HPLC法测定复方柳安咖注射液中水杨酸钠、安替比林和咖啡因的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定复方柳安咖注射液中水杨酸钠、安替比林和咖啡因的含量。方法色谱柱:Agela TechnologiesC18柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:0.02mol.L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(用磷酸调节pH 2.6)-乙腈-甲醇(70∶15∶15);检测波长:280nm;柱温:35℃;流速:1.0mL.min-1;进样量:20μL。结果水杨酸钠、安替比林和咖啡因线性范围分别为13.79～124.1(r=0.999 9),4.016～36.14(r=0.999 9)和2.078～18.70μg.mL-1(r=0.999 9);平均回收率分别为100.1%(RSD为0.5%),100.0%(RSD为0.5%)和100.5%(RSD为0.4%)。结论该方法灵敏、准确、快速,专属性强,可有效地控制复方柳安咖注射液中水杨酸钠、安替比林、咖啡因的含量。     

HPLC测定复方柳安咖注射液中咖啡因的含量

目的 建立复方柳安咖注射液中咖啡因含量的HPLc测定方法.方法 用Kromasil C18色谱柱(250×4.6mm,5μm),以乙睛-0.1%磷酸溶液(30∶70)为流动相,流速为1.0ml·min-1,检测波长为273nm.结果 咖啡因在0.0927μg～0.2781μg(r=0.9995)范围内呈线性关系,平均回收率为99.26%,RSD=0.4%(n=9).结论 本法适用于复方柳安咖注射液中咖啡因的含量测定.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定复方柳安咖注射液中3组分含量

目的用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定复方柳安咖注射液中水杨酸钠、安替比林和咖啡因含量。方法采用Kromasil C18柱（250mm×4.6mm，5μm），以乙腈-0．1％磷酸二氢钾溶液（15：85）为流动相，流速为1.0mL／min，检测波长为272nm。结果水杨酸钠、安替比林和咖啡因进样量分别在0．7000～2、100Ixg（r=0.9999），0.2000--0.6000μg（r=0．9999）和0.1000—0．3000μg（r=0．9999）范围内与峰面积线性关系良好，平均回收率分别为99．1％，99.4％，99.7％，RSD分别为0．6％，0．5％，0．4％（n=9）。结论HPLC法可用于同时测定复方柳安咖注射液中水杨酸钠、安替比林和咖啡因的含量。     

HPLC法测定复方咖磷颗粒中咖啡因的含量

采用高效液相色谱法测定复方咖磷颗粒中咖啡因的含量.色谱柱为Alltima C18,流动相:甲醇-水(70:30),流速:1.0ml·min-1,检测波长:273nm.咖啡因在5～50μg·ml-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为100.6%(n=9),RSD为0.47%.     

HPLC法测定复方鱼腥草合剂中绿原酸、黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立同时测定复方鱼腥草合剂中绿原酸、黄芩苷的高效液相色谱法.方法:采用Sinochrom ODS-BP(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱;流动相为甲醇:0.2%磷酸溶液,进行梯度洗脱;柱温:30℃流速为0.9 ml·min-1,检测波长为315 nm.结果:绿原酸在0.1～1.0 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为100.26%,RSD=0.53%(n=9);黄芩苷在1.8～18.0 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.996 6),平均回收率为100.04%,RSD=0.87%(n=9).结论:本方法简便易行,能够准确、快速测定复方鱼腥草合剂中的绿原酸和黄芩苷的含量.     

新复方大青叶片中4种西药成分的含量测定方法的研究

目的:建立新复方大青叶片中扑热息痛、咖啡因、异戊巴比妥和维生素 C 的含量测定方法。方法:采用 HPLC 法测定了扑热息痛、咖啡因、异戊巴比妥和维生素 C 的含量。结果:扑热息痛在199.5～1247μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9998),平均回收率为99.81%,RSD=0.99%(n=6);咖啡因在20.64～129μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为100.8%,RSD=1.43%(n=6);异戊巴比妥在8.42～210.5μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9998),平均回收率为100.4%,RSD=1.41%(n=6);维生素 C 在40.48～253.0μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.36%,RSD=1.42%(n=6)。结论:含量测定方法简便准确,重复性好,可用于控制新复方大青叶片的质量。     

多波长系数法测定散利痛片中3组分的含量

目的 建立简单快速测定散利痛片中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、异丙安替比林含量的方法.方法 建立多波长系数法同时测定散利痛片中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、异丙安替比林3组分的含量.结果 对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、异丙安替比林线性范围分别为4.00～14.0 μg·mL-1 (r=0.999 4),0.806～2.82 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 3),2.40～8.40 μg·mL-1 (r=0.999 2),平均回收率分别为100.1%,100.4%,101.1%,RSD分别为1.4%,1.6%,1.2%(n=9).结论 本法方便、快速、准确,适用于散利痛片生产过程中的快速质量控制.     

HPLC法测定复方呋喃西林栓的含量

目的: 建立测定复方呋喃西林栓中呋喃西林和替硝唑含量的高效液相色谱法.方法: 用C18柱为固定相,以甲醇-水(30∶70)为流动相,检测波长为263 nm.结果: 呋喃西林和替硝唑分别在9.7～22.6 μg·ml-1和192.1～448.1 μg·ml-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r呋=0.999 8 r替=0.999 9),平均回收率分别为100.6%和100.4%,RSD为1.2%(n=5)和1.2%(n=5).结论: 用该法同时测定复方呋喃西林栓中两主药的含量简便、快速,准确可靠.     

高效液相色谱法测定脑塞通丸中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1的含量

目的建立脑塞通丸的含量测定方法.方法采用高效液相色谱法.色谱柱Agilent Technologies ZORBAX ExtendC18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长203 nm,柱温35℃.结果人参皂苷Rg1在8.516～425.8μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为97.6%,RSD=1.7%(n=6);人参皂苷Re在20.06～1003μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均加样回收率为97.6%,RSD=2.0%(n=6);人参皂苷Rb1在19.456～972.8μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均加样回收率为96.8%,RSD=1.3%(n=6).结论该方法简便易行,结果准确可靠,可适用于脑塞通丸的质量控制.     

HPLC法同时测定康复新液中尿嘧啶、次黄嘌呤及肌苷含量

目的:建立HPLC法同时测定康复新液中的尿嘧啶、次黄嘌呤及肌苷含量.方法:色谱柱:Wates SunfireTM C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm );甲醇-3%甲醇溶液(含0.07%醋酸)梯度洗脱;检测波长254 nm;进样量:10 μl.结果:尿嘧啶在4.92～34.44 μg·ml-1 (r=0.999 9),次黄嘌呤在12.43～87.06 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 9),肌苷在24.77～173.40μg·ml-1(r=0.999 9)的浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系.尿嘧啶的平均回收率为102.63%(RSD=1.78%);次黄嘌呤的平均回收率为99.13%(RSD=1.89%);肌苷的平均回收率为98.98%(RSD=1.33%).结论:该法操作简便、准确,重复性、稳定性好,可用于同时检测康复新液中尿嘧啶、次黄嘌呤及肌苷的含量.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.