External fixation combined with limited internal fixation in the treatment of pilon tibia fractures

BACKGROUND/AIM: Intraarticular fractures of the tibial plafond (pilon fractures) belong to the group of most severe fractures. They are usually caused by high-energy trauma and frequently associated with a marked soft-tissue damage. Surgical treatment has replaced the traditional nonoperative treatment. The aim of this study was to present the results of the treatment of distal tibial intraarticular fracture by the use of internal fixation, as well as the combination of minimal internal fixation and external fixation. METHODS: The study included 47 patients with pilon tibia fractures who went through at the Clinic for Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, Nis (1995-2004). Within the analayzed group there were 33 (70.2%) males and 14 (29.8%) females. The patients mean age was 45.8 years. In the first group, which consisted of 22 patients, open reduction and internal fixation of both the tibia and the fibula was performed in the two separate incisions. The second group consisted of 25 patients managed with external fixation by external fixator "Mitkovi?" with limited internal fixation. Besides external fixation, a minimal internal fixation was performed by the use of Kirschner wires and screws. The patients were followed-up inside a 24-months-period. Results. The obtained was a substantially high number of complications after open reduction and internal fixation in the group of patients. There was no difference in a long-term clinical outcome. Postoperative osteitis, as the most severe complication in the management of closed pilon tibia fractures, was not registered in the second group. CONCLUSION: Considering the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that external fixation by the "Mitkovi?" external fixator with the minimal internal fixation is a satisfactory method for the tratment of fractures of the tibial plafond causing less complications than internal fixation.     

Ⅰ期内固定与外固定支架治疗胫骨GustiloⅢA型开放性骨折的对照研究

目的 探讨GustiloⅢA型胫骨开放性骨折的治疗方法及临床疗效.方法 对2008年1月~2011年1月我院收治并获得随访资料的55例GustiloⅢA型胫骨开放性骨折进行回顾性分析,其中A组27例采用清创,Ⅰ期应用非扩髓带锁髓内钉或锁定接骨板内固定,伤口深部置管冲洗,创面用负压封闭引流(VSD)材料封闭,持续负压引流...     

可任意穿针固定及生理应力加压的骨外固定器研制及临床应用

目的 解决目前外固定器普遍存在的如稳定性差、操作繁琐、应力遮挡大、扩展功能差等功能缺陷的问题。方法 应用研制的骨外固定器对102例四肢骨干骨折进行治疗观察。本组男84例，女18例；年龄5～78岁。胫腓骨骨折76例，股骨干(儿童)骨折10例，股骨转子或转子下骨折4例，尺骨或桡骨骨折7例，肱骨干骨折5例。结果 所有患者经全程观察均取得良好疗效。其中76例胫腓骨骨折随访3个月～1年，骨折坚强愈合平均时间为3．5个月，膝踝关节功能同步恢复优良率为93．4％，无骨折端移位及再骨折出现。结论 此种新型外固定器的结构、功能符合现代骨外固定技术应用要求。     

190例小腿严重损伤的修复重建

目的 总结结合不同的皮瓣和外固定架治疗严重胫骨干骨折的经验.方法 1990-2007年,共治疗GustiloⅢB和GustiloⅢC型胫骨干骨折190例,其中GustiloⅢB型160例,GustiloⅢC型30例.男169例,女21例;平均年龄42.5岁.交通伤132例,机器压砸伤32例,石块砸伤26例.治疗措施包括抗生素、清创、植皮、各种组织瓣(游离胸脐皮瓣20例,腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣108例,隐神经营养血管皮瓣12例,腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣2例,筋膜皮瓣26例,腓肠肌内、外头肌皮瓣22例)、各种外固定架(半环架84例,单边轴动力外固定架12例,AO外固定架12例,潍坊三维外固定架42例,组合式外固定架40例).平均随访7.3年.结果 所有皮瓣成活.186例骨折愈合,平均骨愈合时间:84例半环架为7.5个月,8例单边轴动力外固定架11.2个月,12例AO外固定架8.5个月,42例潍坊三维外固定架8.1个月,40例组合式外固定架7.8个月.除半环架外,其他外固定架都需植骨.4例骨折未愈合,为单边轴动力外固定架固定后发生骨髓炎,经再次手术后愈合.最近随访发现所有患者的膝、踝关节功能正常,无患肢疼痛.结论 皮瓣与外固定架结合是治疗GustiloⅢB和GustiloⅢC型胫骨干骨折的较好方法.     

多功能外固定支架结合腓骨内固定治疗胫骨极远端近关节面部位骨折

目的：分析和观察多功能外固定支架结合腓骨内固定治疗胫骨极远端近关节面部位骨折的疗效。方法：采用多功能外固定支架结合腓骨切开复位内固定进行外固定治疗。结果：17例病人经过平均13个月随访全部骨性愈合,平均愈合时间4个月,去除外固定支架时间平均5个月。1例病人针道深部慢性感染,窦道刮除后置管闭合冲洗痊愈。2例病人术后3处针道浅部感染,换药、抗炎愈合。所有病人踝关节、趾间关节功能良好,无畸形。结论：多功能外固定支架结合腓骨内固定治疗胫骨极远端近关节面部位骨折操作简单,效果佳,愈合快。     

桡骨远端粉碎性骨折动态及静态外固定支架治疗疗效分析

目的探讨外固定治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的临床疗效,比较动态外固定和静态外固定的疗效差异。方法选择2007年1月～2010年12月我院收治的桡骨远端粉碎性骨折患者78例为研究对象,按收治日期随机分为动态外固定组（46例）,即外固定支架固定3周后对球面关节进行部分解锁、允许腕关节活动;静态外固定组（32例）,为外固定支架球面关节一直锁定、腕关节固定。两组患者均在入院后2天内行手法复位、外固定支架固定,部分患者加植骨及克氏针固定;外固定架固定6～8周,骨折愈合后拆除。术后6个月采用Dienst评定标准评估腕关节功能。结果外固定支架治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折有较高的优良率,动态固定组患者临床疗效优良率为91.30%,显著优于静态固定组患者（P〈0.05）。结论动态外固定治疗桡骨远端骨折固定可靠、功能锻炼早及恢复满意,值得临床推广应用。     

胫骨骨折髓内钉固定术后感染临床特点探讨

目的探讨胫骨骨折髓内钉固定术后感染的特点。方法回顾性分析197例行胫骨骨折髓内钉固定术患者的病例资料。结果 197例患者中,术后感染共发生11例,发生率在闭合性骨折、Gustilo Ⅰ型、Gustilo Ⅱ型和Gustilo Ⅲ型骨折中分别为1.0%、0.5%、1.5%和2.5%。Gustilo Ⅲ型骨折中,Ⅲa和Ⅲb型分别为1.0%和1.5%。结论胫骨骨折髓内钉固定术后感染发生率高,治疗困难,临床医生应引起高度重视。     

有限切开复位结合前外侧L形锁定加压接骨板内固定治疗胫骨远端干骺端骨折

目的探讨胫骨远端干骺端骨折应用有限切开复位结合前外侧L形锁定加压接骨板(locking compression plate,LCP)内固定治疗的临床疗效。方法 2011年6月~2013年1月共收治15例胫骨远端干骺端骨折患者。骨折按照国际内固定研究协会(AO/ASIF)分型:43A2型3例,43A3型10例,43B1型2例,均合并腓骨下端骨折;胫骨远端干骺端骨折线距踝关节面1.6~4.5cm,平均2.8cm;闭合性骨折8例,开放性骨折7例(GustiloⅠ型2例,Ⅱ型3例,ⅢA型2例)。GustiloⅢA型2例急诊行清创、腓骨内固定及外固定支架固定,余患者术前行跟骨骨牵引。运用有限切开复位结合前外侧L形LCP内固定治疗,术中酌情植骨,术后早期功能锻炼。结果所有患者术后获12~18个月(平均16个月)随访,术后2例切口表皮坏死,经换药处理后愈合,余切口均一期愈合。骨折于术后16~24周(平均20周)获骨性愈合。末次随访时根据美国骨科协会足踝外科分会(American Orthopedic Foot Ankle Society,AOFAS)评分标准:评分为73~95分,平均89.5分,其中优10例,良3例,可2例,优良率86.7%。随访期间无感染、骨不连及内固定松动断裂等并发症发生。结论采用有限切开复位结合前外侧L形LCP内固定治疗胫骨远端干骺端骨折,术中利用微创置板技术,并酌情植骨,术后早期功能锻炼,可获得良好疗效。     

胫骨干骨折手术疗效分析

目的 探讨适合胫骨干骨折的手术治疗方法及并发症的预防措施。方法 回顾性分析手术治疗胫骨干骨折病例67例，根据选择手术方式不同，将病例分为交锁髓内钉、加压钢板和外固定支架3组，临床观察结合X线片评价骨折愈合、延迟愈合、不愈合作为判断临床疗效标准。结果 髓内钉组的骨折愈合率明显高于加压钢板和外固定支架组，外固定组的骨折延迟愈合率高于其他两组；并发症包括骨不连、关节僵硬及畸形愈合，发生率为22．4％，其中骨不连发生率为13．4％。结论 髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨干骨折的临床疗效优于加压钢板和外固定支架；骨不连为胫骨骨折常见并发症，应严格掌握适应证、规范手术操作。     

组合式外固定器治疗胫骨远端开放性骨折的临床应用

目的探讨组合式外固定器治疗胫骨远端开放性骨折的疗效。方法 2007年3月—2008年9月,对20例胫骨远端开放性骨折应用组合式外固定器治疗。结果 20例患者获12～30月(平均18个月)随访,其骨折及创面获得愈合。术后并发症:2例有针道明显感染,2例有严重的踝关节活动时疼痛,1例皮瓣坏死后延迟愈合。结论组合式外固定器治疗胫骨远端开放性骨折,手术操作简单易行,标准化、程序化操作性强,手术风险低且疗效确切。     

Treatment results for open comminuted distal humerus intra-articuler fractures with Ilizarov circular external fixator

In open, intra-articular distal humerus fracture caused by gunshot injury, full functional recovery is difficult to obtain. Three basic treatment methods are available: minimal internal fixation, open reduction-internal fixation, and external fixation. In Gülhane Military Medical Academy Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, 19 of 20 cases of gunshot injuries were treated with circular external fixator between the January 1995 and December 2000. Nine (45%) cases were type III-A, eight (40%) were type III-B, and three (15%] were type III-C. Eight (40%) cases were brought to the hospital 6 to 8 hours after the injury and 12 (60%) were in late stage. An amputation was done in one case. Mean follow-up period was 34.3 (14-55) months. Union was achieved in all 19 of the cases, and circular external fixator was taken out in a mean period of 4.6 (3-7) months. In the early treatment group, three (42.9%) were good, three (42.9%) were moderate, and one (14.2%) was unsatisfactory. In the late treatment group, five (41.7%) were good, four (33.3) were moderate, and three (25%) were unsatisfactory. Circular external fixator can be preferred as a treatment alternative in selected cases of distal humerus intra-articular open communited fractures because it protects the soft tissue connections and blood circulation of bone fractured, permits early elbow movements, and allows the patient to return to daily life very early.     

Treatment of fractures of the tibial shaft with inter-fragmentary screws and external fixation.

In a prospective trial, 10 patients underwent inter-fragmentary screws and external fixation for unilateral tibial shaft fractures. Anatomical reduction was achieved in all cases and uncomplicated bone union occurred in nine patients with a mean time to union of 122 (SD 20) days. One patient had delayed union and the fracture malunited. A 20% pin tract sepsis rate was encountered. The high risk of infection, the demanding follow-up and availability of better methods, does not allow this technique to be recommended in the routine treatment of closed tibial diaphysial fractures.     

损伤控制骨科理念在Gustilo Ⅲ型胫腓骨骨折治疗中的应用

 目的 探讨应用损伤控制骨科（damage control orthopaedics, DCO）理念对GustiloⅢ型胫腓骨 骨折的患者进行手术治疗并评估其临床疗效。 方法 2006-01至2010-12应用DCO救治56例GustiloⅢ型胫腓骨骨 折患者,其中ⅢA型骨折19例,ⅢB型骨折32例,ⅢC型骨折5例。所有患者先行抗休克治疗、彻底清创、外固定架复位固定骨 折,以及应用VSD覆盖创面。经ICU复苏后,如软组织情况好,尽早实行确定性手术。 结果 56例全部获得随访 ,随访时间12~27个月,平均16.8个月。骨折一期愈合53例（94.6%）,延迟愈合3例（5.4%）,无骨髓炎及骨不连等并发症。 患肢功能按照Johner-Wruhs疗效分析法,优26例,良24例,中4例,差2例,优良率89.3%。 结论 对GustiloⅢ 型胫腓骨骨折伴有失血性休克和伴有（或）不伴有颅脑、胸腹部损伤的患者应用DCO理论指导手术治疗,疗效满意。骨折早期 治疗强调外固定支架快速适当复位固定骨折,彻底清创及应用VSD覆盖创面。     

外固定支架治疗合并髁部骨折的胫骨干复杂骨折

目的 探讨合并髁部骨折的胫骨干复杂（C2、C3型）骨折的外固定支架手术治疗方法及临床效果评价。方法 对1999年1月-2004年1月通过手术治疗的累及胫骨近、远端骨折的42例胫骨干粉碎性骨折患者的治疗结果进行分析。按AO／ASIF原则分类，胫骨干骨折均为C2型（多段骨折）、C3型（不规则）骨折；累及踝关节19例，累及膝关节23例；手术采用简单内固定加外固定架固定及单纯外固定架固定。结果 42例患者全部获随访，功能满意35例（83％），可6例（14％），不满意1例（2％）。结论 通过外固定支架的方法可使合并髁部骨折的胫骨干复杂（C2、C3型）骨折最大限度地恢复胫骨与腓骨骨的相对长度、胫骨管状结构重建、关节面的平整、膝-踝关节面的平行对称关系，术后配合合理的康复锻炼，能使膝、踝关节功能达到最大的恢复。     

髓内扩张自锁钉与外固定架治疗胫骨开放性骨折的疗效评估

目的评估髓内扩张自锁钉(IESN)和外固定架治疗胫骨开放性骨折的疗效。方法自2003年10月—2005年9月采用髓内扩张自锁钉治疗胫骨开放性骨折41例,与38例采用外固定架治疗胫骨开放性骨折疗效进行对比分析。结果全部病例随访12~20个月,平均15.4个月,IESN组手术时间、术后平均发热时间和住院天数,骨折愈合时间分别为45min,2.3d,21d,9.5周,外固定架组分别为63min,3.2d,27d,13.2周。两组相比差异有统计学意义(t值分别为2.775,2.712,2.874,2.869,P均<0.01);IESN组无骨折延迟愈合及畸形愈合,无感染及内固定失败等并发症,而外固定架组出现9例感染,7例畸形愈合。结论髓内扩张自锁钉内固定在治疗胫骨开放性骨折中损伤小,并发症少,固定可靠,同时最大限度地保护骨断端血运,符合生物力学要求,在治疗胫骨开放性骨折中是一种有效的好方法。     

Quantitative and qualitative assessment of closed fracture healing using computed tomography and conventional radiography

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Development of new agents to induce fracture healing requires more sensitive methods to detect early changes in fracture repair. The aims of this study were to determine quantitative and qualitative features of fracture healing using volumetric computed tomography (CT) and to compare them with conventional radiography during the weeks following uncomplicated fractures of the appendicular skeleton. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 39 otherwise healthy men and women with acute, closed fractures of the distal radius, tibial and/or fibular malleoli, or tibial shaft, were enrolled and underwent CT and X-ray imaging at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 (tibial shaft only) weeks post fracture. Qualitative assessment included fracture line/margins, fracture gap, external callus appearance, callus-to-cortex ratio, bridging, and radiologic union. Quantitative assessment of CT density changes (Hounsfield units [HU]) in the fracture gap was performed in a subset of 8 fracture patients using MEDx multimodality image analysis software (Sterling,VA). The analysis was performed by drawing free form regions of interest (ROI) covering the fracture gap on baseline (week 1) images and by automated registration of the follow-up images to the baseline co-ordinate system. RESULTS: The mean time to achieve radiologic union on CT was slightly shorter than on X-rays for radial and tibial shaft fractures (7.3 vs. 8.0 weeks, P = .1). Blurring of the fracture margins and reactive sclerosis were the earliest signs of healing in both modalities. External callus formation was evident in 11 cases and was detected earlier with CT technique. Overall, CT images allowed for more complete and detailed visualization of healing compared with conventional X-rays, which were limited by cast and fixation hardware superimposition, especially in subjects with malleolar and distal radial fractures. Quantitative evaluation showed good intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility and a statistically significant correlation to qualitative changes. CONCLUSION: Our methods of fracture healing assessment are reliable tools that are able to detect early changes in normal bone healing and may serve as useful additions to subjective image analysis in monitoring fracture healing in clinical trials. CT shows some advantages over conventional X-rays in evaluation of early fracture healing.     

应用锁定加压钢板治疗GustiloⅠ、Ⅱ型尺桡骨开放性骨折

目的探讨应用锁定加压钢板治疗GustiloⅠ、Ⅱ型尺桡骨开放性骨折的临床疗效。方法本组11例,男8例,女3例,年龄31～58岁,平均39岁。受伤原因:车祸伤7例,摔伤2例,重物砸伤2例。开放伤按Gustilo分型,Ⅰ型3例、Ⅱ型8例。均采用锁定加压钢板进行内固定治疗。结果本组病例获9～23个月,平均15个月随访。全部病例获得骨性愈合,愈合时间2.5～3.5个月,平均3个月。未发生深部感染、骨不连等并发症。结论对GustiloⅠ、Ⅱ型开放性尺桡骨骨折进行急诊彻底清创、AO锁定加压钢板内固定、一期闭合伤口,早期应用抗感染治疗,可以获得满意的疗效。     

外固定支架下经皮有限内固定加肠造瘘术治疗开放性骨盆骨折伴盆底撕裂伤

目的 探讨开放性骨盆骨折伴盆底撕裂伤的治疗方法,介绍采用外固定支架下经皮有限内固定加肠造瘘术治疗开放性骨盆骨折伴盆底撕裂伤的方法、要点.方法 对9例开放性骨盆骨折伴盆底撕裂伤患者行外固定支架下有限经皮内固定加肠造瘘术,总结治疗经验.结果 9例患者骨盆骨折均满意愈合,盆底撕裂伤9例中7例未发生感染,2例轻度感染经治疗后痊愈,半年后复查患者创面愈合良好,功能良好.结论 采用外固定支架下有限经皮内固定加肠造瘘术治疗开放性骨折骨盆骨折伴盆底撕裂伤可获得较满意的效果.

Abstract：

Objective To introduce the methods and key points for the external fixation combinel with limited percutaneous internal fixation plus colostomy in the treatment of open pelvic fracture concomitant with perineal laceration.Methods Nine patients with open pelvic fractures concomitant with perineallaceration were treated by external fixator combined with limited percutaneous internal fixer plus colostomy. Data including injury details, management and outcomes were collected for comparison.Results All the patients survived and attained bony union except for two patients with local infection that was healed several days after repeated wound debridement and use of wide spectrum antibiotics. All the patients had good extremity function at the latest follow-up. Conclusion External fixation combined with limited percutaneous internal fixation plus colostomy is a reliable, safe and less invasive procedure for the treatment of open pelvic fractures concomitant with perineal open wound.     

Experience in a military trauma surgery department with external skeletal fixation of femur fractures

Our experience with external skeletal fixation of complex open and closed femoral fractures in 50 conventional trauma victims is presented. Different external fixator systems were primarily used in 26 patients and secondarily in 24 patients. The authors feel that early definitive femoral fracture care in civilian and military trauma victims employing unilateral external monofixation, which avoids casts, and allows improved wound management and early mobilization of the multitrauma patient, has decreased the complication rate commonly associated with internal fixation of open femoral fractures.     

负压封闭吸引结合钢板内固定治疗Gustilo Ⅲ型尺桡骨开放性骨折

目的探讨应用负压封闭吸引结合钢板内固定治疗GustiloⅢ型尺桡骨开放性骨折的疗效。方法治疗GustiloⅢ型尺桡骨开放性骨折12例,受伤原因:机器碾压伤7例,车祸伤4例,重物砸伤1例。均采用负压封闭吸引技术一期结合钢板内固定治疗。结果 12例患者无感染发生,植皮及皮瓣均一期愈合。11例获得骨性愈合,1例出现尺骨不愈合,手术植骨后骨质愈合。结论在早期彻底清创的前提下,负压封闭吸引技术一期结合钢板内固定是治疗GustiloⅢ型尺桡骨开放性骨折一种有效的治疗方法。