湛江市117例老年性白内障危险因素分析

[目的]调查老年性白内障的致病因素,为其防治提供理论依据。[方法]在湛江市50~80岁的老年人群中随机抽取117例确诊的白内障患者,同时选择212例确诊的非白内障患者作对照,用非条件logistic回归分析对危险因素进行分析。[结果]日晒、用眼疲劳、遗传因素、眼部疾病、慢性腹泻和糖尿病是危险因素,服用阿司匹林、食用蔬菜水果是保护因素。[结论]老年性白内障主要是遗传和环境因素共同作用的结果,白内障的防治工作应采取综合措施。     

年龄相关性白内障危险因素探讨

目的探讨可能引起年龄相关性白内障的危险因素,为制定年龄相关性白内障的预防措施提供依据。方法采用1：1病例对照研究方法,对南通市63对年龄相关性白内障及对照进行多变量测量。统计分析采用条件logis—tic回归进行单因素和逐步回归分析。结果单因素分析结果显示吸烟、胆固醇、紫外线、类固醇等药可能是白内障发病的危险因素。饮酒可能是保护因子。在条件logistic逐步回归分析中,眼部其他疾病、胆固醇、白内障家族史、糖尿病家族史、日光下作业最终进入方程。结论年龄相关性白内障的发病与多种因素有关。南通市白内障发病的危险因素基本具有其他地区人群共同的特点。     

鹿邑县老年性白内障患者发病因素的分析

目的 探讨老年性白内障发病规律及特点。方法 观察自笔者所在县2008年10月开展白内障复明术以来346例老年性白内障住院患者。结果老年性白内障发病率随着年龄增长呈现上升趋势。结论在全社会普及防治老年性白内障的知识．做到早发现、早诊断、早治疗,最大限度的降低致盲率。     

老年性白内障危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨老年性白内障的危险因素。方法 １：１配对的病例对照研究。结果 对单因素分析有意义的变量进行调整,调整后的结果表明：白内障家族史、糖尿病、近视、散光和其它眼病等疾病史、肉类摄入量低及同事中有糖尿病以及血糖高和血清ＨＤＬ－胆固醇高是老年性白内障的危险因素。结论 老年性白内障可能是由环境因素和遗传因素共同作用的结果。     

北京市房山区老年性白内障危险因素病例对照研究

通过病例对照研究探讨老年性白内障的危险因素，为病因学研究提供线索。１１３例病例选自１９９０年北京市房山区眼病普查中确诊的３８６例老年性白内障病人，并采用１∶１配对的方法从该地区随机抽取１１３名对照。研究结果表明高血压病史、开始眼花年龄、一级亲属家族史是老年性白内障的主要危险因素。结果提示老年性白内障是由环境因素和遗传因素共同作用而发生的老年性疾病。     

332例老年性白内障超声乳化的健康教育

老年性白内障是眼科最常见的白内障 ,随着年龄增长发病率增高。它是晶体老化过程中逐渐出现的进行性改变 ,目前认为与紫外线、全身疾病 ,如糖尿病、高血压、动脉硬化、遗传因素及晶状体营养和代谢状况有关。我国老年性白内障发病率约 5 5 0 0万人 ,致盲率占居首位 ,已成为危害我国老年人身体健康的主要因素之一。我院通过对中、老年性白内障及 332例老年性白内障超声乳化加人工晶体植入术 (p Haco IOL )病人的健康教育 ,根据老年人的生理心理与代谢的特点 ,为使患者能尽快地适应环境 ,了解掌握与之相关的知识 ,以减少患者在住院期间及手…     

微量元素与老年性白内障

老年性自内障是一种多见的与年龄相关的晶状体退行性变疾病。其主要症状是进行性视力减退,严重的自内障可致盲。多发于50岁以上的中老年人,发病率随年龄增加而升高,50岁以上发病率为60％-80％,80岁以上患病率近100％。其发病机制迄今尚未明了,年龄、职业、性别、遗传、紫外线辐射、以及糖尿病、高血压和营养状况等均是老年性白内障的发病危险因素。目前本病是世界上主要致盲之一,全世界大约有3000万-4000万人因本病致视力障碍。有1700万人因白内障致盲,且每年以100多万的数目递增,是威胁老年人视力健康的常见病、多发病。我国老年性白内障的发病率自北向南逐渐增高,南方显著高于北方,以西藏最高。近来许多学者研究晶体中微量元素与白内障的关系,发现老年性白内障的发生发展与微量元素的代谢失调有密切的关系。     

微量元素与老年性白内障

维持眼睛正常生理生化功能 ,必须有适量的微量元素锌、硒、镁等参与 ,否则就要发生眼生理生化功能紊乱 ,引起眼科疾病。重点概述老年性白内障在发病、防治中与微量元素过多、缺乏的关系     

老年性白内障患者平均住院日影响因素调查与分析

目的了解老年性白内障患者平均住院日的影响因素,为制定合理、可行的老年性白内障平均住院日标准提供依据。方法以某院2010年出院诊断为老年性白内障的449例患者为研究对象,分析其影响因素。结果术眼数量、伴随疾病、手术方式、术前住院日等是影响老年性白内障患者平均住院日的重要因素;等待手术和等待检查则是术前住院日过长的主要原因。结论卫生主管部门应依据患者病情及医疗机构等级来核定单病种平均住院日标准,以使标准相对合理、可行。医院应从设置必要的手术医生选择条件、合理安排假日值班人员等入手,缩短术前住院日天数。     

超声诊断老年性白内障的影像学优势

目的探讨老年性白内障的超声声像图特征。方法 224例265只眼进行超声检查,总结晶状体混浊的声像图分型特征,并与裂隙灯检查结果进行对照分析。结果超声对前房、晶状体、玻璃体、眼底及球后组织具有较好的显示,能清晰显示晶状体的形态及内部回声。声像图上老年性白内障分同心圆型,中心型,完全型及星点灶型。亦可进行白内障分期的影像学诊断。结论超声可对老年性白内障做出较准确的判断,有助于对老年性白内障的临床诊断及治疗,较其他影像学检查有明显优势。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.