沙棘籽渣和果渣中黄酮对小鼠糖代谢的影响

目的：研究沙棘籽渣和果渣黄酮对小鼠糖代谢的影响。方法：健康雄性昆明种小鼠随机分为对照组，沙棘籽渣黄酮(FSH)低、中、高剂量组和沙棘果渣黄酮(FFH)低、中、高剂量组，对照组小鼠灌胃生理盐水，其余各组小鼠每天灌胃相应药物。灌胃7d、14d、16d时，测小鼠的血糖、血脂水平；16d后，作糖异生试验，同时作肝糖原分析。结果：正常小鼠灌胃FSH或FFH后，血糖和血脂水平低于对照组；同时对小鼠糖异生具明显的抑制作用。结论:FSH和FFH能降低正常小鼠的血糖和血脂水平,且对血糖代谢的影响与控制糖异生有关。     

沙棘血脂康调节血脂预防脂肪肝的实验研究

 目的 研究沙棘血脂康对高脂血症大鼠血脂和脂肪肝形成的防治作用。方法 将50只大鼠用高脂饲料喂养诱发形成 高血脂和脂肪肝,正常组喂以普通饲料;高脂组喂以高脂饲料;沙棘血脂康实验组除喂高脂饲料外,同时分别加喂0．375,1．5, 2．25 g·kg^-1的沙棘血脂康,分低剂量组,中剂量组和高剂量组。实验3个月后检测动物血清总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高 密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)的含量,制备肝脏组织冰冻切片观察其病理 学变化。结果 沙棘血脂康实验组与高脂组相比,其血清TC,TG,MDA,GPT,GOT等含量均显著下降(P<0．01),而HDL-C则 明显上升(P<0．01),肝湿重和肝指数明显下降,呈量效关系。肝脏组织冰冻切片也显示,实验组其肝脏病理学变化明显好于 高脂组。结论 沙棘血脂康具有显著调节血脂和防止胆固醇在动物肝脏内的沉积,有效保护肝脏,减轻脂肪肝形成的作用。     

Protection of jejunal crypts by RH-3 (a preparation of Hippophae rhamnoides) against lethal whole body gamma irradiation

RH-3, an alcoholic extract of whole berries of Hippopheae rhamnoides, has been demonstrated to provide radioprotective activity in terms of survival of mice against whole body lethal irradiation (10 Gy). It was, therefore, investigated for its mode of action by monitoring crypt survival, cellularity of crypts and villi and the magnitude of apoptosis in the GI tract.Administration of RH-3 before irradiation (-30 min) increased the number of surviving crypts in the jejunum by a factor of 2.02 (p < 0.05) and villi cellularity by 2.5 fold (p < 0.05) in comparison to the irradiated control. RH-3 administration before irradiation also reduced the incidence of apoptotic bodies in the crypts (p < 0.05) in a time dependent manner and increased cellularity in the crypts and villi (84 h post irradiation) as compared to control. Caspase-3 activity was also significantly lower in the mice administered RH-3 before irradiation as compared to irradiated control.This study indicates that reduction in the radiation induced loss of cellularity of crypts and villi and also decrease in frequency of apoptosis could have contributed towards protection of mice treated with RH-3 before irradiation. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of radioprotection by Rh-3 need to be investigated further in detail.     

Effect of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) leaf aqueous and ethanol extracts on avoidance learning during stressful endurance performance of rats: a dose dependent study

Aqueous and 70% ethanol extracts of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L., Elaeagnaceae) dry leaves were examined in rats for their dose dependent effect on active avoidance learning, if any. Avoidance learning was studied during endurance performance in multiple stressful environments consisting of light, noise and electric shock (10 mV) by using Runimex, a circular runway animal model. Neither of the evaluated extracts showed activity in rats to enhance cognitive functions with reference to avoidance learning during exposure to stressful conditions of multiple stressors. But both extracts were found to possess physical performance enhancing activity during the studied stressful conditions.     

沙棘籽油对缺血性脑梗塞大鼠血液流变学的影响

本文旨在探讨沙棘籽油对缺血性脑梗塞大鼠血液流变学的影响。采用大脑中动脉阻断术 (MCAO)制作动物模型 ,用旋转式血液粘度计测定大鼠全血粘度、血浆粘度、全血还原粘度、红细胞压积、红细胞聚集指数和红细胞变形指数。结果表明沙棘籽油能显著降低全血粘度、血浆粘度和全血还原粘度 ,并能降低红细胞聚集指数。提示沙棘籽油能显著改善脑梗塞大鼠的血液流变学性质。     

超临界二氧化碳萃取沙棘籽油的成分分析

 目的：分析用超临界二氧化碳提取所得沙棘籽油的化学成分。方法：采用气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用（GC-MS-DS)法，直接进样分析沙蛛籽油的游离成分；油中的脂肪酸含量系用水解-甲基化法处理后测定。结果：将沙棘 籽油直接进样，检出不饱和醛（15.23%)、维生素E类（10.46%)、香树脂醇类（2.55%)及甾醇类（27.23%)等。水解 -甲基化测出8种脂肪酸，其中不饱和脂肪酸相对含量高达90%。结论：用SFE法提取沙棘籽油供临床使用，不仅无 溶剂污染，而且产品的化学成分较全面地得以保留。     

Antiinflammatory activity of methanol extract isolated from stem bark of Magnolia kobus

The present study reports the antiinflammatory activity of a methanol extract isolated from the stem bark of Magnolia kobus (MK). MK potently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage-like cell line. The secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was also suppressed in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells although the magnitude of inhibition was weaker than that of nitric oxide and IL-1beta. The mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were also suppressed by MK in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Further study demonstrated that LPS-induced DNA binding of AP-1 and phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were inhibited by MK treatment in RAW 264.7 cells, whereas phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase was unaffected. Moreover, topical application of MK suppressed ear swelling in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced skin inflammation model. Collectively, these results suggest that MK exerts antiinflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo and this might be mediated, at least in part, by blocking AP-1 and JNK activation.     

沙棘籽渣黄酮类化合物诱导人肝癌细胞凋亡研究

目的：探讨沙棘籽渣黄酮类化合物(FSH)对人肝癌细胞BEL-7402的抑制和诱导凋亡作用。方法：采用SRB观察FSH对人肝癌细胞BEL-7402的生长抑制作用，采用wright染色、透射电镜和流式细胞术检测FSH对BEL-7402细胞的促凋亡作用。结果：200～1200μg／ml FSH能够剂量依赖性地抑制BEL-7402细胞的增殖，wright染色观察到凋亡小体，透射电镜下发生染色质边集，流式细胞术检测出现亚二倍体峰。结论：FSH能够抑制BEL-7402的生长并能诱导细胞凋亡。     

Protective effects of sugar cane extract on endotoxic shock in mice

Sugar cane extract (SCE) has been shown to have an immunostimulating effect in chickens. This study evaluated the effect of SCE on Salmonella Abortusequi lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lethal shock in d-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice. Mice were administered intraperitoneally SCE (500 mg/kg) or phosphate buffered saline before or after injection of LPS and GalN. All the mice injected with LPS and GalN (control group) died of histopathologically congestive and hemorrhagic hepatic insufficiency within 24 h, showing significantly increased activities of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 380 IU/mL) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 130 IU/mL). Pretreatment of mice with SCE at 3 h before challenge with LPS and GalN (SCE treated group) resulted in significantly improved survival rates (92.3%) and a decrease in liver injury. These surviving mice in the SCE treated group showed no changes in the mean levels of plasma AST (60 IU/mL) and ALT (18 IU/mL). However, the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the SCE treated group was not significantly different when compared with that in the control group challenged with LPS and GalN. These results suggest that SCE has protective effects on LPS-induced mortality in this mouse model.     

Neuroprotective Effect of Vitamin E Isoforms Against Chronic Alcohol‐induced Peripheral Neurotoxicity: Possible Involvement of Oxidative‐Nitrodative Stress

Small‐fiber painful peripheral neuropathy is one of the long‐term complications of alcohol for which there is no reliable successful therapy available. The precise mechanisms by which chronic alcohol consumption produces peripheral nerve fiber damage and loss remain unclear. Emerging data from clinical and preclinical studies suggest that increased oxidative‐nitrodative stress mediated release of proinflammatory cytokines from damaged neural tissues may play a central role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic neuropathy. The present study investigated the effect of both the isoforms of vitamin E (α‐tocopherol and tocotrienol) against chronic alcohol‐induced peripheral neuropathy in rats. Ethanol treated rats showed a significant decrease in paw‐withdrawal threshold in both Randall‐Selitto and von‐Frey hair tests along with a significant reduction in tail flick latency in the tail‐immersion test. A decreased pain threshold was associated with significant alterations in oxidative‐nitrodative stress markers and an increase in proinflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α and IL‐1β). The 4‐week treatment with tocotrienol significantly ameliorated behavioral, biochemical and molecular alterations in alcohol treated rats. However, α‐tocopherol failed to produce any protective effect. The results of the present study suggest that oxidative‐nitrodative stress mediated cytokine signaling may be responsible for alcohol‐induced peripheral neurotoxicity and tocotrienol treatment might be beneficial in chronic alcoholics exhibiting neuropathy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in mouse macrophage cells by feverfew supercritical extract

Feverfew is the most commonly used medicinal herb against migraine headache. The antimigraine mechanism of feverfew supercritical extract was investigated in vitro using the mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). Mouse macrophage cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide in the presence and absence of feverfew extracts. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and TNF-α synthesis were quantified by ELISA. The mRNA and protein expression of iNOS and eNOS genes were analysed by RT-PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. The feverfew extract inhibited both nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α production in a dose-dependent manner with complete inhibition of NO occurring at 5 μg/mL of feverfew extract. Both eNOS and iNOS mRNA levels were unchanged with the feverfew treatment. However, eNOS and iNOS proteins were significantly down-regulated by the feverfew extract. Feverfew inhibition of NO is due to the down-regulation of both eNOS and iNOS enzymes at the translational and/or post-translational level.     

Inhibition of tumour necrosis factor-alpha secretion from rat astrocytes by Sesim-Tang.

Substance P (SP) can stimulate secretion of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) from astrocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, we have examined whether an aqueous extract of Sesim-Tang inhibits the secretion of TNF-alpha from primary cultures of rat astrocytes. Sesim-Tang (10-1000 microg/mL) significantly inhibited the TNF-alpha secretion by astrocytes stimulated with LPS and SP. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been shown to elevate TNF-alpha secretion from LPS-stimulated astrocytes while having no effect on astrocytes in the absence of LPS. We therefore examined whether IL-1 mediated inhibition of TNF-alpha secretion from primary astrocytes by Sesim-Tang. Treatment with Sesim-Tang (10-1000 microg/mL) of astrocytes stimulated with both LPS and SP decreased IL-1 secretion significantly. Moreover, the secretion of TNF-alpha by LPS and SP in astrocytes was progressively inhibited with increasing amounts of IL-1 neutralizing antibody. Our results suggest that Sesim-Tang may inhibit TNF-alpha secretion by inhibiting IL-1 secretion and that Sesim-Tang has an antiinflammatory activity in the central nervous system.     

沙棘籽油对肝损伤小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的：研究沙棘籽油的对肝损伤小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法：采用D－半乳糖胺造成小鼠肝损伤模型，观察沙棘籽油对正常及肝损伤小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果：沙棘籽油使正常和D－GalN致肝损伤小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能，血清溶菌酶活性，脾淋巴细胞转化和IL－2活性增强。结论：沙棘籽油能增强小鼠的免疫功能。     

Effects of armepavine against hepatic fibrosis induced by thioacetamide in rats

The aim of this study was to investigate if armepavine (Arm, C₁₉H₂₃O₃N) could exert inhibitory effects against hepatic fibrosis in rats. A cell line of rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC‐T6) was stimulated with tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) to evaluate the inhibitory effects of Arm. Rats were injected with thioacetamide (TAA; 300 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) thrice a week for 4 weeks to induce hepatic fibrosis, with Arm (3 or 10 mg/kg) given by gavage twice a day. Liver sections were taken for western blotting, fibrosis scoring and immunofluorescence staining. Arm (1–10 µm ) concentration‐dependently attenuated TNF‐α‐stimulated: (i) protein expressions of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), collagen type I and angiopoietin‐1; (ii) H₂O₂ production; and (iii) NF‐κB, JunD and C/EBPß (cytidine‐cytidine‐adenosine‐adenosine‐thymidine (CCAAT)/enhancer binding protein‐ß (EBPß)) nuclear translocations in HSC‐T6 cells. In vivo Arm treatment significantly reduced plasma aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels, hepatic α‐SMA expression and collagen contents, and fibrosis scores of TAA‐injected rats. Moreover, Arm treatment decreased α‐SMA‐ and NF‐κB‐positive cells in immunohistochemical staining, and mRNA expression levels of IL‐6, TGF‐ß1, TIMP‐1, col1α2, iNOS and ICAM‐1 genes, but up‐regulated the metallothionein gene in the livers of TAA‐injected rats. Our results indicated that Arm exerted both in vitro and in vivo antifibrotic effects in rats, with inhibition of NF‐κB, JunD and C/EBPß pathways. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Linseed oil: an investigation of its antiarthritic activity in experimental models

Food sources rich in omega-3 fatty acids have been valued for their beneficial effect in the management of inflammatory disorders. The present study evaluates the antiarthritic and immunomodulatory activity of Linum usitatissimum fixed oil (LUFO) in experimental models. The LUFO produced a dose-dependent reduction in joint swelling and circulating TNF-α levels in both preventive and curative protocols of arthritis induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Expression of TNF-R1 and Interleukin (IL) 6 proteins in the arthritic paw was also significantly reduced in the LUFO-treated animals. In the cotton pellet induced granuloma model, LUFO treatment significantly reduced the dry granuloma weight as compared with the control group. Results of our present study thus demonstrate the antiarthritic and disease modifying activity of LUFO. We believe that dietary incorporation of LUFO may be beneficial in the prevention and management of rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic inflammatory disorders.     

SunghyangJungki-San Ga Pogongyoung inhibits IL-1 mediated tumour necrosis factor-alpha secretion in astrocytes

Astrocytes play an important role in initiating and modulating inflammatory responses within the central nervous system (CNS). Extensive studies in rodents have shown that substance P induces inflammatory cytokine production in astrocytes. In this study we have examined whether an aqueous extract of SunghyangJungki-San Ga Pogongyoung (SSGP) inhibits the secretion of TNF-alpha from primary cultures of rat astrocytes. SSGP (10-1,000 microg/mL) significantly inhibited the TNF-alpha secretion by astrocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and substance P (SP). Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been shown to elevate TNF-alpha secretion from LPS-stimulated astrocytes while having no effect on astrocytes in the absence of LPS. We therefore examined whether IL-1 mediated inhibition of TNF-alpha secretion from primary astrocytes by SSGP. Treatment with SSGP (10-1,000 microg/mL) to astrocytes stimulated with both LPS and SP decreased IL-1 secretion significantly. Moreover, the secretion of TNF-alpha by LPS and SP in astrocytes was progressively inhibited with an increasing amount of IL-1 neutralizing antibody. Our results suggest that SSGP may inhibit TNF-alpha secretion by inhibiting IL-1 secretion and that SSGP has an antiinflammatory activity in the CNS.     

Action of Rubus coreanus extract on systemic and local anaphylaxis

The effect was investigated of the aqueous extract of Rubus coreanus Miq. (Rosaceae) fruits (RCAE) on systemic and local anaphylaxis. RCAE (0.01-1 g/kg) dose-dependently inhibited systemic anaphylaxis induced by compound 48/80 in mice. RCAE (1 g/kg) also significantly inhibited local anaphylaxis activated by anti-DNP IgE. Pretreatment with RCAE at the same concentration before systemic anaphylaxis reduced the plasma histamine levels in a dose-dependent manner. RCAE (0.001-1 mg/mL) dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. The level of cAMP in RPMC, when RCAE was added, significantly increased, compared with that of the normal control. Moreover, RCAE (0.01-1 mg/mL) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha production from RPMC. These results indicate that RCAE may possess antianaphylactic action.     

Emblica officinalis corrects functional, biochemical and molecular deficits in experimental diabetic neuropathy by targeting the oxido-nitrosative stress mediated inflammatory cascade

Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus which affects more than 50% of diabetic patients. Diabetic neuropathic pain is amongst the most difficult types of pain to treat mainly due to the lack of understanding of its etiology and inadequate relief with available drug therapy. The present study targeted oxidative stress mediated nerve damage in diabetic rats using an aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis, a potent natural antioxidant. Diabetic rats exhibited significantly decreased tail‐flick latency in the tail‐immersion test (thermal hyperalgesia) and decreased paw withdrawal threshold in both Randall‐Selitto (mechanical hyperalgesia) and von‐Frey hair test (mechanical allodynia). A decrease in the nociceptive threshold was accompanied by significantly increased oxidative stress, nitrite levels and cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β and TGF‐β1) both in the serum and sciatic nerve of diabetic rats. Treatment with the Emblica officinalis aqueous extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day) significantly attenuated all the behavioral, biochemical and molecular alterations in a dose‐dependent manner. The major finding of the study is that insulin alone corrected the hyperglycemia and partially reversed the pain response in diabetic rats. However, combination with Emblica officinalis extract not only attenuated the diabetic condition but also reversed neuropathic pain through modulation of oxidative–nitrosative stress in diabetic rats. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Aqueous garlic extract attenuates hepatitis and oxidative stress induced by galactosamine/lipoploysaccharide in rats

Injection of D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide (DGaIN/LPS) is useful as an experimental model of acute hepatic damage. Juvenile rats were used for investigation. The hepatoprotective activity of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract (AGE) at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight for 14 days, intraperitoneal (i.p.) prior to the induction of DGalN/LPS, was investigated against DGalN/LPS-induced hepatitis in rats. DGalN/LPS (300 mg/kg body weight/30 microg/kg body weight, i.p.), induced hepatic damage that was manifested by a significant increase in the activities of marker enzymes [alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and gamma glutamyl transferase (gamma GT)], bilirubin, lipid peroxides (LPO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity level in serum. Also, the lipid profile in serum and liver homogenate including total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids were significantly deteriorated. The antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; reduced glutathione, GSH; catalase, CAT and glutathione peroxidase, GPX) in liver homogenate were significantly decreased in the DGalN/LPS. Pretreatment of rats with AGE reversed these altered parameters near to normal control values. Results of this study revealed that AGE could afford a significant protection in the alleviation of DGalN/LPS-induced hepatic damage.