原位肝移植术后早期内科并发症

目的　探讨原位肝移植术后早期内科并发症的治疗问题。方法　回顾性分析 1例原位肝移植术后早期内科并发症的发生原因与治疗过程。结果　由于多种原因 ,术后发生血液浓缩和电解质的紊乱、大量腹水、胸膜腔积液伴肺不张、心功能不全和心律紊乱、急性肾功能损害、凝血功能障碍和导管血栓等并发症 ,均被一一治愈。结论　肝移植术后早期内科并发症的处理要及时 ,制定措施要统筹兼顾 ,可转危为安     

原位肝移植术后病人的早期监护

目的总结肝移植术后病人在ICU监护期间的护理经验。方法通过对3例肝移植术后病人在ICU期间的生命体征、排斥反应、预防感染等的监测,总结肝移植术后的护理重点及方法。结果3例患者中2例治愈出院,1例正接受康复治疗。住院期间1例发生肺部感染,其余未出现并发症。结论细致的早期监测与护理,可减少术后并发症,提高肝移植成功率。     

肝移植术后弥漫性脑病的特点及危险因素分析

目的探讨肝移植术后弥漫性脑病(diffuse encephalopathy,DEP)的临床特征、影响因素、防治措施及预后。方法回顾性分析187例原位肝移植的临床资料,以术后发生DEP者为Ⅰ组,无DEP者为Ⅱ组,比较两组各项临床参数。结果肝移植术后DEP发生率13.37%。术前Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组慢加急性肝衰竭占48.0%和18.5%(P<0.01);肝功能Child C级占88.0%和65.4%(P<0.05);终末期肝病模型评分为(22.83±10.54)和(13.24±11.36)(P<0.05);总胆红素为(348.6±244.8)μmol/L和(174.3±134.2)μmol/L(P<0.01);血氨为(67.9±24.7)μmol/L和(39.7±14.8)μmol/L(P<0.05)。术中Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组出血量分别为(4108±1513)ml和(3112±1260)ml(P<0.05);平均动脉压<70mmHg例数占92.0%和64.8%(P<0.05);低血压持续时间为(12.4±6.4)min和(7.5±4.6)min(P<0.05);术后Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组病死率为16.0%和4.94%(P<0.05)。结论肝移植术后DEP与原发病种类及严重度、术中出血量及低血压持续时间、术后免疫抑制剂血药浓度等显著相关。     

Natural history, risk factors and management of hepatitis C after liver transplantation

Recurrent HCV is universal after liver transplantation in patients viremic at the time of transplantation and leads to cirrhosis in up to 30% of patients by five years. This has led to recurrent HCV emerging as an important yet controversial indication for liver retransplantation. Despite encouraging results with pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy in the non-transplant HCV population, these findings have not translated to transplant recipients where viral eradication is frequently unsuccessful largely due to drug intolerance. The lack of effective therapies, severe side effects and reports of hepatic decompensation despite HCV eradication raises the question of whether recurrent HCV genotype 1 should be treated with interferon-based therapies. Although protease inhibitors were recently approved for the treatment of genotype 1 HCV patients in combination with pegylated interferon and ribavirin, these new agents are contraindicated in liver transplant patients due to severe drug toxicity.     

Long-term outcome after liver transplantation

Liver transplantation is a life-saving therapy for patients with end-stage liver disease, acute liver failure, and liver tumors. Over the past 4 decades, improvements in surgical techniques, peritransplant intensive care, and immunosuppressive regimens have resulted in significant improvements in short-term survival. Focus has now shifted to addressing long-term complications and improving quality of life in liver recipients. These include adverse effects of immunosuppression; recurrence of the primary liver disease; and management of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, renal dysfunction, osteoporosis, and de novo malignancy. Issues such as posttransplant depression, employment, sexual function, fertility, and pregnancy must not be overlooked, as they have a direct impact on the liver recipient's quality of life. This review summarizes the latest data in long-term outcome after liver transplantation.     

17例全肝和9例活体肝移植术后感染病原菌分析

目的：通过研究全部以及部分肝移植术后感染的痛原菌分布等特点,探讨肝移植术后抗感染的有效治疗方式。方法：采用26例肝移植患者术后送检的血液经细菌常规培养、真菌培养所分离出的病原菌进行分析。结果：17例全肝移植术后细菌性感染的发生率为94．1％,病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌占72．4％,9例活体肝移植患者感染发生率88．9％,革兰阳性球菌53．99％。结论：肝移植术后常会出现细菌感染,但活体肝移植患者以革兰阳性球菌感染为主,而全肝移植以革兰阴性杆菌为主．本研究认为,相对而言,活体肝移植患者术后感染较易控制。     

Recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation

Infection with hepatitis C virus is the most common indication for liver transplantation in the United States. Although recurrence of hepatitis C virus infection is universal following transplantation, the natural history of posttransplantation hepatitis C varies. In general, however, posttransplant hepatitis C virus infection progresses relatively quickly, with 10%-20% of patients developing cirrhosis within 5 years. Risk factors for severe recurrent hepatitis C include donor age, female sex, treatment of rejection, preservation injury, and high viral load pretransplant or early posttransplant. Type of allograft, infection with cytomegalovirus, or type of calcineurin inhibitor used may not play a role. Treatment with interferon + ribavirin in recurrent hepatitis C virus shows mixed results. Sustained virologic response has been observed in only 8%-30% of patients, and side effects of these medications are considerable. Protease inhibitors are not yet approved for the posttransplant population, but clinical trials are under way.     

Donation after cardiac death in abdominal organ transplantation

This article reviews the field of donation after cardiac death, focusing on the history, ethicolegal issues, clinical outcomes, best practices, operative techniques, and emerging strategies to optimize utilization of this resource. Donation after cardiac death is one effective way to decrease the organ shortage and has contributed the largest recent increase in abdominal organ allografts. Currently, donation after cardiac death organs confer an increased risk of ischemic cholangiopathy after liver transplant and of delayed graft function after kidney transplant. As this field matures, risk factors for donation after cardiac death organ transplant will be further identified and clinical outcomes will improve as a result of protocol standardization and ongoing research.     

Caffeine metabolism before and after liver transplantation

AIM: To study drug metabolism in patients before and after liver transplantation using caffeine as a probe drug. Forty-five patients undergoing liver transplantation for various liver diseases and who had well documented dossiers were selected for the study. Before the liver transplantation and 1 month, 1 year, and 6 years after liver transplantation, they were given 200 mg of caffeine by the oral route in the morning after voiding their bladder. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected and caffeine and metabolites were determined by HPLC: 1-methylurate (1U), 1-methylxanthine (1X), 1.7-dimethylurate (17U), 1.7-dimethylxanthine (17X), 7-methylxanthine (7X), 3-methylxanthine (3X), 1.3-dimethylurate (13U), 3.7-dimethylxanthine (37X), 1.3-dimethylxanthine (13X), 1.3.7-trimethylxanthine = caffeine (137X). Indices of enzyme activities were calculated from the following urinary elimination ratios: (AFMU+1U+1X)/17U for CYP1A2, 17U/17X for CYP2A6, 1U/1X for xanthine oxidase (XO), AFMU/(AFMU+1U+1X) for N-acetyltransferase (NAT-2). RESULTS: Compared with results obtained in a group of 70 healthy subjects, caffeine metabolism before liver transplantation was deeply depressed with a decreased elimination rate in the case of all metabolites and a decreased CYP1A2 activity. Caffeine metabolism began to return to the control values one month after transplantation. One year and 6 years after liver transplantation, quantitatively, the metabolism of caffeine was stable and not different from control, but with qualitative modifications. CYP1A2 activity was decreased with reduced urinary elimination rates of 1X and 17X. XO and CYP2A6 activities and 1U and 17U urinary elimination rates were increased. Immunosuppressive treatment was possibly responsible for the metabolic pathway changes. Almost the same modifications were observed in 9 patients after bone marrow transplantation who had been treated with the same immunosuppressive drugs, cyclosporine and azathioprine. During severe rejection phases in 6 of the liver transplant patients, caffeine metabolism was progressively decreased when the usual liver function tests showed moderate but uniform changes. CONCLUSION: Despite an apparent normal drug-metabolic function, immunosuppressive treatment induces stable variations in drugmetabolic pathways after liver transplantation which can be detected from the changes in caffeine metabolism.     

Nonnephrotoxic immunosuppression in patients after liver transplantation

INTRODUCTION: Calcineurin inhibitor (CI)-associated renal impairment and renal failure after liver transplantation has been recognized since the early days of its use. Various strategies have been used to prevent or slow down the progression of renal dysfunction in liver transplant recipients, but did not succeed. In this report, we describe the course of renal function of 58 stable liver transplant recipients and compared 2 groups with different immunosuppressive protocols. METHODS: In the study group, 22 patients at various intervals from liver transplantation were included. The immunosuppressive therapy consisted of Sirolimus (SRL). Additional all patients except 2 received Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) and 14 of them also received Tacrolimus. Patients of the control group (36 patients) had an immunosuppressive therapy with calcineurin inhibitors. Patients were monitored for creatinine monthly and creatinine clearance (CCr) every sixth month. Risk factors for renal dysfunction were evaluated. RESULTS: After introduction of SRL in patients with renal impairment and after a mean follow-up time of 12 (2-26) months, there was a decrease of 28.3% in mean creatinine and of 41.8% in mean urea. We observed an improvement of renal function in all patients initially after introduction of SRL. In the control group, in comparison to preoperative levels, there was an increase of 27.5% in mean creatinine and of 13.3% in mean urea after a mean follow-up time of 3.6 years with CI therapy. CONCLUSION: The results of our retrospective study showed that with SRL renal impairment could be stopped and renal function could be improved. We suggest administering immunosuppressive therapy with SRL in combination with low dose Tacrolimus and/or MMF for patients with renal impairment.     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的处理措施

目的：探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症的处理措施。方法：总结2005年3月-2007年11月在肝脏移植中心行肝移植手术的125例患者的临床资料．分析肝移植术后胆道并发症的治疗措施及效果。结果：125例肝移植患者中共有22例受体发生了胆道并发症,发生率为17．6％（22／125）。其中,4例为胆漏,13例为胆道狭窄,1例为胆管炎,2例为胆道吻合口狭窄合并胆漏,1例为胆漏合并胆道铸型,另外1例为吻合口胆漏合并肝内胆道狭窄及胆道铸型。4例胆漏均获得治愈。7例单纯吻合口狭窄患者中5例最初行内镜治疗,4例治愈;而有肝内胆管狭窄的6例胆道狭窄患者,均行内镜介入治疗,仅1例有效。13例胆道狭窄患者中,7例单纯吻合口狭窄的患者均治愈,患者存活,而有肝内胆道狭窄的6例患者,有5例死亡,经统计分析差异有统计学意义（P=0．005）。结论：单纯胆漏或单纯吻合口狭窄大多可以通过非手术方法治愈,而肝内胆管狭窄保守及内镜介入治疗效果较差,常常需要手术重建胆道或再次移植。     

Management of hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation

Recurrent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has been associated with progression to cirrhosis in approximately 20% of patients, 5 years postoperatively. Accelerated decompensation has also been noted when compared with cirrhosis in non-transplant patients. Different treatment strategies are available for recurrent HCV infection post-OLT, but efforts are hindered by the modest response rates, poor tolerability and the risk of rejection as well as graft loss. Anti-HCV immunoglobulin therapy to prevent graft infection with HCV has no established role at present but studies are ongoing. Treatment prior to transplantation in patients with decompensated cirrhosis has been evaluated but the results are too preliminary to make firm recommendations. Prophylactic interferon-based antiviral therapy in the early postoperative period to prevent graft infection was shown to have low response rates and high rates of adverse effects. Treatment of established recurrent HCV infection with combination peginterferon (pegylated interferon) and ribavirin is associated with 10-59% sustained virological response and the predictive value of a positive early virological response has been validated in the post-transplant setting. Improvement in inflammatory activity after viral eradication is well established, but fibrosis regression or stabilisation is less predictable and factors such as rejection and biliary complications may still contribute to graft loss. Most studies have initiated therapy at least 6 months postoperatively in order to optimise patient tolerance and enable the addition of ribavirin. The use of adjuvant agents to treat drug-induced neutropenia and anaemia in this population is evolving and becoming a crucial part of therapy. Determination of optimal doses of both pegylated interferon and ribavirin, and guidance on when to stop treatment, as well as improving tolerability are important steps in achieving higher response rates and minimising drug toxicity.     

乌司他丁对DCD肝移植术后早期肝功能保护作用的研究

目的:探讨乌司他丁对心脏死亡器官捐献(donation after cardiac death,DCD)肝移植术后早期肝功能的保护作用.方法:选择60例于本院行DCD肝移植患者,随机分为实验组和对照组.实验组于术后第1~5日在常规治疗方案基础上按10000 U/kg·d-1予乌司他丁注射液分次静脉滴注,监测两组患者术后第1~5日丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBil)及C反应蛋白(CRP).结果:与对照组比较,实验组术后第4日AST、CRP及术后第5日ALT、AST、CRP水平降低(P<0.05).结论:DCD肝移植术后应用乌司他丁可以抑制术后早期炎症反应,促进术后早期移植肝功能的恢复.