Neuroblastoma in adolescents and adults: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering experience

BACKGROUND: We reviewed the utility of different treatment modalities in a large series of adolescents/adults with neuroblastoma (NB). PROCEDURE: The 30 adolescents/adults (median age, 19 years) had stage 2B (n = 1), 3 (n = 2), or 4 (n = 27) NB. Treatments included conventional and myeloablative therapy; local radiotherapy (RT); immunotherapy with anti-G(D2) 3F8 monoclonal antibody +/- granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); and 3F8 alternating with low-dose oral etoposide. RESULTS: Seven patients are in first (n = 4) or second (n = 3) complete/very good partial remission (CR/VGPR) at 9+ to 181+ (median, 45+) months. Among 13 newly diagnosed or minimally prior-treated patients, no major responses were seen in 4/4 treated with N4/N5 chemotherapy, but 6/9 treated with the higher dose N6/N7 regimens and surgery had major responses, and immunotherapy produced CR in BM in three patients. Among 17 patients referred because of resistant NB, favorable responses occurred in 6/12 treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide-based salvage therapy, including one patient who is in CR 170+ months after myeloablative consolidation and five patients who achieved CR/VGPR after 3F8/GM-CSF (n = 4) or 3F8/oral etoposide (n = 1). With a median follow-up of 32+ months post-RT, no local relapses occurred in 10/10 patients who received hyperfractionated 21 Gy RT to prevent regrowth of soft tissue masses that had been resected. CONCLUSIONS: High-dose chemotherapy and surgery can achieve a minimal disease state in >50% of newly diagnosed older NB patients. In that setting, local RT, and the use of agents with recently confirmed anti-NB activity, including anti-G(D2) antibodies, and cis-retinoic acid, may improve the poor prognosis of these patients reported to date.     

骨髓转移的高危神经母细胞瘤治疗后骨髓缓解速度与预后关系

目的探讨伴骨髓转移的高危神经母细胞瘤(NB)患者治疗后骨髓缓解速度对预后的影响。方法收集中山大学肿瘤防治中心从2000年1月至2014年12月收治的初诊时已有骨髓转移的Ⅳ期高危NB患者的临床资料。将≤2个疗程化疗后骨髓获得完全缓解(CR)定义为快速骨髓缓解组,2个程化疗后骨髓获得CR定义为缓慢骨髓缓解组。并对综合治疗后获得CR或非常好的部分缓解(VGPR)的73例患者的预后进行单因素和多因素分析。结果纳入分析的73例患者,中位年龄4.0(1.6~9.8)岁,男52例、女2l例。快速骨髓缓解组19例,缓慢骨髓缓解组54例。全组4年无事件生存率(EFS)和总生存率(OS)分别为(15.6±4.9)%和(28.9±6.4)%。快速骨髓缓解组与缓慢骨髓缓解组4年EFS分别为(25.9±12.3)%和(12.4±5.0)%(P=0.033),4年0S分别为(51.6±15.2)%和(22.6±6.6)%(P=0.057)。单因素分析结果显示,骨髓缓慢缓解是影响骨髓转移的高危NB患儿EFS的不良因素(P0.05);无维持药物治疗、N-myc基因扩增是影响0S的不良因素(P0.05)。多因素分析结果示,N-MYC扩增、骨髓缓慢缓解为患者0S的独立不良预后因素(P0.05);仅骨髓缓慢缓解是EFS的独立不良预后因素(P0.05)。年龄≤2岁NB患者骨髓快速缓解的比例高于年龄2岁患者(x~2=5.608,spearman相关系数=0.277,P=0.018)。结论本研究显示骨髓转移的高危NB患者治疗后骨髓快速缓解者预后好于缓慢骨髓缓解者,有可能作为骨髓转移的高危NB患者的预后观察指标之一。     

Brain abscess in hepatopulmonary syndrome associated with biliary atresia

The first‐choice therapy for biliary atresia (BA) is Kasai hepatoportoenterostomy, which has been shown to greatly improve outcome. Various long‐term complications, however, such as portal hypertension and hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), can occur in patients with native liver. A rare case of brain abscess in an 11‐year‐old girl with HPS associated with BA is reported. The patient underwent hepatoportoenterostomy for BA at 53 days of age, with resolution of hyperbilirubinemia. At 10 years of age, she was diagnosed with severe HPS with right‐to‐left shunting, and preparations for liver transplantation proceeded. Three months after the diagnosis, she had a right parietal brain abscess. Given that the brain abscess enlarged in size, surgical drainage of the brain abscess was performed. The postoperative course was uneventful, but a slight left hemiplegia remained at discharge. The presumed mechanism of abscess formation in HPS may be right‐to‐left bacterial transit through intrapulmonary vascular dilatations and/or arteriovenous fistulae.     

Autologous bone marrow transplantation for pediatric Wilms' tumor: The experience of the European bone marrow transplantation solid tumor registry

This survey includes 25 children with Wilms' tumor undergoing high-dose chemotherapy associated with autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) in the period June 1984-December 1991 and enrolled in the European Bone Marrow Transplantation Registry for Solid Tumors. At diagnosis, 12 children presented stage IV disease, 5 stage III, 3 stage II, and 5 stage I. Before ABMT, 21 children had 1 to 4 relapses (median 1); 13 achieved a second or subsequent complete remission (CR), four stage IV children failed to respond to first line treatment and achieved either CR (3 patients), or partial remission (PR) after second line therapy. At high-dose chemotherapy, 17 children were in CR and 8 had measurable disease. Seven different high-dose regimens were administered, even if 20 children received melphalan mostly associated with vincristine and 8 involved field radiotherapy. Three children died early of pneumonitis; 2 developed an acute transient renal failure, 1 a chronic renal failure. Out of the 8 children with target disease at graft, 2 died of toxicity, 5 achieved CR, 1 obtained PR, and only 1 is presently alive in CCR at 39 months after ABMT. Of the 17 children grafted in CR, 8 are alive event-free at 14-90 months (median 34) from ABMT; 7 relapsed at 3-23 months (median 7 months); 1 died of toxicity and 1 was lost to follow-up in CR at 12 months. A salvage attempt with high-dose chemotherapy in children with resistant or poor prognosis recurrent Wilms' tumor seems to be justified. An international cooperative protocol taking into account the increased risk of lung and renal toxicity is necessary. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Treatment of advanced stage diffuse,small non-cleaved cell lymphoma in childhood: Further experience with total therapy B

Prior to the development of intensive treatments for patients with advanced stage B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL), the prognosis for such patients was dismal. A minority of patients attained long-term, disease-free survival. Since 1981, we have treated 28 children with advanced stage B-NHL with an intensive chemotherapeutic protocol, Total Therapy B. This regimen employs cycles of fractionated high-dose cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine alternating with sequential infusions of high-dose methotrexate and escalating doses of cytarabine, in addition to intensive intrathecal therapy. The planned duration of therapy is approximately 6 months. Two patients had B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 26 had stage III B-NHL; none had CNS involvement. The median age was 7 years. All 28 patients achieved complete remission (CR). Both patients with B-ALL and 21 of 26 with stage III B-NHL remain in CR, with a median follow-up of 51 months. Treatment failures included 3 patients with recurrent or progressive disease, 1 toxic death in CR, and 1 patient who developed a secondary mediastinal T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma 4 1/2 years after the diagnosis of B-NHL. The 2- and 5-year event-free survival rates were 85.7 ± 6.6% (SE) and 79.6 ± 8.5%, respectively. Total Therapy B is a highly effective therapy for children with advanced stage B-NHL without CNS involvement. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The association of Wilms' tumor, male pseudohermaphroditism and diffuse glomerular disease (Drash syndrome): report of eight cases with clinical and morphologic findings and review of the literature

In 8 children (6 males) at least 2 of 3 disorders were found--male pseudohermaphroditism (MPH), Wilm's tumor, and glomerular disease. MPH was present in the 6 males; they had abdominal cryptorchidism (6/6), ambiguous genitalia (6/6), negative sex chromatin (5/5), and 46XY karyotype (2/2). The gonads examined microscopically in 3 patients were dysgenetic testes. The renal tumor present in 7 was nephroblastoma (NB) of the classical type without anaplasia or nephroblastomatosis, bilateral in 1, and unilateral but multinodular in 2. Five underwent nephrectomy for a renal mass, and in 2 NB was found at open biopsy or at autopsy. The mean age at diagnosis was 10 months. Glomerular disease in 6 patients began with onset of the nephrotic syndrome between 20 days and 39 months of age; it was resistant to steroid therapy and led to death from renal failure. Microscopically the glomerular process was a diffuse mesangial sclerosis (DMS). The 2 children with NB and MPH, but without DMS are healthy 2 1/2 and 9 years postnephrectomy. Neither familial incidence nor parental consanguinity was found. This syndrome has complete and partial forms, and its early recognition is important both for patient management and for assessment of prognosis.     

VIncristine,irinotecan, and temozolomide in children and adolescents with relapsed rhabdomyosarcoma

1 Background

The combination of vincristine, irinotecan, and temozolomide (VIT) is often used to treat children and adolescents with relapsed rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS); however, the outcome of these patients has not been previously described.

2 Procedures

We sought to determine the response rate (RR) and progression‐free survival (PFS) for patients with relapsed RMS treated with VIT by retrospective review of patients treated at five tertiary care hospitals. Prior treatment with irinotecan was permitted.

3 Results

Among 19 patients with a median age of 8 years (range 2–17 years), 12 (63%) were males and 12 (63%) had embryonal histology. Median time to relapse from initial diagnosis was 16 months (range 2.8‐45 months). VIT was used as first, second, third, or fourth line of therapy in four (21%), seven (37%), six (32%), and two (10%) patients, respectively. Four patients received VIT as adjuvant therapy following radiation and/or surgery. Therefore, among 15 evaluable patients, the best response to VIT was 0 (complete response, CR), 0 (partial response, PR), 4 (stable disease, SD), and 11 (progressive disease, PD) for an overall clinical benefit rate (CR + PR + SD) of 26.7% (95% CI: 7.8–55.1%). After a median follow‐up of 8 months, 2 (10%) patients were alive without disease, 3 (16%) were alive with disease, and 14 (74%) patients died of PD. PFS at 3 months was 23% (95% CI: 5.7–46.7%).

4 Conclusions

VIT therapy in combination with adequate local control is associated with some disease control in patients with first relapse RMS and may be another reasonable option to offer patients as salvage therapy.     

Retrospective analysis of children with high‐risk acute myeloid leukemia who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation following complete remission with initial induction chemotherapy in the AML‐05 clinical trial

In the AML‐05 clinical trial conducted by the Japanese Pediatric Leukemia/Lymphoma Group from 2006 to 2010, children with high‐risk acute myeloid leukemia (HR AML) received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) at first complete remission (CR1). The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of allo‐HSCT on the outcome of HR AML. Patients with either monosomy 7, 5q?, t(16;21), Ph1, FLT3‐ITD, or induction failure after the first course of chemotherapy were eligible for transplant. Of 53 children with HR AML, 51 received allo‐HSCT—45 in CR1, five in CR2, and one with non‐CR. t(8;21), t(9;11), and t(16;21) abnormalities were identified in eight, five, and four patients, respectively. The stem cell sources varied—bone marrow in 30 patients, peripheral blood in three, and cord blood in 18. The median follow‐up was 62 months. The overall survival (OS) rates at 3 years were 73% and 25% for patients who received transplant at CR1 and ≥CR2, respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that patients with chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (cGVHD) had better OS. This study supports that allo‐HSCT is a suitable treatment for HR AML in CR1. The favorable outcome associated with cGVHD indicates that a graft‐versus‐leukemia effect might be occurring.     

Mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver. A clinical and pathologic study of nine cases

Mesenchymal hamartoma (MH) is a rare but distinctive tumor-like malformation of the liver with predilection for infants in the first 2 years of life. MH accounted for only 5% of all primary hepatic tumors seen at Children's Hospital, Boston, over a 57-year-period from 1924 through 1981. There were nine children (five females, four males) with a median age of 11 months at the time of diagnosis (range: 5 months to 7 years). The most common presenting manifestation was abdominal enlargement with a palpable nontender mass. Exploratory laparotomy was performed in each case. The MHs were located in the right lobe and varied in size from 3 to 21 cm (average diameter, 16 cm). One MH also involved a portion of the left lobe. Four of seven children who underwent hepatic lobectomy were alive and symptom-free for 1 to 18 years later. There were three intraoperative deaths due to hemorrhage and cardiac arrest. One child underwent biopsy only with drainage of cyst fluid but died in the postoperative period because of pneumonia. The last child who had wedge resection of an incidental MH died of extrahepatic biliary atresia. Although complete surgical resection is curative, past experience indicates a substantial risk for operative mortality. In some cases, a more conservative approach to therapy is suggested with partial excision or drainage of cysts and possible resection at a future date.     

44例儿童神经母细胞瘤临床分析

目的 分析儿童神经母细胞瘤（NB）的临床特点及影响生存率的因素,为进一步优化儿童NB诊治方案提供依据。方法 以2016年4月至2020年2月收治的44例NB患儿为研究对象,回顾性分析患儿的临床资料及随访资料。结果 44例NB患儿初次就诊常见临床症状依次为发热（10/44,23%）、发现肿块（9/44,20%）、腹痛（8/44,18%）、咳嗽（7/44,16%）、面色苍白（3/44,7%）、跛行（2/44,5%）及活动异常（2/44,5%）。根据INSS分期,Ⅰ期2例（4%）、Ⅱ期5例（11%）、Ⅲ期5例（11%）、Ⅳ期32例（73%）。44例患儿平均随访时间为（15.3±1.5）个月,复发率为20%,总生存率为82%,其中无事件生存29例（66%）,带瘤生存7例（16%）。病理类型为NB、血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶增高可降低NB患儿的总生存率（P < 0.05）。结论 NB患儿初诊临床症状无明显特异性,多以发热、腹痛、发现肿块最常见;初诊晚期患儿占比高;病理分型为NB、血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶增高可能与NB患儿总生存率降低有关。     

Infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a 20-year children's hospital experience

We reviewed our 20-year experience with infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Nine infants (4.2% of all ALL) were identified; all were < 6 months of age. White blood cell counts ranged from 42,000-1.6 million/microL, 6 of 8 had hepatosplenomegaly, and 6 of 9 (66.6%) had central nervous system disease. Of 7 with cytogenetic information, 6 (85.7%) had diploidy; the remaining child was 47, XY,+8,del(21)(q22). Four had the MLL-11q23 abnormality. All received chemotherapy. Four underwent stem cell transplantation. Survival was 67%, (15 months-21 years). Deaths occurred at 9 months, 15 months (graft vs. host), and 7 years (complications of small bowel transplantation). Only 1 undergoing stem cell transplantation died. There were no late recurrences or second malignancies. Despite extensive disease and age < 6 months at diagnosis (a poor prognostic feature), for ALL patients our 67% survival is at least as good as reported, although it is less favorable than childhood ALL.     

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in a Girl Treated for Osteosarcoma

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was diagnosed in a 13-year-old girl who had been treated previously for osteosarcoma of the left distal femur (23 months after her first cancer onset and 12 months after the end of treatment). The patient started chemotherapy for ALL and achieved complete remission; she is in continuous complete remission 5 years after the diagnosis of secondary ALL and 7 years after the onset of osteosarcoma.     

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in a Girl Treated for Osteosarcoma

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was diagnosed in a 13-year-old girl who had been treated previously for osteosarcoma of the left distal femur (23 months after her first cancer onset and 12 months after the end of treatment). The patient started chemotherapy for ALL and achieved complete remission; she is in continuous complete remission 5 years after the diagnosis of secondary ALL and 7 years after the onset of osteosarcoma.     

Role of high-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem cell rescue in the treatment of metastatic or recurrent rhabdomyosarcoma

PURPOSE: This review summarizes the published data on the use of high-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell rescue (HSCR) in the treatment of recurrent or metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred eighty-nine patients were identified from 22 articles selected by computer generated searching of MEDLINE (1979-present). One hundred seventy-seven patients had stage 4 disease and were treated during first complete remission (CRI). The remaining patients were treated during CR1/first partial remission (PR1) (110 patients), CR2/PR2 (53 patients), CR2 (12 patients), CR3 (1 patient), or treated with disease (36 patients). RESULTS: Patients treated during CR1 or CR1/PR1 had event-free survival (EFS) rates ranging from 24% to 29% at 3 to 6 years from diagnosis and overall survival (OS) rates ranging from 20% to 40% at 2 to 6 years after diagnosis according to data provided as Kaplan-Meier estimates. Studies without Kaplan-Meier estimates (n = 32) indicate that 12 patients (38%) with stage IV RMS treated during CR1 or CR1/PR1 were surviving 7 to 60 months from diagnosis, similar to patients with stage IV RMS treated on Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Studies II or III. Patients treated during CR2, CR3, or with evidence of disease had a worse outcome with an estimated 3 years OS of 12% (n = 51). Studies without Kaplan-Meier estimates (n = 27) indicate that four patients (15%) treated during CR2, CR3, or with disease were surviving 17 to 33 months after transplant. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these data, there does not appear to be a significant advantage to undergoing high-dose chemotherapy with HSCR for patients with relapsed or refractory high-risk RMS. Clearly, there is a need for incorporating new treatment strategies for patients with high-risk RMS.     

Insights into infant neuroblastomas based on an analysis of neuroblastomas detected by mass screening at 6 months of age in Japan.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Mass screening (MS) for neuroblastoma (NB) at 6 months of age in Japan was discontinued in 2004. We have previously reported that the majority of NB detected by MS showed a good prognosis, with only a few cases demonstrating an unfavorable outcome (J Pediatr Surg 2002, Cancer 2001). This study aims to provide insights into infant NB by assessing the details of the clinical courses in patients treated with a standard regimen and the biological features of such cases using highly sensitive methods at one institution in Japan. METHODS: In 76 NB detected through MS treated at Kyushu University Hospital, the clinical features and MYCN amplification, 1p deletion, 17q gain, the expression level of TRKA using FISH and the quantitative PCR were analyzed. RESULTS: Of these 76 persons with NB treated at one institution, 97 % are still alive, while 2 cases died from other diseases. Three patients experienced a recurrence after complete remission (CR), and 2 patients demonstrated refractory disease since the initial diagnosis. Two of the 3 NB patients with recurrence have demonstrated a 2nd CR, while one case still has multiple active diseases. Regarding the findings of highly sensitive biological analyses, 5/74 (7 %) showed MYCN amplification, 2/24 (8 %) cases had a 1p deletion, 3/33 (9 %) cases had a 17q gain, 5/50 (10 %) cases had diploidy, 1/25 (4 %) cases had a low expression of TRKA, and 2/76 (3 %) cases had an unfavorable histology. Of the 76 NB, 13 tumors (17 %) had one or more unfavorable factors (UF). Of the 5 refractory NB, 1 case had 3 UF, 1 case had 2 UF, 1 case had 1 UF, and 2 cases had no UF. As a result, 60 % of the refractory NB had one or more UF. CONCLUSIONS: Of the NB detected by MS at one institution in Japan, 17 % had one or more unfavorable factors (UF) and might have a higher risk of recurrence than the patients with no UF, although the unfavorable biology of several refractory cases is still unclear even after highly sensitive analyses. At least one-fifth of the NB cases detected by MS are anticipated cases. In infantile neuroblastomas, it may therefore be most important to analyze biologically prognostic factors using highly sensitive methods followed by immediate surgical intervention. Since the MS program has been discontinued in Japan, it will be necessary in future to assess the mortality and characteristics of NB detected clinically.     

44例儿童神经母细胞瘤临床分析

目的 分析儿童神经母细胞瘤（NB）的临床特点及影响生存率的因素,为进一步优化儿童NB诊治方案提供依据。方法 以2016年4月至2020年2月收治的44例NB患儿为研究对象,回顾性分析患儿的临床资料及随访资料。结果 44例NB患儿初次就诊常见临床症状依次为发热（10/44,23%）、发现肿块（9/44,20%）、腹痛（8/44,18%）、咳嗽（7/44,16%）、面色苍白（3/44,7%）、跛行（2/44,5%）及活动异常（2/44,5%）。根据INSS分期,Ⅰ期2例（4%）、Ⅱ期5例（11%）、Ⅲ期5例（11%）、Ⅳ期32例（73%）。44例患儿平均随访时间为（15.3±1.5）个月,复发率为20%,总生存率为82%,其中无事件生存29例（66%）,带瘤生存7例（16%）。病理类型为NB、血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶增高可降低NB患儿的总生存率（P < 0.05）。结论 NB患儿初诊临床症状无明显特异性,多以发热、腹痛、发现肿块最常见;初诊晚期患儿占比高;病理分型为NB、血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶增高可能与NB患儿总生存率降低有关。     

Immunosuppressive therapy without hematopoietic growth factor exposure in pediatric acquired aplastic anemia

Immunosuppressive therapy (IST) is recommended for children with acquired aplastic anemia (AA) who lack a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched sibling donor for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Hematopoietic growth factors have often been included in IST supportive care, but prolonged exposure may increase the risk of secondary clonal evolution. The authors evaluated response, survival, and the incidence of clonal evolution following cyclosporine-based IST without hematopoietic growth factor exposure in a population-based pediatric cohort, identified retrospectively. Forty-five patients with a median age of 7.3 years (range 1.2-17.0 years) were included. Partial (PR) and complete (CR) response was achieved in 82% and 64%, at a median of 55 days (range 11-414 days) and 7.6 months (range 2.8-82.2 months), respectively. Patients with associated seronegative hepatitis had an increased likelihood of PR and CR on multivariate analyses (PR: hazard ratio [HR] 3.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40, 7.11; CR: HR 2.99, 95% CI 1.35, 6.62), whereas older children were less likely to achieve IST response than children younger than 5 years at diagnosis. Five- and 10-year overall survival was 96% ± 4% and 90% ± 7%, respectively, and 5-year failure-free survival was 63% ± 8%. There was no infection-related mortality, although 16.4% of patients had at least 1 episode of documented bacteremia. The 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse was 12.9% and of clonal evolution was 3.2%. The authors conclude that children with AA who receive IST without hematopoietic growth factor support have excellent response and survival outcomes and a low incidence of clonal evolution.     

The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of children with neuroblastoma stage IV: the GPO (German Pediatric Oncology Society) experience

340 consecutive patients with neuroblastoma stage IV were analyzed for the possible impact of chemotherapy on general condition, remission status, event free survival and survival. The children entered the trials NB 79, NB 82 and NB 85 of the German Pediatric Oncology Society (GPO). The patients did benefit from chemotherapy by considerable improvement of the general condition, by achievement of 30-40% complete and 60-70% partial remissions. The event free survival (EFS) rate 5-8 years after diagnosis was 13% for all 299 protocol patients, the survival (S) rate 10%. The median/mean EFS time were 11.6/23.8 months, the median/mean S time 17.0/29.4 months. The use of response rates as early predictors for long term survival is challenged. Addition of PCVm (cisplatinum, cyclophosphamide, Vm 26) to ACVD (adriamycine, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, dacarbazine) in trial NB 82 resulted in an improvement of the long term EFS rate from 5% to 18% (S rates 7----21%). The introduction of IVp (ifosfamide, VP16) and increase of doses (cisplatinum, Vm 26) did not further improve the results. Maintenance therapy (NB 82) revealed a positive influence on the outcome. Shorter intervals for realization of chemotherapy were associated with a trend for better EFS (NB 85). Although the group of children with bone marrow transplantation showed better EFS and S data compared to the unselected chemotherapy group, the advantage was less clear if matched pairs (remission status at the time of BMT) were compared.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

儿童原发性肾病综合征合并颅内静脉血栓4例病例报告

目的 通过对原发性肾病综合征合并颅内静脉血栓患儿行临床分析,探讨儿童NS合并颅内静脉血栓早期诊断和治疗的可行方案。方法 纳入2012年1月至2015年9月在上海市儿童医院住院的原发性肾病综合征且经头颅CT和（或）MRI确诊的颅内静脉血栓患儿,对其临床症状、实验室指标、影像学检查结果、疗效及预后进行分析。结果 4例原发性肾病综合征合并颅内静脉血栓患儿进入分析,均为男性,年龄5岁4个月至11岁4个月,出现颅内静脉血栓时间距原发性肾病综合征起病时间为1个月至7年余。4例颅内静脉血栓发病时均有神经精神系统症状,查体均未见神经系统阳性体征。3例在颅内静脉血栓发病期间D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原降解产物（FDP）均升高,抗凝血酶Ⅲ（AT-Ⅲ）下降;确诊后D-二聚体、FDP较前继续升高; 4例血清白蛋白明显降低,总胆固醇明显升高。4例出现颅内静脉血栓临床症状当日或次日均行头颅MRI增强+MRV+MRA检查,3例为左侧乙状静脉窦血栓,1例为脑栓塞。明确颅内静脉血栓诊断后,3例予尿激酶溶栓,低分子肝素钙和双嘧达莫抗凝治疗;1例脑栓塞患儿予对症和抗凝治疗;4例症状均明显改善。3例出院后6~12个月随访头颅MRI增强+MRV显示颅内异常信号均有不同程度吸收。结论 儿童原发性肾病综合征合并 颅内静脉血栓易发生于左侧乙状静脉窦。在原发性肾病综合征病程中如出现神经精神系统症状时,应及时行头颅MRI相关序列检查,有助于颅内静脉血栓早期诊断;早期积极溶栓治疗预后良好。     

High Survival Rate in Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma without CNS Involvement: Results of BFM 95 Study in Kuwait

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) in children are the second most common malignant tumors in Kuwait. Until 1995 the patients (pts) received institutional protocols. From October 1995 to September 2000 21 children with NHL were treated. Five children were treated by NHL BFM 90 protocol, 7 pts received NHL BFM 95 scheme, and 9 children underwent therapy abroad or according to different types of protocols. The results of a retrospective analysis of NHL BFM 95 protocol in Kuwait are reported. Seven patients diagnosed with NHL--group B: 3 children with Burkitt lymphoma (B-cell NHL) and group A: 4 children with lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-cell NHL)--were treated from October 1995 to September 2000 in the Kuwait Cancer Control Centre according to NHL BFM 95 protocol. Group B consisted of 2 girls and 1 boy; median age at diagnosis was 4 years 8 months, 2 pts classified as stage II and 1 pt as stage III. All patients were assigned to risk group R2. Median follow-up is 2 years 8 months. Group A included 1 girl and 3 boys; median age at diagnosis was 5 years 8 months, 1 pt classified as stage III and 3 pts as stage IV. All patients were assigned to IR group. Median follow-up is 3 years 6 months. In group B all 3 pts are in 1st CR; in group A 3 pts are in 1st CR and 1 pt having Li-Fraumani syndrome died after the 3rd relapse of disease during therapy. In both groups there was no toxic death, myelotoxicity WHO grade III-IV, hepatotoxicity WHO grade II-III. Treatment results of NHL BFM 95 study in our small group of patients are very optimistic. Six patients are in 1st CR and one died due to progression of disease. Despite the small group of patients, the results suggest that NHL BFM 95 protocol is highly effective and safe with regular supportive care.