远外侧入路切除枕骨大孔区腹侧及腹外侧脑膜瘤的显微手术探讨(附11例报告)

目的探讨经远外侧入路切除枕骨大孔区腹侧及腹外侧脑膜瘤的显微手术技巧。方法自2003年5月至2010年5月经远外侧入路显微手术切除枕骨大孔区腹侧及腹外侧脑膜瘤11例,其中,经枕髁后入路5例,经部分枕髁入路4例,经C_1～2关节面侧方联合部分枕髁入路2例。结果肿瘤全切除（SimpsonⅠ、Ⅱ级）7例,次全切除（SimpsonⅢ级）3例,大部切除（SimpsonⅣ级）1例,无手术死亡病例。结论经远外侧入路显微手术切除枕骨大孔区腹侧及腹外侧脑膜瘤的关键在于:①合理设计磨除枕骨大孔侧方骨质的范围以充分暴露肿瘤;②术中注意保护脑干、上颈髓、后组颅神经及椎动脉等重要结构。     

枕骨大孔区腹侧及腹外侧脑膜瘤显微手术治疗

目的总结枕骨大孔区腹侧及腹外侧脑膜瘤的显微手术技巧。方法回顺性分析16例枕骨大孔区腹侧及腹外侧脑膜瘤的病例资料，均行显微外科手术切除，其中经枕髁后入路8例，经部分枕髁入路6例，经寰枢椎关节侧方联合部分枕髁入路2例。结果Simpson Ⅰ、Ⅱ绒切除13例，Ⅲ级切除2例，Ⅳ级切除1例，无手术死亡病例。结论枕骨大孔区腹侧及腹外侧脑膜瘤的手术入路及骨窗设计要合理。术中要重点保护神经、血管等重要结构。     

枕骨大孔区腹侧脑膜瘤的显微手术技术探讨

目的探讨远外侧入路在治疗枕骨大孔区腹侧脑膜瘤中的应用。方法对14例脑膜瘤患者采用远外侧入路显微手术治疗,其中枕髁后入路8例,经部分枕髁入路3例,经C1、2关节面侧方联合部分枕髁入路2例,经完整枕髁入路1例。结果肿瘤全切11例,次全切除3例;1例行枕颈融合,无手术死亡病例。所有患者术后均未出现寰枕关节不稳定的症状,手术并发症主要是后组颅神经损伤、椎动脉损伤、脑脊液漏以及脑干缺血。结论远外侧入路是手术治疗下斜坡区和上段颈髓腹侧、腹外侧病变的理想入路,可以理想显露肿瘤及其基底部并减少术中出血,但手术操作比较复杂且具有一定的风险。     

枕骨髁的磨除与颅颈部稳定性关系的临床研究

目的探讨在枕大孔区腹侧病变切除术中枕骨髁的磨除范围与术后颅颈部稳定性之间的关系。方法远外侧经髁入路治疗枕大孔区腹侧病变32例。术中磨除枕骨髁后1/3者（A组）13例,磨除枕骨髁后1/2者（B组）11例,磨除后2/3者（C组）7例,枕骨髁完整磨除者1例。所有病人术后均行颅颈部X线片检查,依据Abe不稳定指标（Ⅱ）对病人颅颈部稳定性进行分级。结果A组13例颅颈部均稳定（100%）;B组10例稳定（90.9%）,1例稳定性差;C组7例均稳定性差,并有脊髓受压症状。A、B组颅颈部稳定率明显高于C组（P〈0.01）。结论枕骨髁的磨除范围应限于其后内侧1/3至1/2,这样既可以充分显露手术视野,又不影响术后颅颈部的自然稳定性。当磨除范围达到枕骨髁后内侧2/3时,可明显影响术后颅颈部自然稳定性,应尽可能行颈枕融合术。     

远外侧锁孔入路切除枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤显微手术体会

目的探讨采用显微锁孔入路切除枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤的手术入路及手术技巧。方法我院1999年6月至2006年6月采用显微锁孔入路切除10例枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤，其中远外侧经髁后入路5例，远外侧经髁入路3例，枕下中线入路2例。结果10例肿瘤全切除8例，次全切除2例，无死亡病例。结论远外侧经髁后和部分经髁锁孔入路是切除枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤的最佳手术入路，术中应注意避免损伤椎动脉及其分支，保护后组颅神经。     

远外侧手术入路中骨质切除范围的解剖与临床研究

目的 探讨远外侧手术入路中枕骨髁切除范围与外科术野扩大的关系. 方法收集颅底保存完好的干燥颅骨标本16例,福尔马林固定的正常成人带颈部的头颅标本16例02侧).测量枕骨髁切除1/3、1/2时所扩大的视角.将该入路的解剖学资料应用于临床,治疗21例枕骨大孔区腹侧脑膜瘤. 结果枕骨髁的切除:枕骨髁的后内侧阻挡术野,故需切除枕骨髁时应切除其后内侧,切除1/3约4～5mm时,术野扩大14～16°;切除1/2约7～8 mm时,术野扩大17～19°.切除颈静脉结节,有利于枕骨大孔腹侧中下斜坡的显露. 结论枕骨髁的磨除范围限于其后内侧1/3至1/2即可充分显露枕骨大孔区腹侧肿瘤.     

远外侧手术入路中骨质切除范围的解剖与临床研究

目的 探讨远外侧手术入路中枕骨髁切除范围与外科术野扩大的关系. 方法收集颅底保存完好的干燥颅骨标本16例,福尔马林固定的正常成人带颈部的头颅标本16例02侧).测量枕骨髁切除1/3、1/2时所扩大的视角.将该入路的解剖学资料应用于临床,治疗21例枕骨大孔区腹侧脑膜瘤. 结果枕骨髁的切除:枕骨髁的后内侧阻挡术野,故需切除枕骨髁时应切除其后内侧,切除1/3约4～5mm时,术野扩大14～16°;切除1/2约7～8 mm时,术野扩大17～19°.切除颈静脉结节,有利于枕骨大孔腹侧中下斜坡的显露. 结论枕骨髁的磨除范围限于其后内侧1/3至1/2即可充分显露枕骨大孔区腹侧肿瘤.     

显微切除枕大孔区脑干腹侧脑膜瘤

目的评估显微技术在切除枕大孔区脑干腹侧脑膜瘤中的作用。方法对8例显微切除的枕大孔区脑干腹侧脑膜瘤的临床资料和术后随访结果进行回顾性分析。结果本组肿瘤直径2cm1例,2～3cm5例,3～4cm 2例,均为类球状肿瘤。在显微镜下切除,全切5例,2例次全切除,1例大部切除。术后死亡1例(12.5%),2例术后新出现后组颅神经损伤。3个月随访时1例后组颅神经损伤恢复,另1例仍有饮水呛咳;2例未完全切除的肿瘤未见明显增大。结论运用合适的手术入路,在显微镜帮助下可在蛛网膜外切除大部分脑干腹侧脑膜瘤。     

远外侧锁孔入路切除枕骨大孔腹侧区肿瘤临床研究

目的 采用显微锁孔入路切除枕骨大孔腹侧区肿瘤，重点探讨手术入路及手术技巧。方法 总结我院1999年6月至2006年6月采用显微锁孔入路切除8例枕骨大孔腹侧区肿瘤的经验。手术入路：远外侧经髁后入路5例，远外侧经髁入路3例。结果8例肿瘤全切除6例，次全切除2例，无一例死亡。结论 远外侧入路是切除枕骨大孔腹侧区肿瘤的最佳手术入路。经髁后和部分经髁锁孔入路足够暴露和切除枕骨大孔腹侧区肿瘤。     

应用基础远外侧入路治疗枕骨大孔区病变

目的探讨基础远外侧入路存枕骨大孔区腹外侧区病变的应用。方法回顺性分析15例枕骨大孔区病变病人的临床资料,采用基础远外侧入路手术、其中下斜坡腹侧和腹外侧肿瘤12例,椎动脉动脉瘤1例,小脑后下动脉动脉瘤2例．结果12例肿瘤中,全切除9例,次全切除3例;3例动脉瘤均顺利夹闭。术后脑神经功能障碍加重2例,肢体活动障碍1例,继发小脑梗死1例,无脑脊液漏或皮下积液,随访14例,时间2-6年。3例次全切除病人术后复发,接受伽玛刀治疗：余病人术见复发。失访1例。结论根据病灶特点,基础远外侧入路治疗枕骨大孔区腹外侧病变的效果理想,术中磨除枕髁并非必要步骤。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.