同期鼻腔手术+悬雍垂腭咽成型术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的 探讨同期鼻腔手术+悬雍垂腭咽成型术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的疗效情况。方法 对40例伴有鼻阻塞的OSAHS患者分A、B两组,Ａ组行鼻腔手术+悬雍垂腭咽成型术(UPPP),Ｂ组行悬雍垂腭咽成型术,术后6个月复查睡眠监测,比较术前术后呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)。结果 Ａ、Ｂ两组OSAHS患者术后AHI平均值均降低,Ａ组有效率较Ｂ组高。结论 同期鼻腔手术+悬雍垂腭咽成型术治疗鼻腔、咽腔双平面阻塞的OSAHS患者效果可靠,值得推广。     

舌骨悬吊联合悬雍垂腭咽成型术治疗重症阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的：探讨舌骨悬吊联合腭咽成型手术治疗重症睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的手术方法和效果。方法：对22例符合重症阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征标准的患者进行了改良的舌骨悬吊联合腭咽成型手术，并对所有的患者进行了随访，对17例患者进行了手术前后的舌咽平面间隙的测量和睡眠呼吸监测。结果：随访结果显示，17例术后6、12个月两项睡眠监测指标均较术前有明显改变（P＜0.01），舌-咽距离由术前5.00～9.00?mm（平均为7.06?mm），增加到术后的9.00～13.00?mm（平均为11.00?mm）。打鼾症状明显减轻或消失，呼吸暂停次数明显减少，白天嗜睡消失或基本消失，精力充沛。根据杭州疗效评定标准，术后6个月及1年的有效率均为100%，但治愈率和显效率有所变化。结论：改良的舌骨悬吊联合腭咽成型手术简单，时间短，花费少，效果好，值得临床推广。     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗中度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的疗效观察

目的；探讨中度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）的手术疗效。方法：采用改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术（UPPP），即扩大软腭切除范围，解剖腭帆间隙，保留悬雍垂及咽腔的基本结构治疗64例此种患者。结果：术后随访，6个月时复查多导睡眠监测仪，显效21例（32.8%)。有效24例（37.5%)。总有效率为70.3%。无效19例(29.7%)。结论：改良UPPP是治疗中度OSAS的有效方法。     

等离子射频联合改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征50例

目的〓〖HTK〗探讨等离子射频联合改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的疗效。〖HTW〗方法〓〖HTK〗采用等离子射频消融术治疗下鼻甲肥大、舌根肥厚联合改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗OSAHS患者50例,回顾分析临床资料及疗效。〖HTW〗结果〓〖HTK〗术后6个月显效为60%,有效为35%,无效为5%,总有效率为95%;术后12个月显效为58%,有效为31%,无效为11%,总有效率为89%;术前与术后6个月、12个月的最长呼吸暂停时间、最长低通气时间、呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、最低血氧饱和度(LSaO2)差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;术后6个月、12个月的最长呼吸暂停时间、最长低通气时间、AHI、 LSaO2差异无统计学意义。〖HTW〗结论〓〖HTK〗对多平面阻塞OSAHS患者应进行联合治疗,等离子射频联合改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术可达到较好的疗效。     

改良腭咽成形术合并多部位射频消融术手术疗效

目的 探讨改良腭咽成形术合并多部位低温等离子射频消融术治疗中、重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)手术疗效.方法 采用改良腭咽成形术合并多部位低温等离子射频消融术治疗中重度多平面阻塞OSAHS患者83例,全部随访2年以上,术后6、12、24个月复查多导睡眠图,判定疗效.结果 随访2年后,83例患者中,治愈24例(28.9%),显效28例(33.7%),有效17例(20.5%),无效14例(16.9%),总有效率83.1%;患者手术前后睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)变化有极显著统计学差异(P＜0.01);重度OSAHS患者手术前后最低血氧饱和度(SaO2)有显著变化(P＜0.05);全部病例均未出现严重并发症.结论 改良腭咽成形术合并多部位低温等离子射频消融术是治疗中重度OSAHS安全、有效的方法.     

不同阻塞部位的重度OSAHS患者UPPP疗效观察

目的比较改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)治疗不同阻塞部位的重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的疗效.方法随机将重度OSAHS患者35例分为两组,通过Muller检查及MRI扫描确定腭咽、口咽及下咽阻塞部位.采用改良UPPP为主的综合治疗,全部病例术后随访6个月.结果两组35例中无下咽阻塞28例,术后随访总有效率85.7%(24/28),合并下咽阻塞7例,总有效率28.6%(2/7),差异有高度显著性(P＜0.01).结论选择重度OSAHS患者,确定咽腔阻塞部位是预测uPPP疗效的关键.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者HUPPP 手术前后食管压力的对比分析

摘要：目的探讨改良悬雍垂腭咽成形手术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者食管压力的影响。方法选取阻塞平面为腭咽部的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者，术前行上气道-食管压力测定，分析食管压力，行改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术，并于术后6个月复查上气道-食管压力，对测量结果进行对比分析。结果①阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者术前发生呼吸暂停时的最大平均食管压力与术前呼吸紊乱指数（r=0.604）、ESS评分（r=0.763）呈正相关，与术前最低血氧饱和度（r=-0.454）呈负相关，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。低通气时的最大平均食管压力与术前呼吸紊乱指数（r=0.600）、ESS评分（r=0.609）呈正相关，与术前最低血氧饱和度（r=-0.322）呈负相关，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。② 30例患者术后6个月复查上气道-食管压力，发生呼吸暂停时最大平均食管压力、低通气最大平均食管压力、呼吸事件时最大呼吸努力、呼吸努力次数、睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数及最低血氧饱和度结果术后、术前对比分析差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论食管压力可以作为评估阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者术前严重程度的一项参考指标。改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术后患者的食管压力得到一定程度改善，进一步肯定了改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术对改善腭咽阻塞为主的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者的病情和生活质量各方面有确切疗效。     

计算机辅助纤维喉镜检查预测改良UPPP手术疗效的意义

目的评价计算机辅助纤维喉镜检查结合Muller检查法(computer assisting fiberoptic prlaryngocopy with Muller maneuver,CFPMM)预测改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术(uvulopalatopharyngoplasty,UPPP)疗效的准确性,研究改良UPPP治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)的形态学基础。方法55例因OSAHS行改良UPPP手术的患者,根据术前CFPMM检查,将患者分为A组(单纯腭咽平面阻塞)35例,B组(腭咽、舌咽平面联合阻塞)20例。以问卷形式比较术前及术后6个月打鼾程度、嗜睡程度、计算体块指数,多导睡眠监测(polysomnography,PSG)判定两组患者客观疗效。同时分别对手术前CFPMM观察指标及手术前、后CFPMM指标的改变值与睡眠呼吸功能的改善值进行相关回归分析。结果呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)下降≥50％为显效,总显效率(未经筛选)为52．7％(29／55),A组显效率为68．57％(24／35),B组为25％(5／20),单纯腭咽平面阻塞组显效率明显高于腭咽、舌咽平面联合阻塞组。CFPMM预测手术显效符合率为68．57％(24／35),预测无效符合率为75％(15／20)。术后患者上气道形态学改变主要表现在腭咽横径加宽、截面积增大,矢状径改变不明显。咽壁顺应性也有明显的提高。手术前、后AHI的相对改变量与术前腭咽横径、腭咽最小截面积呈负相关。治疗前后睡眠最低动脉血氧饱和度的改变与腭咽最大塌陷截面积呈正相关,而与腭咽最大塌陷度呈负相关。手术前、后腭咽最小截面积、腭咽矢径／横径比值、舌咽最小截面积的变化可以解释69％的手术前、后睡眠呼吸暂停指数的变化。结论应用CFPMM选择改良UPPP手术适应证,可提高手术显效率。     

软腭、舌体低温等离子消融配合H-UPPP治疗重度OSAHS 30例分析

目的 探讨应用改良的悬雍垂腭咽成形术（H-UPPP）配合软腭、舌体低温等离子消融治疗腭-咽平面、舌-咽平面阻塞所致的重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的可行性、优越性和注意事项。方法 对30例经多导睡眠监测，Muller动作检测确定的因腭-咽平面、舌-咽平面阻塞所致的重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者进行了改良的悬雍垂腭咽成形术（H-UPPP）配合软腭、舌体低温等离子消融，术中完整保留悬雍垂,切除腭帆间隙脂肪组织,扩大软腭成形范围，并于软腭及舌体低温等离子打孔消融，全部患者均分别进行了术前和术后6个月、1年、3年多导睡眠监测。结果 按照杭州会议疗效评定标准，6月内有效率100.00%，1年有效率83.33%，3年有效率76.67%，无1例术中或术后行气管切开术，无1例出现软腭粘连、鼻咽狭窄、大出血、开放性鼻音、死亡。结论 对腭-咽平面、舌-咽平面阻塞所致的重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的患者，软腭、舌体低温等离子消融配合H-UPPP治疗是安全、有效的，具有简单、微创，无需气管切开，愈合快等优点，同时应注意术前应用CPAP治疗，全麻清醒后24h才拔出气管插管。     

等离子低温消融结合改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征53例报告

目的探讨低温等离子消融结合改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）的疗效。方法选取经多导睡眠图检查并确诊的OSAHS的患者53例,用等离子低温消融结合改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗,比较术前和术后3个月呼吸暂停低通气指数、最低血氧饱和度及Epworth嗜睡程度评分以确定疗效。结果术后随访3个月,与治疗前比较,术后3个月呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、最低血氧饱和度（LSaO2）、Epworth嗜睡评分（ESS）差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论等离子低温消融结合改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征近期（3个月）疗效满意。     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.