MBP对PBMC产生IFN-γ和NO的影响

目的探讨T细胞非特异性活化在CNS脱髓鞘性疾病中的作用。方法分离实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)易感性BALB/c小鼠外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),采用体外细胞培养方法在体外与碱性髓鞘蛋白(MBP)共培养,测定培养上清液中IFN-γ、NO水平。结果经MBP刺激的PBMC产生IFN-γ[(43.83±6.06)pg/mL]和NO[(180.76±20.75)μmol/L]明显增加,与对照组产生的IFN-γ[(28.52±2.18)pg/mL]和NO[(95.61±13.09)μmol/L]相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论在CNS脱髓鞘性疾病发病过程中,活化的T细胞、单核细胞等分泌致炎细胞因子和其他有害物质增多。     

MBP刺激下IL-3和IL-4对树突状细胞前体定向分化的影响

目的 观察在髓鞘碱性蛋白(myelin basic protein,MBP)刺激下,不同细胞因子对树突状细胞(dentritic cell,DC)前体定向分化的影响.方法 分离实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)易感性BALB/c小鼠脾脏DC.在体外不同培养条件下与MBP共培养.用流式细胞仪检测DC荧光抗体标记的CD11c和CD8α表达.结果 (1)在MBP和粒巨嗜细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)培养条件下,白细胞介素-4(IL-4)能明显刺激DC CD11c表达,IL-4组其平均荧光强度为856.93±2.45,对照组为708.58±21.25,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);(2)在GM-CSF和MBP培养条件下,ID3能明显上调DC CD8α的表达,IL-3组平均荧光强度为7751.70±296.63,对照组为7279.17±176.77,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 IL-4可进一步促进BALB/c小鼠脾脏DC前体向DCl分化,而IL-3则促进DC前体向DC2分化.     

多发性硬化患者血清、脑脊液IL-12、TNF-α、IFN-γ及cICAM-1水平变化

目的 观察多发性硬化(MS)患者血清、脑脊液(CSF)中可溶性细胞间黏附分子(cICAM-1) 、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)的水平,以及经白细胞介素-12(IL-12)刺激后上述因子水平的变化.方法 采用ELISA法检测MS及其他疾病组(OND)患者血清、CSF中TNF-α、IFN-γ及cICAM-1水平并观察IL-12刺激前后TNF-α、IFN-γ及cICAM-1水平变化.结果 MS组CSF及血清中TNF-α水平[(313.8±65.5)pg/mL,(127.9±57.3)pg/mL]较OND组[(21.9±3.3)pg/mL,(30.8±10.1)pg/mL]高,差异有统计学意义(分别为P＜0.01, P＜0.05);MS组CSF及血清中IFN-γ水平[(231.4±57.3)pg/mL,(189.4±69.3)pg/mL]均较OND组[(87.4±21.3)pg/mL,(98.4±23.2)pg/mL]高,差异有统计学意义(分别为P＜0.01, P＜0.05);MS组血清中cICAM-1水平[(105.9±56.2)U/mL]明显高于OND组[(50.9±20.3)U/mL],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).经IL-12刺激后MS组上清液中TNF-α[(252.8±69.7)pg/mL]、IFN-γ[(459.8±69.3)pg/mL]及cICAM-1[(207.6±75.4)U/mL]水平较OND组[(132.4±46.3)pg/mL,(221.8±55.6)pg/mL,(87.5±44.2)U/mL]明显增高,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 TNF-α、IFN-γ及cICAM-1在MS发病机制中起一定作用,IL-12、IFN-γ及cICAM-1间可能存在协同作用.     

首发精神分裂症患者白细胞介素4,10,12及干扰素-γ水平与相关因素研究

目的研究首发精神分裂症患者血清白细胞介素(IL)4、IL-10、IL-12及干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)水平与病程及精神症状严重程度的相关性.方法患者组为30例符合入组标准的首发精神分裂症患者,对照组为58名符合入组标准的正常人.应用夹心酶联免疫吸附测定法测定血清中IL-4,IL-10,IL-12及IFN-γ浓度水平.应用简明精神病评定量表、阳性和阴性症状量表对患者进行精神症状评定.结果患者组IL-4[ (68±29) ng/L]、IL-10为[(61±25) ng/L]均明显高于对照组 [(50±23) ng/L,(32±18) ng/L],差异有非常显著性(P=0.01,P=0.00);IL-12 [(35±15) ng/L]明显低于对照组[(53±27) ng/L],差异有显著性(P=0.01); IFN-γ [(41±17) ng/L]与对照组 [(51±23) ng/L]的差异无显著性(P=0.09).首发精神分裂症患者血清IL-4、IL-10、IL-12及IFN-γ浓度水平与病程无相关(r=0.09,0.07,-0.20,-0.21;P=0.63,0.71,0.30 , 0.27), IL-4、IL-10、IL-12及IFN-γ浓度水平均与精神症状评定无显著相关(P＞0.05).患者组IL-4 浓度水平与IL-10的浓度水平正相关(r=0.52,P=0.03),IL-12与IFN-γ浓度水平也存在正相关关系(r=1.00,P=0.00).对照组4种细胞因子间均无相关(P＞0.05).结论首发精神分裂症患者IL-4、IL-10、IL-12及IFN-γ浓度水平存在紊乱,但与精神症状严重程度及病程长短无相关性.     

马索罗酚对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠Th1/Th2细胞炎症因子平衡的影响

目的探讨马索罗酚对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、IL-12、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)表达的调节作用。方法将8~10周雌性C57BL/6小鼠54只随机分成对照组、模型组、治疗组。每组再随机均分为发病后10d及20d亚组,每亚组9只。采用皮下注射髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55(MOG35-55)多肽0.1mL诱导EAE模型。自发病当天起,治疗组小鼠给予马索罗酚10mg/(kg·d)治疗,模型组及对照组给予等量5%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)10mL/(kg·d)处理。比较3组小鼠临床症状评分。应用实时定量PCR检测小鼠脊髓和脾组织中IL-4、IL-12、IFN-γmRNA表达水平。应用ELISA检测脑组织中IL-4、IL-12、IFN-γ蛋白表达水平。结果与模型组比较,治疗组小鼠临床症状较减轻(P0.05)。与模型组相比,治疗组小鼠10d时脊髓和脾组织IL-12、IFN-γmRNA表达水平降低(P0.05),IL-4mRNA水平增高(P0.05),脑组织IL-12、IFN-γ蛋白水平降低(P0.05),IL-4蛋白水平增高(P0.05);与模型组相比,治疗组20d时脊髓组织IL-12、IFN-γmRNA表达水平降低(P0.05),脑组织IFN-γ含量降低(P0.05)。结论马索罗酚可能通过降低脑、脊髓及脾组织中IL-12、IFN-γ表达,增加IL-4表达,调节Th1/Th2细胞炎症因子平衡,进而改善EAE小鼠疾病严重程度。     

胚胎神经干细胞对巨噬细胞分泌炎性反应因子的影响

目的探讨小鼠胚胎皮质来源的神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)对小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞炎性因子和一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)表达的影响。方法体外分离、培养NSCs与巨噬细胞。实验分组为NSCs组、小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞组(简称为巨噬细胞组)、小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞+NSCs非接触型共培养组(简称为非接触型共培养组)和小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞+NSCs接触型共培养组(简称为接触型共培养组)。培养24h后添加10ng/mL干扰素γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)再孵育24h后收集各组上清液,利用ELISA检测上清液炎性反应因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和IL-10的表达,采用Griess法测量NO的表达水平。结果成功体外分离、培养原代NSCs和巨噬细胞。与巨噬细胞组相比,非接触型共培养组和接触型共培养组巨噬细胞分泌NO、TNF-α、IL-1β明显下降,而IL-10明显增加(均P0.01)。与非接触型共培养组比较,接触型共培养组TNF-α降低〔(65.68±7.15)pg/mL比(90.99±5.57)pg/mL〕,IL-10升高〔(531.38±60.11)pg/mL比(324.32±45.41)pg/mL〕(均P0.01),而IL-1β和NO表达无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 NSCs能够明显降低活化巨噬细胞NO和促炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β的释放,增加抗炎性因子IL-10的分泌,减轻炎性反应程度,其机制可能主要通过NSCs分泌可溶性因子起作用。     

瞿麦治疗小鼠实验性自身免疫性神经炎的疗效及机制研究

目的观察瞿麦对实验性自身免疫性神经炎(EAN)小鼠临床症状、辅助性T淋巴细胞(Th)亚群、炎性细胞因子的影响,并探讨其改善EAN小鼠临床症状的可能机制。方法利用人工合成的P0180-199肽段混以完全福氏佐剂主动免疫C57BL/6小鼠建立EAN模型。将小鼠随机分为瞿麦治疗组和对照组,利用行为学评分进行疗效评估,流式细胞术检测外周血Th1、Th2、Th17、Treg细胞水平及Th1/Th2、Th17/Treg比值变化,采用ELISA法检测血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和γ干扰素(IFN-γ)水平变化。结果与对照组比较,瞿麦治疗组EAN达峰时间明显延迟,对照组小鼠行为学评分在免疫后第17天达高峰,瞿麦治疗组为免疫后第19天,瞿麦治疗组小鼠达峰时行为学评分低于对照组(3.75±0.88 vs.4.75±0.46,t=2.828,P=0.013)。免疫后第28天瞿麦治疗组小鼠行为学评分仍低于对照组(0.44±0.41 vs.1.06±0.68;t=2.220,P=0.043)。与对照组相比,瞿麦治疗组外周血单个核细胞Th1/Th2比值(1.50±0.62 vs.1.61±0.09)和Th17/Treg细胞比值(0.21±0.04 vs.1.20±0.13)降低(P0.01或P0.05),血清TNF-α[(211.00±10.77)pg/mL vs.(244.29±21.52)pg/mL]、IL-1β[(109.29±4.74)pg/mL vs.(120.29±11.90)pg/mL]和IFN-γ[(707.71±4.23)pg/mL vs.(723.00±15.00)pg/mL]水平明显下降(P0.01或P0.05)。结论瞿麦可显著改善EAN小鼠模型的临床症状,其机制可能与影响Th细胞亚群比例、炎性细胞因子的表达有关,有望成为临床治疗吉兰-巴雷综合征/EAN的新策略。     

慢性精神分裂症患者血清IL-2、IL-4和IL-10水平及与精神症状的相关性

目的探讨慢性精神分裂症患者血清白细胞介素2(IL-2)、白细胞介素4(IL-4)和白细胞介素10(IL-10)的水平变化及其与精神症状的相关性。方法于2012年12月-2013年10月在广州医科大学附属脑科医院采用抽签法选取符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的40例慢性精神分裂症住院患者为患者组,同期通过广告招募64例健康对照者为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测两组血清IL-2、IL-4和IL-10水平,采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估患者组的精神症状。结果患者组血清IL-2水平高于对照组[(25.85±6.06)pg/m L vs.(12.63±1.90)pg/m L],差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组血清IL-4水平[(7.36±1.54)pg/m L vs.(8.76±3.13)pg/m L]和IL-10水平[(4.29±0.87)pg/m L vs.(3.76±1.17)pg/m L]比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05);患者组血清IL-2、IL-4和IL-10水平与病程、住院时长、抗精神病药治疗剂量及PANSS评分均无线性相关(P均0.05)。结论慢性精神分裂症患者的血清IL-2水平高于健康对照者,IL-4和IL-10水平与对照者比较未见差异;IL-2、IL-4和IL-10水平与患者的精神症状未见线性相关性。     

Th17细胞及其效应分子IL-17在HAM/TSP患者体内的变化及Tax蛋白对IL-17的影响

目的 研究Th17细胞及其效应分子IL-17在HTLV-Ⅰ相关性脊髓病/热带痉挛性截瘫(HTLV-Ⅰassociated myelopsthy/tropical spastic paraparesis,HAM/TSP)患者中的变化及Tax蛋白对IL-17的影响.方法 分别应用ELISA法和流式细胞技术检测HAM/TSP患者CSF上清液中的IL-17水平及外周血Th17细胞的百分率.应用RNAi干扰技术抑制Tax蛋白的表达,并用ELISA法检测干扰后细胞培养悬浮液中IL-17的表达.结果 HAM/TSP患者脑脊液上清中IL-17含量(4.58±0.70) pg/mL较对照组(0.76±0.17) pg/mL显著升高(P＜0.01);HAM/TSP患者外周血中Th17细胞的百分率(2.00％±0.64％)较对照组(0.41％±0.24％)显著升高(P＜0.01).RNAi技术干扰Tax蛋白表达后,IL-17水平(5.04± 1.27) pg/mL较未干扰组细胞培养悬浮液中IL-17水平(7.69±2.11) pg/mL显著降低(P＜0.05).结论 Th17细胞及其效应分子IL-17在HAM/TSP患者体内显著提高,提示在其发病机制中发挥一定作用,而且IL-17的表达水平受Tax蛋白调控.     

补体C3d-p28对阿尔茨海默病DNA疫苗的免疫增强作用

目的探讨补体C3d-p28作为分子佐剂,在阿尔茨海默病DNA疫苗基因免疫中的作用。方法在第1、8、22、43、64、85、106、127天,将重组质粒p(Aβ3-10)10、p(Aβ3-10)10-C3d-p28.3和pcDNA3.1(+)肌肉注射于APP/PS1双转基因鼠后腿股四头肌内。疫苗接种前、自第2次注射开始每次接种后7天取鼠眶静脉血共8次,以ELISA法检测抗Aβ抗体的滴度和分型;第8次(最后1次)眶静脉取血后进行6d的Morris水迷宫实验,通过定位航行和空间探索实验评估小鼠空间学习记忆能力。水迷宫实验结束后处死小鼠,以ELISA法检测小鼠脾细胞培养上清液中白细胞介素4(IL-4)和干扰素γ(IFN-γ)水平,免疫组化染色法检测小鼠脑内Aβ斑的表达。结果 p(Aβ3-10)10-C3d-p28.3组抗Aβ抗体水平高于p(Aβ3-10)10组[(55.03±8.93)μg/mLvs.(27.32±7.69)μg/mL,t=-4.455,P0.05],p(Aβ3-10)10-C3d-p28.3组抗体类型主要是IgG1型[(50.64±6.96)μg/mL],明显高于p(Aβ3-10)10组[(14.15±3.16)μg/mL,P0.05]。与p(Aβ3-10)10组比较,p(Aβ3-10)10-C3dp28.3组Morris水迷宫实验平均逃避潜伏期变短、穿越平台次数和穿越平台所在象限停留的时间比例明显增多(均P0.05);脾细胞培养上清液中IL-4水平增高[(110.22±18.12)pg/mL vs.(170.12±22.16)pg/mL,P0.05]、IFN-γ水平减低[(800.12±80.11)pg/mL vs.(640.12±70.53)pg/mL,F=6.152,P0.05];脑内沉积的Aβ斑块明显减少(P0.05)。结论补体C3d-p28分子佐剂使p(Aβ3-10)10-C3d-p28.3抗Aβ抗体的产生增加、Th2型免疫反应增强,转基因鼠空间学习记忆能力提高。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.