鼻咽癌组织中EB病毒定量检测的临床意义

目的:探讨鼻咽癌组织中EB病毒(EBV)定量检测的意义。方法:应用荧光定量PCR(real-timePCR)技术定量检测30例鼻咽低分化鳞癌患者癌组织、癌旁组织及15例正常健康人鼻咽黏膜组织中的EBV拷贝数,并比较三者检测结果。结果:正常人鼻咽黏膜EBV检出率为73.3%(11/15),平均拷贝数为6.5×102μg-1;鼻咽癌和癌旁组织EBV检出率为100%(30/30)和76.7%(23/30),平均拷贝数分别为6.7×105μg-1DNA和1.3×105μg-1DNA。正常人鼻咽黏膜、鼻咽癌患者癌旁组织感染EBV的概率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);鼻咽癌组织、癌旁和正常黏膜组织3者之间,鼻咽癌与癌旁组织之间,癌旁和正常黏膜组织之间EBV拷贝数差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:鼻咽癌与癌旁组织感染EBV的数量明显高于正常鼻咽黏膜,EBV感染量是鼻咽癌致病的重要因素,定量检测鼻咽癌组织中EB病毒有助于临床判断病情。     

食管鳞癌组织中线粒体DNA拷贝数量的变化及意义

目的：比较线粒体DNA（mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA）拷贝数量在食管鳞癌、癌旁粘膜和正常食管粘膜组织间的差异,探讨mtDNA与食管鳞癌发生、发展的关系。方法：应用荧光定量PCR（real-time PCR）技术,定量检测42例食管鳞癌、癌旁粘膜和正常食管粘膜组织中mtDNA拷贝数;并采用凝胶电泳对mtDNA进行定性检测。结果：食管鳞癌组织中mtDNA检测率为100%（42/42）,平均拷贝数为27.1894×106μgDNA;正常食管粘膜组织mtDNA检测率100%（42/42）,平均拷贝数为5.9347×106μgDNA;癌旁粘膜组织mtDNA检测率100%（42/42）,平均拷贝数为9.4102×106μgDNA,三者之间有显著差异（F=27.83,P〈0.05）。PCR产物经凝胶电泳后,在403bp处显示阳性条带,且食管鳞癌组织所在的泳道较亮,与real-timePCR检测结果一致。结论：mtDNA拷贝数量的增加与食管鳞癌的发生、发展有关。     

EB病毒阳性肺癌组织中LMP-1、p53、Bcl-2及MMP-9表达

[目的]检测EB病毒(EBV)阳性肺癌组织中EBV潜伏感染膜蛋白-1(LMP-1)、p53、Bcl-2及基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表达情况,分析它们与肺癌发生发展的关系。[方法]采用原位杂交法检测108例肺癌组织和22例癌旁正常肺组织中EBV编码的小RNA-1(EBV encoded small RNA-1,EBER-1)。免疫组织化学的方法检测EBER-1阳性和阴性肺癌组织中LMP-1、p53、Bcl-2及MMP-9的表达。[结果]108例肺癌组织中EBER-1阳性36例,阳性率33.3%;22例癌旁正常肺组织中EBER-1阳性1例,阳性率4.5%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。EBER-1阳性和阴性的肺癌组织中LMP-1阳性率分别为11.1%和4.2%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);在EBER-1阳性肺癌组织中p53、Bcl-2的平均面积(AA)和积分光密度(IOD)均高于阴性组,差异有统计学意义。在EBER-1阳性肺癌组织中MMP-9AA和IOD均高于阴性组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。[结论]EBV感染可能通过影响LMP-1、Bcl-2、p53和MMP-9在肺癌组织中的表达,进而在肺癌的发生、发展和转移中发挥作用。     

EB病毒DNA在鼻咽病变中的表现

本文通过原位杂交技术检测鼻咽活检组织不同病理改变时EBV—DNA的表现,以探讨EB病毒在鼻咽癌发生过程中的可能作用。结果显示:(1)本实验所有鼻咽低分化癌癌组织均出现EBV—DNA片段,且绝大部分病例的阳性细胞数及细胞阳性强度均在中等以上;(2)无论是鼻咽癌或慢性鼻咽炎病例,所见到的中-重度异型改变上皮或淋巴组织,均有数量不等的细胞存在阳性强度不同的EBV-DNA片段,粘膜下小涎腺内亦常见到一定数量的EBV-DNA片段。结果提示:(1)EB病毒与鼻咽低分化癌关系密切。EBV作为致鼻咽癌病因多因素中的一员是有可能的;(2)患者血清中EB病毒相关抗体,尤其是IgA抗体阳性率和滴度的升高,可能与鼻咽局部EBV感染及/或EBV激活有关;(3)在异型改变上皮中有中等或以上阳性强度EBV-DNA片段的检出,将有可能作为推测鼻咽癌癌前病变的有效指标。     

凋亡抑制因子Survivin在鼻咽癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的:探讨凋亡抑制因子Survivin在鼻咽癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法:采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和Westernblot免疫印迹法,检测25例鼻咽癌组织及对应的对侧鼻咽部黏膜、10例正常人的鼻咽部黏膜组织中SurvivinmR-NA和蛋白的表达。结果:Survivin在正常鼻咽部黏膜组织中不表达。80·0%(20/25)的鼻咽癌组织和40·0%(10/25)的对应对侧相对正常鼻咽部黏膜中均可检测到Survivin基因mRNA和蛋白的表达,SurvivinmRNA在鼻咽癌组织中的表达较对应的对侧鼻咽部黏膜组织高,其吸光度(A)比值分别为0·83±0·22和0·29±0·14,差异有统计学意义,P=0·00;Survivin蛋白在鼻咽癌中的表达同样高于对侧鼻咽部黏膜组织,其A值分别为33680±1466和17925±1908,差异有统计学意义,P=0·00。Ⅲ Ⅳ期的鼻咽癌患者中Survivin表达强度明显高于Ⅰ Ⅱ期的鼻咽癌患者,P<0·05。鼻咽癌组织中Survivin表达强度与患者的年龄、性别、分化程度及有无淋巴结转移无相关性,P>0·05。结论:Survivin的过度表达可能在鼻咽癌发生、发展过程中起一定作用,检测Survivin在鼻咽癌中的表达对鼻咽癌的诊断、临床分期有一定意义。     

定量分析鼻咽癌患者外周血游离EBV

目的:分析外周血游离Epstein-Barr病毒(EBV)是否特异地出现于鼻咽癌患者。方法:收集鼻咽癌患者和非鼻咽癌肿瘤患者血浆各50例,正常人血浆30例,提取DNA,荧光定量PCR检测EBV拷贝数,比较游离EBV在上述人群的差异。结果:在25例(50%)鼻咽癌患者血浆中检测到游离EBV,其拷贝数波动于1×103拷贝/ml血浆～2.6×106拷贝/ml血浆,中位数为5.3×105拷贝/ml血浆。在50例非鼻咽癌肿瘤患者和30例正常人血浆中均未检测到游离EBV。结论:游离EBV出现于鼻咽癌患者外周血,可能是一个较特异的鼻咽癌标志物。     

鼻咽癌组织学类型与EB病毒感染的关系

[目的]研究不同组织学类型鼻咽癌与EB病毒感染的关系.[方法]收集4种主要组织学类型的鼻咽癌288例,用原位杂交方法检测癌巢及肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞的EB病毒编码小RNAs(EBERs)的表达,其中EBERs阳性的31例非角化性癌和19例角化性鳞状细胞癌,进一步用原位杂交法检测EB病毒溶解期产物EA-D(early antigen-diffuse,EA-D)mRNA的表达.[结果]接近100%的鼻咽非角化性癌(99.32%,145/146)显示出EBERs阳性信号,鼻咽腺癌EBERs阳性率明显小于角化性鳞状细胞癌,分别是35.90%(14/39)、84.38%(81/96).双向分化的腺鳞癌的EBERs阳性率(71.43%,5/7)处于非角化性癌/角化性鳞状细胞癌(93.39%,226/242)与腺癌(35.90%,14/39)之间.非角化性鳞状细胞癌、腺癌、角化性鳞状细胞癌分别有23例(23/146,15.75%)、16例(41.03%,16/39)、31例(31/96,32.29%)可见表达EBERs的肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞.角化性鳞状细胞癌的EA-D mRNA表达率高于非角化性癌,分别是78.95%(15/19)、16.13%(5/31).[结论]4种不同组织学类型鼻咽癌的EB病毒感染率与感染状态不完全一致.鼻咽非角化性癌总是与EB病毒的潜伏感染密切相关,角化性鳞状细胞癌组织中的分化不良成分也与EB病毒潜伏感染关系密切,其中分化良好的癌细胞经常可以检测到EB病毒的溶解性感染产物表达.鼻咽腺癌与EB病毒感染的关系并不密切.     

鼻咽癌患者外周血及肿瘤原发部位的病毒检测及意义

鼻咽癌是我国常见的恶性肿瘤,EB病毒（Epstein-Barr virus,EBV）感染是鼻咽癌发生的重要因素.鼻咽上皮细胞的EBV感染是癌变过程中侵袭前的变化,几乎在100％的鼻咽癌活检组织中存在EBV的基因.目前,利用聚合酶链反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）技术检测鼻咽癌患者血浆中EBV-DNA已应用于临床,检出率达96％,而传统的原位杂交方法在鼻咽癌组织中EBV编码的小RNA（EBV-encoded small RNA,EBER）仍有显著表达.本文在鼻咽癌患者外周血及鼻咽部活检组织石蜡标本中联合检测鼻咽癌患者外周血中EBV-DNA载量与鼻咽癌组织中EBER表达的差异,探讨EBV感染在鼻咽癌变过程中的变化,并对同一患者的标本进行两种方法的研究.     

circFTO靶向JAK2/STAT3信号通路促进鼻咽癌的恶性进展

目的:探讨circFTO在鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma, NPC)组织中的表达及其调控鼻咽癌恶性进展的机制。方法:使用荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH)检测鼻咽癌癌组织和癌旁组织中circFTO的表达水平及circFTO亚细胞定位。采用RT-qPCR检测鼻咽癌细胞系中的circFTO表达水平。同时构建circFTO干扰载体转染鼻咽癌细胞,并利用流式细胞术、EDU实验、CCK-8、Western blot等探索circFTO在鼻咽癌中的功能。结果:circFTO在鼻咽癌组织和细胞中表达上调,且circFTO主要定位在细胞质中(P<0.01)。沉默circFTO能显著抑制鼻咽癌细胞的增殖、迁移能力,促进鼻咽癌细胞的凋亡和凋亡相关蛋白的表达(P<0.05)。沉默circFTO会将鼻咽癌细胞的细胞周期阻遏于G₀/G₁期(P<0.000 1)。此外,机制研究表明,沉默circFTO会显著下调鼻咽癌细胞中pJAK2和pSTAT3蛋白的表达,同时...     

组织芯片技术检测人鼻咽癌组织及细胞株KIAA1173基因的表达

背景与目的:鼻咽癌(nasopharyngealcarcinoma,NPC)致病的分子机制至今仍不清楚,已有研究表明,染色体3p21～22区域存在与鼻咽癌发生密切相关的抑癌基因。KIAA1173基因是定位于3p22.1的一个新的肿瘤相关基因,其与NPC发病的关系尚未见报道。本研究采用KIAA1173基因特异性原位杂交探针,检测其在NPC组织及细胞株中的表达,探讨KIAA1173基因与NPC发病的关系。方法:克隆KIAA1173基因片段(354bp),并制备cDNA探针;采用组织芯片技术,通过原位杂交检测73例鼻咽部不同组织标本(41例NPC、18例鼻咽非典型增生上皮、14例正常鼻咽粘膜上皮)和6种NPC细胞株(CNE1、CNE2、HNE1、HNE2、6-10B、5-8F)中KIAA1173基因mRNA的表达情况。结果:KIAA1173基因在NPC细胞、非典型增生上皮和正常鼻咽粘膜上皮的阳性率分别为21.9%(9/41)、83.3%(15/18)、92.8%(13/14),而6种NPC细胞株均未见表达;在正常鼻咽粘膜上皮和非典型增生上皮中强阳性率分别是64.3%(9/14)和38.9%(7/18),而NPC中无强阳性,在鼻咽部不同上皮组织中的表达差异有显著性(P<0.001);在38例伴有淋巴细胞浸润的NPC组织中,癌细胞与浸润淋巴细胞之间KIAA1173基因表达有显著性差异(P=0.026),并且呈明显负相关(κ=-0.337,P=0.020)。结论:KIAA1173基因在鼻咽部不同组织中表达不同,正常鼻咽上皮强表达,而NPC细胞中低表达甚至不表达,提示该基因可能参与NPC演变的过程。     

Farnesyltransferase inhibitors: antineoplastic properties, mechanisms of action, and clinical prospects

Farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitors are among the current wave of molecularly targeted anti-cancer agents being used to attack malignancy in a rational manner. A large body of preclinical data indicates that FTase inhibitors block cancer cell proliferation through both cytostatic and cytotoxic effects. Interestingly, FTase inhibitors have rather limited effects on normal cell function, suggesting that they may target unique aspects of cancer cell pathophysiology. The development of FTase inhibitors was predicated on the discovery that the Ras oncoproteins must be post-translationally modified to transform cells. However, recent work indicates that the anti-neoplastic effects of FTase inhibitors depend on altering the post-translational modifications of non-Ras proteins as well. In particular, a critical target protein that responds to FTase inhibition by blocking tumor cell growth is RhoB, an endosomal Rho protein that functions in receptor trafficking. In this review, we survey the biological foundations for the clinical development of FTase inhibitors, and consider some of the latest mechanistic studies that reveal how these agents affect cellular physiology.     

Targeting tumor vasculature with homing peptides from phage display

Tumor vasculature expresses a number of molecular markers at much lower levels than those seen in the blood vessels of normal tissues, and in some cases, such markers are undetectable. The presence of these markers relates to angiogenesis; the same markers are shared by all blood vessels undergoing angiogenesis. The endothelial cells, pericytes and smooth muscle cells, and the vascular extracellular matrix in angiogenic vessels can each express such markers. Molecularly, they represent vascular growth factor receptors, cell adhesion proteins and their receptors. Screening of phage display libraries for peptides that home to tumor vasculature when injected into mice has recently provided a new tool for analyzing the distinguishing features of tumor vasculature. Tumor-homing peptides isolated in this manner, as well as an antibody against a form of fibronectin expressed in tumor blood vessels, have been found to serve as targeting devices to concentrate drugs and other therapeutic materials to tumors in in vivo models. Such a targeting strategy can therefore potentially improve the efficacy of drugs and reduce their side effects.     

Identification of EBV transforming genes by recombinant EBV technology

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is able to infect primary B-lymphocytes but usually does not proceed to replicate more virions. Instead, EBV persists as an incomplete virus and expresses 12 gene products that transform the growth of these cells into continuously proliferating lymphoblastoid cell lines. Because EBV is associated with several human malignancies, there is intense interest in delineating the molecular functions of these EBV gene products in transformation. This review focuses on the recombinant EBV technologies that have been developed to introduce specific mutations into EBV and test the functions of these EBV genes in primary B-lymphocyte growth transformation.     

Matrix metalloproteinases in tumor invasion and metastasis

Extensive work on the mechanisms of tumor invasion and metastasis has identified matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as key players in the events that underlie tumor dissemination. Studies using natural and synthetic MMP inhibitors, as well as tumor cells transfected with cDNAs encoding the MMPs characterized thus far have provided compelling evidence that MMP activity can induce or enhance tumor survival, invasion and metastasis. Because of the ability of MMPs to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, the principal mechanism whereby MMPs promote tumor development has been thought to be the proteolytic breakdown of tissue barriers to invasion and the associated facilitation of circulating tumor cell extravasation. However, recent evidence stemming from the use of novel experimental approaches indicates that MMPs do not play a major role in the process of extravasation itself. Rather, they appear to promote intravasation (the process of penetrating the circulation following invasion of blood vessels) and regulate the relationship between tumor cells and host tissue stroma subsequent to extravasation. In addition, the discoveries that a growing number of proteolytically active MMPs may localize to the cell surface in association with adhesion receptors, and that MMP substrates include latent cytokines and growth factors, provide a new conceptual framework for the mechanisms whereby MMPs influence tumor behavior.     

New aspects of integrin signaling in cancer

Members of the integrin family of cell adhesion receptors influence several important aspects of cancer cell behavior, including motility and invasiveness, cell growth, and cell survival. Engagement of integrins with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins can activate members of the Rho-family of small GTPases; conversely, Rho- and Ras-family proteins can influence the ability of integrins to bind their ligands. These events impinge on the control of cell motility, and ultimately on invasive and metastatic behavior. Integrin engagement with ECM also has important effects on cell survival, particularly for cells of epithelial origin. In some cases, specific integrins have selective effects on the efficiency of signal transduction in cell survival pathways.     

Role of LMP1 in immune control of EBV infection

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encoded latent membrane protein (LMP1) plays a crucial role in the long-term persistence of this virus within the cells of the immune system. Not only is this protein critical for the transformation of resting B cells by EBV, it also displays pleiotropic effects on various cellular proteins expressed in the host cell. These include up-regulation of expression of B cell activation antigens, adhesion molecules and various components of the antigen processing pathway. Here we discuss how LMP1 acts like an expression 'switch' which, depending on the stage of EBV infection, manoeuvres various pathways that either modulate the immune system towards or against its survival.     

腹部压块对膈肌运动影响的研究

目的 :研究腹部压块对膈肌运动的影响。方法 :选择拟行立体适形放疗患有肺癌或肝脏肿瘤的患者 2 0例。按治疗体位仰卧于体部立体放疗定位负压袋内 ,待患者呼吸平稳后 ,将灯光野的中心点置于膈顶运动的最低点 ,在膈肌运动至最高位时拍摄照片 ,测量膈肌运动的最大幅度 ;然后 ,将心形腹部压块放置于患者剑突下 ,并用定位框架的腹带交叉固定 ,按压程度以不引起患者呼吸困难或其他不适为标准 ,5min后按上述方法再次测量膈肌运动的最大幅度。结果 :2 0例患者未加腹部压块的运动幅度为0 6 2～ 2 6 7cm ,平均 (1 4± 0 6 4)cm ,加腹部压块后的膈肌运动幅度为 0 2 8～ 2 0 8cm ,平均 (1 0±0 5 5 )cm ,加腹部压块后膈肌运动幅度平均减小 (0 4± 0 34)cm ,P =0 0 0 0。加腹部压块后 90 % (18/2 0 )的患者膈肌运动幅度受到不同程度的限制 ,但有 10 % (2 /2 0 )的患者膈肌运动幅度增加。结论 :腹部压块可使大部分患者膈肌运动的幅度减小 ,但少部分患者例外 ,即腹部压块并不能使所有膈肌周围肿瘤的照射容积减少。建议在制定放射治疗计划前应预先进行测量和评价     

ABCG2在肺癌中表达的定量研究

目的 观察ABCG2在肺癌和癌周肺组织的表达,从量化角度阐明其在肺癌组织中表达的病理学意义.方法 常规石蜡包埋、HE切片确诊,用免疫组化SP法检测ABCG2在肺癌和癌周肺组织的定位和表达,用LeicaQ500MC图像分析系统对其表达强度进行定量分析,并用表达的阳性单位(positive unit PU)反映其表达强度.结果 ABCG2蛋白在肺癌和癌周正常肺组织中的表达主要定位在细胞质和细胞膜.在癌周正常肺组织的支气管和细支气管上皮呈弥漫表达,腺上皮呈灶性表达;肺鳞癌和肺腺癌弥漫或大片表达,肺鳞癌表达的PU值高于肺腺癌(P＜0.001),肺大细胞癌和肺小细胞癌不表达,PU值接近于零.癌周肺组织表达的PU值高于各型肺癌(P＜0.05).ABCG2蛋白表达的PU值在肺癌原发灶和转移灶之间无差别(P＞0.05),且与肺癌患者的性别、年龄、转移和TNM分期未见明显相关性(P＞0.05),与肺癌分化程度有关(P＜0.001).分化程度越高,PU值越高,但高分化肺癌和癌周肺组织的表达PU值差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 ABCG2蛋白表达程度与肺癌类型及分化程度具有相关性,可能成为判断其指标之一.     

Telomerase and human tumorigenesis

Human cancer cells, unlike their normal counterparts, have shed the molecular restraints to limited cell growth and are immortal. Exactly how cancer cells manage this at the molecular level is beginning to be understood. Human cells must overcome two barriers to cellular proliferation. The first barrier, referred to as senescence, minimally involves the p53 and Rb tumor-suppressor pathways. Inactivation of these pathways results in some extension of lifespan. However, inactivation of these pathways is insufficient for immortalization. As normal cells undergo repeated rounds of DNA replication, their telomeres shorten due to the inability of traditional DNA polymerases to completely replicate the end of the chromosomal DNA. This shortening continues until the cells reach a second proliferative block referred to as crisis, which is characterized by chromosomal instability, end-to-end fusions, and cell death. Stabilization of the telomeric DNA through either telomerase activation or the activation of the alternative mechanism of telomere maintenance (ALT) is essential if the cells are to survive and proliferate indefinitely. Conversely, loss of telomere stabilization by an already-immortalized cell results in loss of immortality and cell death. Together this indicates that telomere maintenance is a critical component of immortality. In this review we attempt to describe our current understanding of the role of telomere maintenance in senescence, crisis, and tumorigenesis.     

Post-translational regulation of COX2 activity by FYN in prostate cancer cells

While increased COX2 expression and prostaglandin levels are elevated in human cancers, the mechanisms of COX2 regulation at the post-translational level are unknown. Initial observation that COX2 forms adduct with non-receptor tyrosine kinase FYN, prompted us to study FYN-mediated post-translational regulation of COX2. We found that FYN increased COX2 activity in prostate cancer cells DU145, independent of changes in COX2 or COX1 protein expression levels. We report that FYN phosphorylates human COX2 on Tyr 446, and while corresponding phospho-mimetic COX2 mutation promotes COX2 activity, the phosphorylation blocking mutation prevents FYN-mediated increase in COX2 activity.