一种新的含锌药物——葡萄糖酸锌研制成功

锌是人体重要的必需微量元素之一,有“生命之花”的美称。国内外大量文献报道,多种疾病与缺锌有关。美国食品和营养委员会于1980年正式把锌列为人体必需基本微量元素。国内一项最新的检测结果表明,我国每三个五岁以下的儿童中就有两个缺少微量元素锌。研     

用“锌”浇灌生命之花

在已知的15种必需微量元素中，锌几乎存在于所有类型生物中，微量元素锌是生命元素，锌作为人类机体必需的微量元素之一，是具有重要生理功能的营养素。锌在人体内的含量仅次于铁，居第二位。锌是人体生长发育、生殖、遗传、免疫、内分泌、神经、体液等重要生理过程中必不可少的物质，缺锌会对人体的各系统产生不利影响，所以锌被人们誉为“生命之花”。     

五灵脂无机成分的分析研究

15g五灵脂内含人体必需微量元素和常量元素比其它中草药更接近人体日需要量。服用少量五灵脂可使体内某些微量元素达到平衡,从而调节新陈代谢达到治病目的。尤其含钼、镁等防癌元素,含锶、锰、锌、铁等人体必需微量元素及适量钙等,可作为人体防癌保健食品添加剂开发利用。     

微量元素锌营养研究进展

1869年Rulin发现锌是黑霉菌生长的必需元素,1934年Todd指出人和动物需要锌,1961年Prassad等发现人缺锌而患侏儒症,开辟人体锌营养研究新纪元,1963年证明锌为人体必需的微量元素。从此以后,微量元素锌营养的研究、讨论非常活跃,人们十分关注,但从理论到实践均未彻底解决。本文谨从锌的生理意义、代谢、营养及影响锌生物利用的因素以及现存问题进行综述。     

人到中年,漫漫补锌路……

锌是人体必需的微量元素,它是人体100多种酶中的主要成分,对机体的代谢有重要作用。曾有营养学家对中老年进行血锌调查,结果表     

葡萄糖酸锌的应用与前景浅析

微量元素与人类健康的关系十分密切,已引起众多研究人员的广泛注意和浓厚的兴趣。锌是人体必需的微量元素之一,它能激活人体内许多重要酶的活性,增强人体的免疫功能。日前对含锌物质研究较多的应首推     

儿童微量元素锌缺乏的调查与分析

<正>微量元素是人体正常生活所必需的物质,微量元素虽然在人体含量极低,但对人体健康有很大影响,是机体正常发育和代谢必不可少的。儿童正处在生长发育的旺盛阶段,需要各种微量元素来满足生长发育的需要,微量元素锌     

儿童指血1 000例微量元素检测结果分析

微量元素是人体必不可少的重要营养要素之一,微量元素在人体内按照生理作用的不同,分必需的微量元素和非必需微量元素,铜锌铁钙镁均属于人体必需的微量元素,他们在体内构成细胞的成分,以辅酶辅基活剂的形式参与物质的合成分解转化.特别是儿童,这一时期是人生中微量元素变化最敏感的时期,它与疾病的发生与发展及生长发育息息相关.     

锌的生理功能与锌剂的应用

锌是人体必需的微量元素,参予人体多种代谢过程。锌缺乏会引起多种疾病和儿童生长发育停滞。本文概述了锌的生理功能、代谢过程、常用的锌剂和制备方法、锌的毒副作用、补锌的注意事项。     

婴幼儿498名微量元素检测结果分析

微量元素是组成人体生命的基本元素,铜、锌、铁、钙、镁均属于人体必需微量元素,在人体内构成细胞的成分,以辅酶、辅基激活剂的形式参与物质的合成、分解、转化。必需微量元素在人体内过多与缺乏均会导致某种疾病的产生。为了解婴幼儿体内微量元素含量,探讨其缺乏的综合防治措施,笔者对我院儿科门诊随机体检的498名婴幼儿进行了铜、锌、铁、钙、镁5种微量元素的检测。现报道如下。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.