阿托伐他汀对家兔颈动脉粥样硬化斑块内巨噬细胞浸润和平滑肌肌动蛋白表达的影响

目的: 研究阿托伐他汀对家兔颈动脉粥样硬化(AS)斑块内巨噬细胞及平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)表达的影响,并探讨他汀类药物稳定AS斑块的机制。方法: 24只健康雄性新西兰大耳白兔随机分为对照组（n=8）和高胆固醇血症组（n=16）。16只高胆固血症组的家兔喂饲高胆固醇饲料2周后,进行颈总动脉内膜球囊拉伤术,术后再随机等分为AS模型组和阿托伐他汀组［给予阿托伐他汀5 mg/(kg·d)］,两组均继续喂饲高胆固醇饲料10周。喂养第12周时处死动物,取颈总动脉进行石蜡切片,用酶标法检测不同时间点血清脂质和脂蛋白;应用光学显微镜观察AS的进程;采用免疫组化染色法检测巨噬细胞浸润和SMA在斑块处的表达。结果: 阿托伐他汀组的血清总胆固醇(TC)及低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)的浓度明显低于AS模型组(P<0.01),颈总动脉内膜的厚度较AS模型组显著变薄［(0.49±0.072) vs.(0.66±0.08) mm,P<0.05］。免疫组化染色法检测结果示,阿托伐他汀组血管壁中巨噬细胞的数量显著较模型组减少(P<0.05)而SMA的表达较AS模型组显著增多(P<0.01)。结论: 阿托伐他汀可能通过抑制AS斑块内巨噬细胞的浸润并增强SMA的表达,而发挥稳定斑块的作用。     

阿托伐他汀对大鼠动脉粥样硬化血红素氧合酶-1表达的影响

目的:建立大鼠动脉粥样硬化模型,探讨阿托伐他汀对大鼠动脉粥样硬化血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)表达的影响。方法:36只健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组(n=10,普通饮食)、模型对照组〔n=13,维生素D3(VD3)+高脂饮食〕和阿托伐他汀治疗组(n=13,VD3+高脂饮食和阿托伐他汀)。14周后处死大鼠,取血测定血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平;HE染色观察主动脉壁病理组织学变化;免疫组织化学法、逆转录-聚合酶链反应法(RT-PCR)检测斑块内HO-1及mRNA的表达。结果:模型对照组和阿托伐他汀治疗组血清脂质水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),均显著高于正常对照组(P<0.05);阿托伐他汀治疗组和模型对照组斑块内HO-1阳性细胞面积/扫描面积明显高于正常对照组[(6.16±2.05)(P<0.05)],阿托伐他汀治疗组(24.26±3.04)显著高于模型对照组[(16.20±2.33)(P<0.05)];模型对照组HO-1 mRNA的表达(0.998±0.019)较正常对照组(0.478±0.018)明显升高(P<0.05),阿托伐他汀治疗组(2.572±0.015)较模型对照组进一步升高(P<0.05)。结论:阿托伐他汀可能通过上调HO-1的表达而发挥其抗动脉粥样硬化的保护作用,其具体作用机制有待进一步研究。     

普罗布考和阿托伐他汀联合治疗颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的临床观察

目的研究普罗布考和阿托伐他汀联合应用对颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的治疗作用。方法90例确诊颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的患者随机分成普罗布考和阿托伐他汀联合治疗组(n=30),阿托伐他汀治疗组(n=30),对照组(n=30),共观察6个月。分别于治疗前、治疗后检测3组患者血脂[总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)]水平,并进行颈动脉超声检测颈动脉内膜一中膜厚度(intima-media thicknessIMT),及颈动脉内膜粥样硬化斑块,计算斑块面积。结果治疗6个月后普罗布考和阿托伐他汀联合治疗组对TC,TG,LDL降低,颈动脉IMT及颈动脉内膜斑块面积减少均较阿托伐他汀治疗组改善明显(P<0.05)。结论普罗布考和阿托伐他汀联用对颈动脉粥样硬化有显著的治疗作用。     

阿托伐他汀对脂肪组织中细胞组织因子的影响

目的观察高胆固醇(TC)食物喂养兔的脂肪组织和脂肪细胞组织因子(TF)表达及阿托伐他汀对其影响。方法24只兔随机分为3组,对照组给予普通饲料,高TC组喂以高脂饲料,阿托伐他汀组在高脂饲料喂养8周后加用阿托伐他汀干预4周,于第12周末取兔皮下脂肪组织,并分离培养脂肪细胞,RT-PCR测定脂肪组织和脂肪细胞TF mRNA表达;同时采血分离血浆,ELISA法测定血浆TF活性。结果高TC组血浆TF活性〔(0.074±0.029)g/L〕与对照组〔(0.033±0.011)g/L〕比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);该组脂肪组织和脂肪细胞TF mRNA表达分别为(1.084±0.130)和(0.980±0.140),高于对照组的(0.909±0.150)和(0.823±0.110),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);阿托伐他汀治疗后,该组脂肪组织和脂肪细胞TF mRNA表达分别为(0.901±0.150)和(0.803±0.120),低于高TC组(P<0.01),血浆TF活性〔(0.040±0.012)g/L〕降低(P<0.01)。结论高TC喂养兔脂肪组织和脂肪细胞表达TF增加,血浆活性增强;阿托伐他汀能明显抑制高TC喂养兔脂肪组织和脂肪细胞TF表达及活性,提示阿托伐他汀可能具有抗血栓作用。     

阿托伐他汀对兔动脉粥样硬化斑块近心端基质金属蛋白酶9表达的影响

目的 研究阿托伐他汀对兔主动脉粥样硬化斑块近心端基质金属蛋白酶9（MMP-9）表达的影响。方法 将30只雄性新西兰大白兔随机分为正常对照组（9只）、高脂饮食组（11只）、阿托伐他汀组（10只）。后两组给予高胆固醇饲料建立主动脉粥样硬化模型，至第9周始，高脂饮食组同时服用1．5mg·kg^-1·d^-1淀粉，阿托伐他汀组服用阿托伐他汀1．5mg·kg^-1·d^-1。处死兔后，对主动脉大体标本进行观察，发现内膜增生合并粥样斑块形成者视为模型建立成功。应用免疫组化法测定斑块近心端的巨噬细胞和平滑肌细胞阳性面积百分率以及MMP-9的表达。结果 ①高脂饮食组和阿托伐他汀组主动脉可见新生内膜形成，内一中膜厚度比值分别为1．41±0．34、0．63±0．12。②斑块中巨噬细胞分布部位正是MMP-9阳性表达区域，均聚集于斑块近心端。高脂饮食组和阿托伐他汀组主动脉斑块近心端巨噬细胞阳性面积百分比分别为（26．5±4．3）％、（12．4±1．5）％，MMP-9吸光度（A值）分别为0．081±0．014、0．022±0．004，两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。③高脂饮食组与阿托伐他汀组平滑肌细胞阳性面积百分比分别为（47．2±12．3）％、（50．4±10．8）％，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 动脉粥样硬化斑块内巨噬细胞及MMP-9表达主要位于主动脉粥样硬化斑块近心端，阿托伐他汀能显著减少此区域巨噬细胞聚集及MMP-9的表达。     

阿托伐他汀对急性冠状动脉综合征患者血清MMP-9及TIMP-1水平的影响

目的 :测定急性冠状动脉综合征 (ACS)患者经阿托伐他汀治疗前后血清明胶酶B(MMP 9)、基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子 1 (TIMP 1 )水平 ,探讨两者水平与粥样斑块破裂的关系及他汀类调脂药物稳定斑块的可能机制。方法 :选择稳定型心绞痛 (SAP)患者 3 0例 ,ACS患者 5 4例 ,并选择 3 0例健康人作为对照。随机将ACS患者分成阿托伐他汀治疗组 ( 3 0例 )及常规治疗组 ( 2 4例 ) ,比较各组患者血清MMP 9,TIMP 1水平变化。结果 :SAP、ACS、健康对照组三组之间MMP、TIMP 1水平比较差异有统计学意义 ,阿托伐他汀治疗组与常规治疗组治疗后血清MMP 9、TIMP 1水平相比差异有统计学意义。结论 :血清MMP 9升高及TIMP 1降低与粥样斑块破裂明显相关。阿托伐他汀可降低ACS患者血清MMP 9水平 ,升高TIMP 1水平 ,从而起到稳定斑块的作用     

阿托伐他汀对鼠动脉粥样硬化基质金属蛋白酶和蛋白激酶C的影响

目的观察鼠动脉粥样硬化时基质金属蛋白酶及蛋白激酶C的表达及阿托伐他汀的干预作用,从而初步探讨他汀类抑制基质金属蛋白酶的机制。方法将50只清洁级雌性SD大鼠分为对照组(n=10,正常饮食)、模型组(n=20,维生素D3 高脂饲料 正常饮食)和阿托伐他汀组(n=20,维生素D3 高脂饲料 阿托伐他汀),4个月后处死试验鼠并取主动脉起始部进行光镜和电镜观察,其余部分用于免疫印迹法检测基质金属蛋白酶和蛋白激酶C的表达。各组动物分别于实验前及实验结束时空腹股动脉取血,分离血清,检测血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白和高密度脂蛋白水平。结果模型组鼠血浆总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白水平显著高于对照组(P<0.01),阿托伐他汀能显著降低血脂学水平(P<0.01);模型组鼠主动脉基质金属蛋白酶2和9及蛋白激酶C的表达显著高于对照组(P<0.01),阿托伐他汀能显著抑制基质金属蛋白酶2和9及蛋白激酶C的表达(P<0.01);阿托伐他汀组鼠主动脉病理学改变显著。结论阿托伐他汀抑制蛋白激酶C,在抑制基质金属蛋白酶的表达、稳定粥样斑块过程中可能起重要作用。     

阿托伐他汀对高胆固醇血症兔主动脉环氧合酶2的影响

目的检测环氧合酶2在高胆固醇血症兔主动脉粥样硬化中的表达,探讨阿托伐他汀对环氧合酶2表达的影响及其意义。方法选取健康雄性新西兰兔24只,随机分为正常饮食组(n=8)和高胆固醇饮食组(n=16),喂养8周后,将后者随机分为高胆固醇血症组(n=8)和阿托伐他汀组[2.5 mg/(kg.d),n=8],继续喂养6周后,取各组兔主动脉,行动脉粥样硬化病变面积测定,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应检测主动脉环氧合酶2 mRNA的表达,酶联免疫吸附法测定血清白细胞介素6水平,免疫组织化学法测定主动脉粥样硬化斑块中环氧合酶2和基质金属蛋白酶9的表达。结果高胆固醇饮食兔经阿托伐他汀干预6周后,动脉粥样硬化斑块面积较高胆固醇血症组显著缩小(43.0%±12.5%比83.0%±11.6%,P<0.05)。高胆固醇饮食兔主动脉环氧合酶2 mRNA表达较正常饮食兔明显增强(1.03±0.09比0.09±0.01,P<0.05),阿托伐他汀干预后明显下降(0.57±0.10,P<0.05),且主动脉环氧合酶2 mRNA表达与斑块面积和血清白细胞介素6水平均呈正相关(r分别为0.803和0.795,P均<0.05)。高胆固醇血症组14周时主动脉粥样硬化斑块中环氧合酶2蛋白表达明显增强,而阿托伐他汀组显著性降低(62.4%±8.5%比34.3%±8.8%,P<0.05),且环氧合酶2蛋白表达与基质金属蛋白酶9的蛋白表达呈正相关(r=0.887,P<0.05)。结论环氧合酶2在动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展中可能起重要的促进作用,阿托伐他汀可能通过降低高胆固醇血症兔主动脉及其粥样斑块中环氧合酶2的表达,抑制基质金属蛋白酶9和白细胞介素6的分泌,从而发挥降脂以外的抗炎症作用。     

自发性高血压大鼠一侧颈动脉去外膜后血管内膜增生及阿托伐他汀的干预作用

目的研究自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)一侧颈动脉外膜去除后血管内膜增生及阿托伐他汀的干预作用。方法24只13周龄雄性SHR去除右侧颈动脉外膜后,随机分为3组(每组8只),分别为SHR组、阿托伐他汀组、缬沙坦组;8只同周龄雄性WKY大鼠作为正常血压对照组(WKY组)。机械和化学方法去除大鼠右侧颈动脉外膜,左侧作假手术对照。4周后,放免法测定血浆及双侧颈动脉血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)浓度,取双侧颈动脉制成光镜标本,病理图像分析系统测颈动脉管腔横截面积(LA)、内弹力层围绕面积(IELA)、外弹力层围绕面积(EELA),评价内膜和中膜增生程度。RT—PCR法检测颈动脉血管紧张素转换酶2 mRNA(ACE2 mRNA)表达,免疫组化法检测ACE2 mRNA、蛋白激酶C-ζ(PKC-ζ)和胞外信号调节激酶1／2(ERKl／2)蛋白表达。结果(1)与WKY组比较,SHR组双侧血管内膜明显增生(P<0．01),中膜面积显著增大[分别为(0．0240±0．0074)mm2和(0．0160±0．0052)mm2,P<0．05;(0．0250±0．0054)mM2和(0．0190±0．0035)mm2, P<0．01)],去外膜侧内膜增生较外膜完整侧显著(P<0．05);与SHR组比较,阿托伐他汀组内膜增生不显著(P<0．01);(2)与外膜完整侧比较,去外膜侧颈动脉AngⅡ浓度和PKC-ζ、ERK1／2蛋白表达均显著增高(P<0．01),ACE2 mRNA和蛋白表达均明显降低(P<0．01);与SHR组比较,阿托伐他汀组颈动脉AngⅡ浓度及PKC-ζ、ERK1／2蛋白表达显著降低(P<0．01),血浆AngⅡ浓度、ACE2 mRNA和蛋白表达显著升高(P<0．01)。结论SHR去除一侧颈动脉外膜后血管内膜增生明显,中膜面积增大,阿托伐他汀可显著改善这种改变。     

皮下脂肪细胞摄取氧化低密度脂蛋白及其机制探讨

目的　探讨皮下脂肪细胞摄取氧化低密度脂蛋白 (Ox -LDL)的可能机制和影响因素。方法　用高胆固醇饮食法建立动脉粥样硬化模型 ,将喂食高胆固醇兔随机给予 1 5mg·kg- 1·d- 1的阿托伐他汀 (n =5)或淀粉 (n =5) ,2周后取腹股沟处皮下脂肪组织进行脂肪细胞培养。测定细胞对12 5 I OxLDL的摄取情况。并检测过氧化物酶增殖型激活受体 (PPAR)γ和清道夫受体 (CD3 6)mRNA的表达情况。结果　正常组脂肪细胞对12 5 I OxLDL的特异性摄取量明显高于阿托伐他汀组和淀粉组 [(82 9± 3 0 )比 (682± 52 )和 (3 62± 2 6)ng/mg·细胞蛋白 ,P <0 0 5]。脂肪细胞对12 5 I OxLDL的特异性摄取量与PPARγmRNA(r =0 660 ,P =0 0 14 )和CD3 6mRNA (r =0 80 2 ,P <0 0 1)的表达以及血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平 (r = 0 855,P <0 0 1)相关。结论　兔皮下脂肪细胞具有摄取Ox LDL能力。高胆固醇血症时 ,皮下脂肪细胞对Ox LDL的摄取能力减弱 ,阿托伐他汀可能通过降低血胆固醇水平和调节PPARγ、CD3 6的表达来改善脂肪细胞对Ox LDL的摄取     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.