反相高效液相色谱法测定血清中甲硝唑浓度

本文报道用反相高效液相色谱法测定血清中甲硝唑浓度。采用Beckman344系列高效液相色谱仪,包括114型泵,160型固定波长254nm紫外检测器,yWGC_(18)不锈钢分析柱(250±4.6mm,10μm)。以甲醇:水:pH5.0饱和磷酸盐缓冲液(34.5:65:0.5为流动相,流速1.0ml/min,检测器灵敏度置0.005aufs。样品血清200μl,加入内标工作液100μl     

HPLC测定妇平胶囊中莪术醇含量的研究

目的 建立妇平胶囊中莪术醇的含量测定方法.方法 采用Agilent 6890N气相色谱仪,DiamonsilC18柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-0.3%磷酸溶液(60 :40);柱温:35℃;流速:0.8ml·min-1;进样量10?l;检测波长为520nm.结果 莪术醇进样量在2.836～28.364μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系,r = 0.9996;平均回收率为99.69%,RSD为4.76%.结论 本实验所建立的方法准确、快速,可用于妇平胶囊的质量控制.     

芦荟大黄素对豚鼠皮肤黑色素细胞NOS的影响--免疫组织化学研究

目的探讨豚鼠皮肤黑色素细胞在大黄有效成分的作用下,一氧化氮合酶(Nitric OxideSynthse;NOS)表达的变化,阐明大黄在活体皮肤中对黑素细胞的有效作用浓度和作用机制.方法将21只雄性豚鼠随机分成对照组及5个实验组,用芦荟大黄素5种浓度对局部皮肤皮下注射处理,48小时后取材,免疫组织化学方法(SABC)法显示NOS的表达,用光学显微镜和图象分析仪对结果进行统计分析.结果芦荟大黄素作用下,表皮黑素细胞NOS表达明显减少,光密度明显下降(P<0.05);不同浓度药物作用之间无显着差异(P＞0.05),加注侧与未加注侧之间无显著差异.结论芦荟大黄素对黑色素细胞NOS的表达具有调节作用,提示大黄对黑素细胞的调节是经NO信号介导途径,为大黄的临床应用提供实验依据.     

甘草悬浮培养细胞对芦荟大黄素的选择性糖基化

目的研究甘草悬浮培养细胞对芦荟大黄素的生物转化。方法将芦荟大黄素与甘草细胞悬浮培养细胞共孵育7 d后,培养液经由大孔吸附树脂处理,细胞用甲醇提取,合并两部分浸膏后依次采用Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱、正相硅胶柱色谱、反相半制备HPLC等技术进行分离纯化,利用质谱和核磁共振波谱技术进行结构鉴定。结果分离得到了一个芦荟大黄素的选择性糖基化产物——芦荟大黄素-(3-羟甲基)-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷。结论甘草悬浮培养细胞对芦荟大黄素具有位置选择性糖基化能力。     

大黄素等5种蒽醌衍生物的体外抗HIV-1活性(英)

目的：检测大黄素、大黄酸、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚和芦荟大黄素等蒽醌衍生物的体外抗HIV-1活性。方法： 在96孔培养板中加入不同浓度的衍生物,在倒置显微镜下观察HIV-1ⅢB急性感染的C8166细胞形成合胞体的数量,并用ELISA的方法检测培养上清中HIV-1 p24的抗原水平,得到相应的50%抗HIV-1有效浓度（EC50）。结果： 大黄素等蒽醌衍生物有较好的体外抗HIV-1活性,表现为：(1) 抑制HIV-1ⅢB感染诱导的合胞体形成, EC50均值分别为(11.44±0.93)μmol/L (大黄素),(51.28±2.86)μmol/L (大黄酸),(90.58±2.30)μmol/L (大黄酚),(8.59±0.38)μmol/L (大黄素甲醚) 和(0.89±0.08)μmol/L (芦荟大黄素);（2）抑制HIV-1ⅢB急性感染的C8166细胞p24抗原产生, EC50均值分别为(11.61±0.56)μmol/L (大黄素),(12.35±4.73)μmol/L (大黄酸),(39.63±2.87)μmol/L (大黄酚), >250 μmol/L (大黄素甲醚) 和(2.75±0.20)μmol/L (芦荟大黄素)。 结论： 大黄素等5种蒽醌衍生物具有不同水平的体外抗HIV-1活性,其中以芦荟大黄素的抑制活性最强。     

芦荟提取物对大鼠深Ⅱ度烫伤创面组织中炎症介质释放的影响

目的:探讨芦荟凝胶和芦荟粗多糖对大鼠烫伤创面组织中TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-8水平的影响。方法:48只Wistar大鼠随机分为两组:对照组(n=6)和烧伤组(n=42)。在烧伤组大鼠背部造成4个面积约为7cm2的深Ⅱ度烫伤创面,分别外敷单层纱布浸润的50g/L芦荟粗多糖膏、100g/L芦荟凝胶膏、10g/L磺胺嘧啶银(SD-Ag)霜和等渗盐水。根据创面用药的不同,烧伤组又分为芦荟粗多糖组、芦荟凝胶组、SD-Ag组、等渗盐水(NS)组,并在伤后4、12、24、48h和7、14、21d应用ELISA法测定创面组织中TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-8水平。结果:烫伤后各组创面组织中TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-8水平均高于对照组(P<0.05)。伤后12、24和48h,芦荟粗多糖组和芦荟凝胶组创面组织中TNF-α水平低于SD-Ag组和NS组(P<0.05);伤后4h,12h,7d及21d,芦荟粗多糖组和芦荟凝胶组创面组织中IL-1β水平也低于SD-Ag组和NS组(P<0.05);伤后4h,12h及14d,芦荟粗多糖组创面组织中IL-8水平低于SD-Ag组和NS组(P<0.05);而芦荟粗多糖组与芦荟凝胶组间比较,其差异无统计学意义。结论:芦荟粗多糖和芦荟凝胶均能有效减少烫伤创面组织中TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-8的释放,减轻创面炎性反应。     

HPLC法测定甘肃棘豆中金丝桃苷的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定甘肃棘豆中金丝桃苷含量的方法.方法 采用HPLC法,色谱柱:Phenomenex C18柱(250mm×4.60mm,5um);流动相A为含0.4%磷酸水溶液,流动相B为甲醇;流速为0.8ml/min,检测波长为350nm,柱温为25℃;进样量10μl;用标准曲线法定量,测定甘肃棘豆中金丝桃苷含量.结果 金丝桃苷在0～1.680μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为98.32%,RSD为2.19%(n=5).结论 本方法操作简单、重现性好,可用于测定甘肃棘豆中金丝桃苷含量.     

高效液相法测定不同产地栀子中栀子甙的含量

目的 建立以高效液相色谱法测定栀子中栀子武含量的方法.方法 色谱柱采用NucleosilC18柱(4.6mm×250mm,10?m);水-乙腈-磷酸(86:14:0.01)为流动相;检测波长238nm.结果 不同产地栀子中栀子甙含量有明显差异.结论 此法操作简单,快速,准确,重现性好,可作为栀子的含量测定方法和定性方法.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中依诺沙星浓度

本文报道用反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中依诺沙星浓度。采用Beckman 344系列高效液相色谱仪,包括114型泵,160型固定波长254nm紫外检测器,Ultrasphere-ODS柱(250×4.6mm,5μm)。以0.025mol/L醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.0):乙腈:二甲基甲酰胺:四丁基氢氧化铵=91∶4∶4∶1为流动相,流速1.2ml/min,检测器灵敏度置0.002aufs。样品血     

一次性输液器中ATBC溶出量的测定方法

目的建立测定一次性输液器在使用过程中其增塑剂乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯(acetyl tributyl citrate,ATBC)溶出量的气相色谱(gas chromatography,GC)方法,并对其临床使用过程中的安全性进行研究和验证。方法分别利用非脂溶性和脂溶性溶液模拟临床输液环境,探讨一次性输液器中ATBC溶出量测定方法的准确性和有效性。非脂溶性溶液,色谱柱:岛津Rtx-624毛细管柱(30 m×0.53 mm,3μm);脂溶性溶液,色谱柱:DB-624毛细管柱(30 m×0.45 mm,3μm);其他条件二者均相同,氢气:40m L/min;空气:400 m L/min;氮气:15 m L/min作为流动相;内标物:十六烷;柱温:240℃;进样量:1μL。结果非脂溶性溶液中,ATBC在10~200μg/m L内呈良好线性关系,相关系数为0.9999,平均回收率为97.44%(RSD2.4%);脂溶性溶液中,ATBC在10~200μg/m L内呈良好线性关系,相关系数为0.9999,平均回收率为92.02%(RSD7.9%)。结论利用气相色谱法测定ATBC溶出量,精确度高、回收率好。该方法可用于ATBC含量分析,为以ATBC作为塑化剂的一次性输液器质量控制及进一步研究提供参考。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.