapy in children was assessed. RESULTS: There were 189 index TB cases and 985 household contacts. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence among index cases was 69%. Prevalence of TB by passive case finding among 524 household contacts was 0.19% (191/100000), which was significantly lower than with active finding among 461 contacts (1.74%, 1735/100000, P = 0.01). Of 126 children in the passive cohort, 22 (17%) received INH, while in the active cohort 25 (22%) of 113 children received the drug. Transport costs associated with chest X-ray (CXR) screening were the major reason for low INH uptake. CONCLUSIONS: Where the majority of TB patients are HIV-positive, active case finding among household contacts yields nine times more TB cases and is an opportunity for reducing TB morbidity and mortality. The need for a CXR is an obstacle to the uptake of INH prophylaxis.     

Is TB contact screening relevant in a developing country setting? Experiences from eastern Nepal, 1996-1998.

SETTING: A tuberculosis programme run by a non-governmental organisation in eight hill and mountain districts of eastern Nepal. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of contact screening on case-finding. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study of contacts of smear-positive, smear-negative and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis patients diagnosed and registered during 1996-1998 ('index cases'). Contacts, defined as household members identified by index cases, were screened by sputum examination; two positive smears were taken to indicate smear-positive pulmonary disease. RESULTS: Approximately 50% (668) of registered cases identified contacts; 75% (2298) of the contacts identified provided one or more sputum specimens. An overall smear-positive case yield of 0.61% (14) was obtained from contacts tested, all except one of which were contacts of smear-positive index cases. For smear-positive index cases with a smear grading of > or = 2+, the yield was 7.2 times greater (P = 0.04) than for those with a grading of 1+. CONCLUSION: In this setting, sputum examination of household contacts of smear-negative and extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases is not justified. Further assessment is needed to evaluate the utility of testing contacts of smear-positive cases without symptom screening, and whether cost effectiveness can be improved by restricting testing to contacts of cases with high bacterial (> or = 2+) loads.     

Contact screening and latent TB infection treatment in Singapore correctional facilities.

SETTING: Singapore, a city-state with a tuberculosis (TB) incidence rate of 47 per 100000 population in 2000. OBJECTIVES: 1) To report our experience with contact investigation and latent TB infection (LTBI) treatment in high-risk contacts with unknown human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status in correctional facilities (CFs) (prisons/drug rehabilitation centres); and 2) to compare the yield of contact screening in this setting with that in the community (household/family) setting. METHODS: The tuberculin skin test (TST) readings of 704 CF contacts screened from 1999 to 2001 were compared with those of 2729 household/family contacts who underwent screening in 2000. RESULTS: Respectively eight (1.1%) and 20 (0.7%) active TB cases were detected among the CF and community contacts. A significantly higher proportion of CF contacts had first (non-conversion) TST readings > or =15 mm (39% vs. 22%, OR 2.3; 95%CI 1.9-2.7; P < 0.001), and 10-14 mm (26% vs. 18%, OR 1.6; 95%CI 1.3-2.0; P < 0.001) and TST conversion (43% vs. 20%, OR 2.9; 95%CI 1.7-4.9; P < 0.001). LTBI treatment was started in 65% of the CF contacts screened; 87% completed treatment. CONCLUSION: We found a high LTBI rate among CF contacts, presenting an opportunity for intervention.     

Characteristics of 109 index cases in TB outbreak

OBJECTIVES: To elucidate characteristics of index cases in TB outbreak. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The subjects of this retrospective study were 109 index cases in TB outbreak observed in Japan between 2003 and 2005, and reported to the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. An index case rate (ICR) for a category of patients was defined as following; ICR=NI/NA, where NA: Number of TB patients in a category A, and NI: Number of index cases in category A. RESULTS: Of the 109 patients, 20 were female and 89 were male. Smear-positive pulmonary TB patients were 102 in number, and separated to 87 patients with cavitary lesion on a chest X-ray and 15 without cavitary lesion, and the remaining 7 patients were smear-negative and culture-positive pulmonary TB patients. The index case rates were 0.46% for smear-positive cavitary patients, 0.10% for smear-positive non-cavitary patients, and 0.04% for smear-negative culture-positive patients. The differences were highly significant between smear-positive cavitary patients and smear-positive non-cavitary patients, as well as between smear-positive cavitary patients and smear-negative culture-positive patients (p<0.001). In 57 male patients with smear-positive cavitary lesion, the index case rates were significantly different between the thirties and the forties (1.84% vs 0.61%, p<0.01). All patients were grouped by age to a younger group with 10 to 39 years of age, a middle aged group with 40 to 69 years, and an elder group with 70 years or higher. The index case rates in smear-positive cavitary patients were 2.32% for the male younger group, 0.37% for the male middle group, 0.06% for male elder group, 0.41% for the female younger group, 0.37% for the female middle group, and 0% for female elder group. The differences were highly significant between the male younger group and the male middle group, as well as between the male younger group and the female younger group (p<0.001). The index case rates for smear-positive cavitary patients were significantly higher than non-cavitary patients in two categories; 1.58% versus 0.21% for the younger group (p<0.001), and 0.37% versus 0.11% for the middle aged group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that TB outbreak risk is the highest in those patients categorized to be smear-positive, cavitary, younger group, and male.     

Long-term outcome in patients registered with tuberculosis in Zomba, Malawi: mortality at 7 years according to initial HIV status and type of TB.

SETTING: Zomba Central Hospital, Malawi. OBJECTIVES: To determine the outcome of all adult patients who were registered for tuberculosis (TB) treatment 7 years previously according to initial human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status and type of TB. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study of adult patients registered for TB treatment between July and December 1995. Follow-up at patients' homes was performed at the end of treatment, at 32 months and at 84 months (7 years) from the time of TB registration. FINDINGS: Eight hundred and twenty-seven TB patients were registered: 793 had concordant HIV test results, of whom 612 (77%) were HIV-positive. At 7 years, 136 (17%) patients were alive, 539 (65%) had died and 152 (18%) were lost to follow-up. The death rate for all TB patients was 23.7 per 100 person-years of observation. HIV-positive patients had higher death rates than HIV-negative patients (hazard ratio [HR] 2.2, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.7-2.8). Death rates in smear-negative pulmonary TB patients (HR 2.1, 95%CI 1.7-2.6) and in patients with extra-pulmonary TB (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.0) were higher than in patients with smear-positive PTB. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high mortality rate in TB patients during and after anti-tuberculosis treatment. Adjunctive treatments to reduce death rates are urgently needed.     

Rapid decline in prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis after DOTS implementation in a rural area of South India

SETTING: Tiruvallur District in Tamilnadu, South India, where the World Health Organization-recommended DOTS strategy was implemented as a tuberculosis (TB) control measure in 1999. OBJECTIVE: To assess the epidemiological impact of the DOTS strategy on the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). DESIGN: Surveys of PTB were undertaken on representative population samples aged > or =15 years (n = 83000-90000), before and at 2.5 and 5 years after the implementation of the DOTS strategy. The prevalence of PTB (smear-positive/culture-positive) was estimated. RESULTS: TB prevalence declined by about 50% in 5 years, from 609 to 311 per 100000 population for culture-positive TB and from 326 to 169/100000 for smear-positive TB. The annual rate of decline was 12.6% (95%CI 11.2-14.0) for culture-positive TB and 12.3% (95%CI 8.6-15.8) for smear-positive TB. The decline was similar at all ages and for both sexes. CONCLUSION: With an efficient case detection programme and the DOTS strategy, it is feasible to bring about a substantial reduction in the burden of TB in the community.     

Risk factors for death during tuberculosis treatment in Orel, Russia.

SETTING AND METHODS: In Orel, high tuberculosis (TB) case fatality rates have persisted despite successful implementation of the World Health Organization (WHO) global TB control strategy. We conducted a case control study to identify risk factors for mortality among Orel TB patients reported from October 1999 through June 2001. Cases were patients who died within 8 months of treatment initiation. We analyzed data abstracted from medical records using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Over the 21-month period, 63/1069 (5.9%) TB patients overall and 45/521 (8.6%) sputum smear-positive patients died during treatment. Compared to 192 controls, independent risk factors for death for both smear-positive and smear-negative patients included unemployment (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 4.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9-12.9), homelessness (AOR 9.5, 95% CI 1.3-70.9), congestive heart failure (AOR 5.4, 95% CI 1.9-15.9), chronic lung disease (AOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.4), cancer (AOR 7.2, 95% CI 1.2-45.0), bilateral disease on chest X-ray (AOR 6.3, 95% CI 2.3-17.1), and hyperbilirubinemia (AOR 5.2, 95% CI 1.1-25.3). Among deaths, the median time from treatment initiation to death was 35 days. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis and treatment of TB in suspects with the observed comorbidities and risk factors should be aggressively pursued. The association of unemployment and homelessness with mortality suggests a contribution of poverty to death during TB treatment.     

Transmission of tuberculosis from smear-negative bacillus-positive pulmonary TB patients

OBJECTIVES: To elucidate TB transmission from smear-negative bacillus-positive patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The subjects of this retrospective study were 8,339 TB patients registered in Aichi Prefecture between 1989 and 2003. Of these patients, 7,122 had pulmonary TB and 1,217 had extra-pulmonary TB. Bacteriological examination for the pulmonary patients revealed sputum smear-positive in 2,640, sputum smear-negative bacillus-positive (SNBP) in 1,794, and smear-negative bacillus-negative (SNBN) in 2,688. All registration files were reviewed to identify epidemiological links of patients. When linked patients with an interval of the dates of registration of less than 10 years were found, the initial case was considered as the index case, and the other patients were regarded as secondary cases. An index case rate (ICR) for a category of patients was defined as follows; ICR=NI/NA, where NA: Number of TB patients in a category A, and NI: Number of index cases in category A. RESULTS: A total of 287 patients were considered as index cases, and the ICR was 3.4%. The ICRs were 2.3% for the SNBP patients, 7.5% for the smear-positive patients, 1.2% for the SNBN patients, and 1.1% for the exrtra-pulmonary tuberculosis patients. The SNBP patients had a significantly higher ICR than the SNBN patients (p<0.01), and a significantly lower ICR than the smear-positive patients (p<0.001). In the SNBP patients, the ICRs were 5.0% for those aged 40 to 49 years and 1.6% for those aged 50 to 59, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). All patients were grouped into two groups; younger patients with an age of less than 50 years and elder patients with an age of 50 years or higher. The ICRs showed significant differences between the younger patients and the elder patients as follows: 4.3% vs 1.7% for the SNBP patients (p<0.01), 15.5% vs 5.0% for the smear-positive patients (p<0.001), and 1.9% vs 0.9% for the SNBN patients (p<0.05). The chest X-ray showed cavitary lesion in 453 SNBP patients. The ICRs were 8.7% for 126 cavitary younger SNBP patients, 2.6% for 311 non-cavitary younger SNBP patients, 2.4% for 327 cavitary elder SNBP patients, and 1.5% for 1,030 non-cavitary elder SNBP patients. The ICR for the cavitary younger SNBP patients was significantly higher than those for the other three subgroups (p<0.01 to p<0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that TB transmission from SNBP patients depends on the patient's age and the cavity formation, and that patients aged less than 50 years with cavitary pulmonary TB is the most important target for the epidemiological research.     

Are intestinal helminths risk factors for developing active tuberculosis?

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of intestinal helminth infections in active tuberculosis patients and their healthy household contacts and to assess its association with active TB in an area endemic for both types of infections. METHODS: Smear-positive pulmonary TB patients and healthy household contacts were tested for intestinal helminths using direct microscopy and the formol-ether concentration techniques. Three consecutive stool samples were examined before the start of TB chemotherapy. Sputum microscopy was done using the sodium hypochlorite concentration techniques. Participants were also tested for HIV by commercial sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 230 smear-positive TB patients and 510 healthy household contacts. The prevalence of intestinal helminths was 71% in patients and 36% in controls. HIV seroprevalence was significantly higher in patients than in controls (46.7%vs. 11.6%, P < 0.001). Conditional logistic regression analysis showed a strong association between TB and intestinal helminth infection (OR = 4.2, 95% CI 2.7-5.9, P < 0.001), and between TB and HIV infection (OR = 7.8, 95% CI 4.8-12.6, P < 0.0001). The odds of being a TB patient increased with the number of helminth species per person: in individuals with mono-infection it was 4.3 (95% CI 2.8-6.8); in people infected with two species was 4.7 (95% CI 2.5-8.7), and in patients infected with three or more helminths was 12.2 (3.9-52.6). CONCLUSION: Intestinal helminth infection may be one of the risk factors for the development of active pulmonary TB in addition to HIV infection. This finding may have important implications in the control of TB in helminth endemic areas of the world.     

郴州市实施结核病防治规划中期效果评价

目的了解实施《规划》中期目标效果，总结经验为如期实现《规划》目标提供依据。方法统一制定评估标准和方法，逐级培训，各结防机构负责表格填写、资料收集和审核。结果涂阳肺结核登记率由2001年的35．83／10万增加至2005年的52．31／10万，贫困县老年人新涂阳登记率高达73．88／万；治愈率初治91．5％，复治83．4％；投入结防经费比规划前增长2．7倍。结论形成了规范化、科学化归口管理体系，建立起以DOTS为主的结核病控制工作模式，达到高发现率、高治愈率效果。     

Prevalence and risk factors associated with tuberculin skin test positivity among household contacts of smear-positive pulnionary tuberculosis cases in Umerkot, Pakistan.

STUDY POPULATION AND SETTING: Household contacts of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) sputum smear-positive tuberculosis patients in the Umerkot Taluka, Sindh, Pakistan. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of and identify risk factors associated with tuberculin skin test (TST) positivity among household contacts of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of household contacts of AFB sputum smear-positive tuberculosis cases, registered at the Umerkot Anti-Tuberculosis Association clinic from August 1999 to September 1999. The contact's Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection status was assessed using TST. On the day of the TST, a pre-designed questionnaire was administered to collect data on putative risk factors for TST positivity among contacts. The data were analysed using a marginal logistic regression model by the method of generalised estimating equations (GEE) to determine risk factors independently associated with TST positivity. RESULTS: The prevalence of TST positivity among household contacts of AFB sputum smear-positive index patients was 49.4%. The final multivariate GEE model showed that contact's age and sleeping site relative to the index case, the intensity of the index case's AFB sputum-smear positivity and the contact's BCG scar status were independent predictors of TST positivity among household contacts of AFB sputum smear-positive index cases. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the household contacts of AFB sputum smear-positive tuberculosis patients in a poor neighbourhood of rural Sindh had a high prevalence of M. tuberculosis infection as determined by TST. Poor housing conditions seem to contribute to the spread of M. tuberculosis infection. Early diagnosis of pulmonary TB through evaluation of TST-positive household contacts, followed by appropriate therapy, may prevent further spread of M. tuberculosis infection. We recommend an awareness programme to prevent household contacts from acquiring M. tuberculosis infection from smear-positive pulmonary TB cases.     

A cluster of tuberculosis associated with use of a marijuana water pipe.

SETTING: New cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) were noted in a cluster of young Caucasian males, an unusual ethnic group for this disease in Queensland, Australia. It was noted that marijuana water pipe ('bong') smoking was common amongst cases and contacts. OBJECTIVE: To report this cluster of TB and to investigate whether shared use of a marijuana water pipe was associated with transmission of TB. DESIGN: All contacts were identified and screened according to standard protocols. Cases were asked to list contacts with whom they had shared a marijuana water pipe. RESULTS: Five cases of open pulmonary TB were identified clinically and on sputum culture, and all isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were identical on typing. Of 149 contacts identified, 114 (77%) completed screening, and 57 (50%) had significant tuberculin skin test (TST) reactions on follow-up. Of 45 contacts who had shared a marijuana water pipe with a case, 29 (64%) had a significant TST reaction. CONCLUSION: Sharing a marijuana water pipe with a case of pulmonary TB was associated with transmission of TB (OR 2.22, 95 % CI 0.96-5.17), although the most important risk factor for acquiring TB infection in this cluster was close household contact with a case (OR 4.91, 95% CI 1.13-20.70).     

Increasing TB case detection through intensive referral of TB suspects by village doctors to county TB dispensaries.

OBJECTIVE: To explore new approaches to increase the detection of tuberculosis cases (TB). DESIGN: Thirty counties participated in the study. Patients with TB symptoms were surveyed and referred by trained village doctors to county dispensaries, designated township health centres or general hospitals for free sputum examination. TB patients and suspects notified by general hospitals were traced by TB staff if they defaulted during the transfer. RESULTS: A total of 12,091 new smear-positive TB cases were detected. The registration rate of new smear-positives increased from 36.2 per 100,000 population before the project to 49.9/100,000 after the project, and the case detection rate under the DOTS strategy reached 86%. Of 43,464 registered TB suspects, 15,363 (35.3%) were referred by village and hospital doctors. The referral rate increased significantly (P < 0.01). Of the 15,363 referred patients, 3870 were diagnosed as new smear-positive TB cases. Among three different microscopy centres, there was a statistically significant difference in the sputum examination rates of TB suspects and in the smear-positive rates among the suspects examined. The follow-up rate was 70.9%, but the follow-up success rate was only 33.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive referral of patients with TB symptoms by village doctors to TB dispensaries is an effective way of increasing detection. At the same time, incentives are necessary for patients and village doctors.     

Infectiousness of patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis,assessed by Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction,XpertⓇMTB/RIF

Currently, pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) isolation recommendations are based on serial sputum smear microscopy. To assess infectiousness of smear-negative/GeneXpert-positive (Sm-/GXpert+) pulmonary TB, we evaluated 511 contacts of pulmonary TB patients attended at a teaching hospital in Spain (2010–2018). There were no statistically significant differences in rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (46.2% contacts of smear-positive and 34.6% contacts of Sm-/GXpert+ pulmonary TB patients, p = 0.112). Sm-/GXpert+ pulmonary TB poses a substantial risk of transmission of M. tuberculosis infection. Our results add evidence to support including Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (Xpert^ⓇMTB/RIF) in the work-up diagnosis of suspected pulmonary TB cases to make decisions on air-borne isolation.     

Association of prevalence of tuberculin reactions with closeness of contact among household contacts of new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients.

OBJECTIVES: Among household contacts of newly diagnosed smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients, to examine the association of apparent tuberculosis transmission with the closeness and duration of contact. METHODS: Household contacts of newly diagnosed patients with smear-positive pulmonary TB were identified, as well as a healthy population sample. Household contacts were categorized into three groups based on closeness, regularity, and duration of contact with index cases. All subjects underwent tuberculin testing. RESULTS: Among the household contacts, 47 of 112 (42%) of very close/intimate contacts had positive tuberculin tests, compared to 121 of 356 (34%) close/ regular contacts and 23 of 178 (13%) not close/sporadic contacts and 55 of 355 (16%) of a healthy population sample. CONCLUSIONS: Even among household contacts of smear-positive pulmonary TB patients, there were major differences in the proximity and duration of contact which were strongly associated with differences in the prevalence of positive tuberculin reactions.     

Excess mortality and tuberculosis among individuals with prolonged cough: a population-based study from Vietnam.

SETTING: A demographic surveillance site in north-west Vietnam. OBJECTIVES: To compare notification rates of sputum smear-positive tuberculosis (TB) and mortality rates between the general population and individuals with prolonged cough. DESIGN: A cohort study of 559 prolonged cough cases in a total population of 35,832, observed over 2.5 years. Outcome measures were sputum smear-positive TB and death. RESULTS: The age-standardised smear-positive TB notification rate among cough cases (553/100,000 person-years [py], 95%CI 268-1143) was significantly higher than in the general population (50/100,000 py, 95%CI 43-57), with a relative risk of 11.06 (95%CI 8.28-14.77). Among those who had a chest X-ray suggestive of TB but negative sputum smears prior to the study start, the rate was 6542/100,000 py (95%CI 2906-12,511). The cough cohort had a 2.61 (95%CI 2.38-2.87) times higher risk of dying than the general population. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with prolonged cough in this study run a significantly increased risk of developing infectious TB and of dying. We recommend further evaluations of improved follow-up systems aimed at identifying and treating sputum smear-negative TB cases before they convert to an infectious stage.     

Poverty and the economic effects of TB in rural China.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the economic effects of illness on individual tuberculosis (TB) cases in rural China and to use a case-control study to show a strong TB-poverty link. SETTING: In 2002-2004 we studied 160 new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases and 320 age- and sex-matched controls living in neighbouring houses in four rural counties of Henan Province. DESIGN: Cases and controls were interviewed 1-3 months after patients were diagnosed. We used matched multivariate logistic regression to compare cases with controls for poverty status using household income, household assets and relative wealth within the village. We conducted follow-up interviews of patients 10-12 months later to assess economic effects by collecting data on treatment costs, income losses, coping strategies and treatment completion. RESULTS: Poverty is strongly associated with TB incidence even after controlling for smoking and other risk factors. Excluding income losses, direct out-of-pocket treatment costs (medical and non-medical) accounted for 55.5% of average annual household income, and most TB cases fell into heavy debt. The DOTS cure rate was 91%. When DOTS was incomplete or not done, mortality was high. CONCLUSIONS: Poverty is both a cause and a devastating outcome of TB. Ongoing poverty reduction schemes in China must also include reducing TB.     

A survey of tuberculosis prevalence in Hanoi, Vietnam.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in Hanoi, Vietnam, in 2003/2004. METHODS: A random selection was carried out involving 11624 subjects from 20 communes within the city. RESULTS: On chest X-ray examination, 317 subjects (2.73%) showed abnormal lung opacity, of which 17 were sputum smear-positive, two concentrated smear-positive and three culture-positive, all with active TB. The prevalence of sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB was 146 per 100000 in persons aged >or=15 years (95%CI 65-228). CONCLUSION: This is the first large-scale assessment of the prevalence of TB in Hanoi. The prevalence rate was higher than expected, suggesting that a significant number of patients with active TB, particularly females, remain undiagnosed, thus representing a continuing potential source of transmission in the community.     

2011—2015年上海市崇明区肺结核疫情分析

2011—2015年国家结核病信息管理系统中登记的上海市崇明区肺结核患者878例,涂阳患者337例,涂阴患者515例;涂阳登记发病率、涂阴登记发病率分别为9.57/10万(337/3 519 800)、14.63/10万(515/3 519 800),5年间肺结核的发病率差异无统计学意义(χ ²=4.58,P=0.330)。登记死亡率为1.11/10万(39/3 519 800),登记病死率为0.44/10万(39/878)。男662例,女216例;构成比分别为75.40%(662/878)和24.60%(216/878)。肺结核患者发现方式构成比差异有统计学意义(χ ²=38.54,P=0.001),以“因症就诊”和“转诊”为主,各占77.22%(678/878)、21.07%(185/878)。878例患者中发病时间以6月份最多,占10.36%(91/878);2月份最少,占5.92%(52/878)。5年流动人口和户籍人口发病率分别为13.57/10万(105/773 700),28.15/10万(773/2 746 100), 差异有统计学意义(χ ²=51.44,P<0.01)。肺结核发病例数在各年龄段构成比差异无统计学意义(χ ²=26.84,P=0.310);发病例数较高的年龄段是≥65岁和55~65岁,各占29.84%(262/878)和20.27%(178/878)。职业分布以农民(27.90%,245/878)和离退休人员(21.07%,185/878)为主;涂阳337例,治愈297例,治愈率为88.13%;涂阴肺结核541例,治疗成功496例,治疗成功率为91.68%。2011—2015年崇明区肺结核防治效果略显成效;男性、户籍人口、中老年人发病率较高,为高危人群,应重点予以关注。