Hangman骨折伴椎间盘损伤的诊断与外科治疗

目的探讨Hangman骨折伴C2-3椎间盘损伤的病理特点及其外科治疗方法。方法21例Hangman骨折伴颈2-3椎间盘损伤患者,均进行颈椎前路C2-3椎间隙融合术,其中18例行颈前路钢板固定。分析其损伤类型、影像学特点和疗效。结果未出现神经症状加重、植骨块移位、吸收和切13感染等并发症,新鲜骨折的枢椎脱位和C2-3成角得到良好恢复,术后6个月C2-3植骨以及枢椎椎弓骨折都获得骨性融合。随访8个月至4年,平均随访2年7个月,绝大部分术前症状消失。结论Hangman骨折并不限定于枢椎椎弓根骨折,合并椎间盘损伤的Hangman骨折是一种特殊的骨折类型,颈椎前路融合手术是符合其病理生理特点的手术方法。     

Hangman骨折的手术治疗

目的:探讨Hangman骨折的临床、影像学特点及治疗。方法:回顾分析14例Hangman骨折患者的临床资料,男13例,女1例;平均年龄31岁。根据Levine-Edwards的X线分型:Ⅰ型1例,Ⅱ型7例,ⅡA型3例,Ⅲ型3例。3例合并神经症状。3例采用后路C2椎弓根螺钉固定;8例前路手术,行C2,3椎间盘切除及植骨,颈前路钢板固定;3例后路复位,行前路C2,3椎间盘切除植骨钢板内固定术。结果:14例全部获得5~63个月随访,术后3个月均获得骨性融合,颈椎序列良好,颈椎伸屈侧位片显示颈椎稳定,无内固定松动、脱出及断裂,无椎动脉损伤、神经损伤、脑脊液漏及切口感染等手术并发症。3例脊髓损伤神经功能恢复良好。结论:手术治疗Hangman骨折安全有效,Ⅱ型、ⅡA型、Ⅲ型应及早手术治疗,颈椎前路融合加钢板内固定术可使Hangman骨折获得良好的即时稳定性,有利于患者早期下床活动,不影响颈椎活动度,是Ⅱ型、ⅡA型、Ⅲ型Hangman骨折较好的手术方法。     

颈前路植骨融合钢板内固定术治疗不稳定Hangman骨折

目的：探讨颈前路植骨融合钢板内固定治疗不稳定Hangman骨折的疗效。方法：手术前常规行颅骨牵引,手术在颅骨牵引下进行,16例不稳定Hangman骨折均采用颈前路植骨融合钢板内固定治疗。结果：术后随访12～46个月,平均24个月。枢椎椎弓均获骨性愈合,无切口感染 无内固定松动、断裂,颈2～3椎间隙高度、颈椎生理曲度均恢复,颈椎活动无明显受限。结论：颈前路植骨融合钢板内固定治疗不稳定Hangman骨折具有固定确实、融合满意的优点,是治疗不稳定Hangman骨折的一种有效方法。     

前路颈2-3融合内固定术治疗Hangman骨折疗效分析

目的探讨hangman骨折损伤机制、颈椎前路手术疗效、植骨融合时间。方法 2006-01-2011-06,我科收治24例Hangman骨折(其中Ⅰ型5例,Ⅱ型12例,ⅡA型3例,Ⅲ型4例),7例患者伴有不同程度颈髓和神经功能障碍,术前JOA评分4～11分,平均7.8分,其中稳定型骨折(Ⅰ型)术前行颈托固定,不稳定型骨折(Ⅱ型、ⅡA、Ⅲ型)术前行颅骨牵引,直至完全复位,术前平均牵引时间为5 d,患者行颈前路颈2-3椎间盘切除减压取髂骨植骨融合、颈前路ZEPHIR钢板内固定术。结果24例均获随访12～30个月(平均24个月),平均手术时间85 min,颈部疼痛症状完全缓解,颈椎生理曲度保持良好,神经症状明显改善,植骨融合率100%,无内固定松动、断钉现象。结论应用颈前路颈2-3椎间盘切除减压取髂骨植骨融合ZEPHIR钢板内固定术治疗hangman骨折是一种种安全有效的治疗方法。     

第2、3颈椎前路融合联合第2颈椎椎弓根固定治疗不稳定Hangman骨折

目的 探讨前路C2,3复位融合联合C2椎弓根钉加压固定方法治疗不稳定Hangman骨折的疗效.方法 Hangman骨折患者16例,男性12例,女性4例;年龄24～65岁,平均41岁.均行X线片、三维CT和MRI检查,并测量C2,3移位和成角.术前C2移位3～16 mm,平均(4.2±1.4)mm;术前C2,3 平均成角(8.6±2.1)°.入院后常规行仰伸位颅骨牵引后均行手术治疗,前路切除损伤的C2,3 椎间盘,采用髂骨块或cage椎间融合,带锁钢板固定;C型臂透视示骨折间隙仍较大,一期后路行C,椎弓根钉加压固定.其中Levine-Edwards分型Ⅱ型12例,Ⅱa型2例,Ⅲ型2例.结果 随访6～38个月,平均26个月.患者骨折处和椎间植骨平均4个月时全部融合,颈痛、肢体麻木等症状消失,但颈部活动度较正常有所下降.术后C2移位平均移位(2.3±1.1)mm;术后平均(2.6±1.0)°,较术前均明显下降.无内固定失败及感染等并发症.结论 Hangman骨折原有分型不够准确,应结合MRI和CT判定不稳定性Hangman骨折.前路C2,3复位融合联合C2椎弓根钉加压固定方法是一种能取得良好复位和功能恢复的术式.     

颈前路植骨融合内固定治疗Ⅱ、ⅡA型Hangman骨折

目的观察颈前路植骨融合钢板内固定治疗Ⅱ、ⅡA型Hangman骨折的临床疗效。方法对16例Ⅱ、ⅡA型Hangman骨折患者术前颅骨牵引后行颈前路植骨融合钢板内固定术。结果 16例均获随访,时间12~24个月。均未出现脊髓、神经损伤,无椎动脉损伤及脑脊液等并发症,无切口感染,未发生咽喉疼痛、吞咽困难。术后3个月患者均获骨性愈合。颈椎生理曲度恢复,屈伸及旋转活动良好,无内固定系统松动、断裂现象。4例脊髓神经D级者全部恢复到E级。枕颈部疼痛均较术前明显改善。7例行取髂骨术者切口愈合良好,术区无遗留疼痛。结论颈前路植骨融合钢板内固定治疗Ⅱ、ⅡA型Hangman骨折能获得即时稳定,减压彻底,固定确实,融合满意。     

两种不同手术入路治疗不稳定Hangman骨折的比较

[目的]比较颈后路多节段椎弓根螺钉内固定术与颈前路钢板内固定术两种手术方法治疗不稳定Hangman骨折的临床疗效。[方法]32例不稳定Hangman骨折患者,其中男21例,女11例,年龄17～65岁,平均43.4岁。按Levine-Edwards分类,其中Ⅱ型骨折15例,ⅡA型骨折14例,Ⅲ型骨折3例。脊髓损伤按Frankle分级:D级4例,E级28例。所有患者受伤至手术时间1～15 d,平均5 d。采用颈后路多节段椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗18例,颈前路钢板内固定术治疗14例,对两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、手术并发症、骨折愈合情况及脊髓功能恢复情况进行比较分析。[结果]两组在手术时间[颈后路椎弓根螺钉内固定组平均(121±20)min、颈前路钢板内固定组平均(116±13)min]、术中出血量[颈后路椎弓根螺钉内固定组平均(360±25)ml、颈前路钢板内固定组平均(320±21)ml]、骨折愈合情况[颈后路椎弓根螺钉内固定组均获骨性愈合(无畸形愈合)、颈前路钢板内固定组均获骨性愈合("鹅颈"畸形1例)]及脊髓功能恢复情况方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05);手术并发症[颈后路椎弓根螺钉内固定组出现1例(静脉丛损伤1例)、颈前路钢板内固定组出现6例(喉上神经损伤4例、颈部切口血肿1例、食管损伤1例)]方面差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]颈后路多节段椎弓根螺钉内固定术是治疗不稳定Hangman骨折较理想的方法。     

颈前路植骨融合内固定治疗HangmanⅡ、ⅡA型骨折

目的探讨颈前路植骨融合固定治疗HangmanⅡ、ⅡA型骨折的手术策略和临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2010年3月至2016年3月手术治疗的Hangman骨折16例,按Levine-Edwards分型,Ⅱ型12例,ⅡA型4例,男11例,女5例;年龄23~56岁,平均38.3岁。12例Ⅱ型患者术前予颅骨牵引复位,4例ⅡA型仅予颈托固定保护。16例患者均行颈前路C2~3椎间盘切除取自体髂骨或椎间融合器植骨钛板内固定术,其中2例加后纵韧带切除减压术。结果所有患者均获得随访,随访9~24个月,平均16个月。术后16例患者均未出现血管神经及食管损伤等并发症。术后颈部疼痛明显缓解,术前视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)平均6.1分,术后3dVAS评分平均2.3分。术后患者X线片检查枢椎均达到解剖复位,内固定位置良好,无松脱、断裂现象,C_(2~3)间隙植骨均获得骨性融合。结论颈前路C2~3间隙植骨融合内固定治疗HangmanⅡ、ⅡA型骨折,复位好,固定牢固,植骨融合率高,是一种安全、可靠、有效的方法。     

不同手术方法治疗不稳定Hangman骨折的疗效观察

目的探讨不同手术方法治疗不稳定Hangman骨折的临床疗效。方法 14例不稳定Hangman骨折患者根据Levine-Edwards分型:Ⅱ型7例,ⅡA型5例,Ⅲ型2例。4例行后路C2,3椎弓根螺钉内固定术,7例行前路C2,3间盘摘除减压植骨融合内固定术,3例行前后路联合手术。结果患者均获随访,时间3~24个月。1例患者术后3个月单侧椎弓根处可见模糊骨折线,13例患者均达到骨性愈合。术中及术后未出现椎动脉、脊髓损伤及脑脊液漏等并发症,未发生钢板螺钉断裂内固定失效等现象。结论对于不稳定Hangman骨折无论是采取前路或者后路手术均可使骨折达到骨性愈合,对严重骨折伴脱位Hangman骨折可以采取前后路联合的手术方式。     

前路C2,3复位融合治疗Hangman骨折

目的 探讨前路C2,3复位融合方法治疗Hangman骨折的疗效及Hangman骨折的稳定性判定与治疗方法选择.方法 对近年收治的29例Hangman骨折患者进行回顾性研究,男2l例,女8例;年龄21～66岁,平均44.6岁.患者均表现为颈痛,颈部活动受限,5例单侧上肢、2例双侧上肢麻木及无力,四肢麻木无力1例.患者均行X线、三维CT和MR检查,并测量C2,3位移和成角;其中Levine-Edwards分型Ⅰ型3例,Ⅰ a型2例,Ⅱ型15例,Ⅱa型7例,Ⅲ型2例.入院后均常规行仰伸位颅骨牵引后行手术治疗,前路切除损伤的C2,3椎间盘,采用髂骨块或椎间融合器椎间融合,带锁钢板固定.术后戴费城颈托保护6周.结果 术后随访6～54个月,平均28.6个月.平均3.6个月时骨折处愈合,平均4.2个月时椎间植骨融合.颈痛、肢体麻木等症状消失,但颈部活动度较正常有所下降.术前C:移位2～16mm,平均(3.7±1.2)mm,术后平均移位(2.4+1.0)mm;术前C2,3成角1°-33°,平均7.4°±1.6°,术后平均2.3°±1.1°,两者均较术前明显下降(P＜0.05).无内固定失败及感染等并发症发生.结论 MR和CT检查在Hangman骨折的稳定性判定中具有重要的补充作用.前路C2,3复位融合方法是治疗Hangman骨折的优良术式.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.