铅作业女工授乳递铅的研究

本文报告了接铅授乳女工及对照女工之乳铅、血铅及她们子女的血铅值。研究结果表明,含量的几何均数分别是:接铅组母乳铅为23.22μg/dl。母血铅为40.86μg/dl,其子女血铅为49.6μg/dl。对照组母乳铅为6.05μg/dl,母血铅为11.38μg/dl,子女血铅为11.00μg/dl。两组差别十分显著P<0.01。且母乳铅与血铅,母血铅与子血铅,母乳铅与子女血铅均高度相关,提示母亲可通过授乳将铅传递给子代。     

环境铅与幼儿体内铅水平及健康危害研究

目的　了解环境铅与幼儿体内铅水平及对幼儿体格发育的影响。方法　测定大气、食品、饮水等铅含量以及5 0 1例 3～ 6岁儿童发铅和血铅含量 ,并检查 2 6 4名儿童的体格发育情况。结果　计算获得市区幼儿每人每日摄入铅约 5 4 μg ,郊区约 4 5 μg ,市区和郊区幼儿发铅分别是 18 71± 8 8μg/g和 13 97± 8 0 μg/ g:血铅分别是 131 2± 72 1μg/L和 10 8 3± 6 8 1μg/L(1μg/L =0 0 0 4 83μmol/L) ;市区幼儿的发铅和血铅水平显著高于郊区 ,P <0 0 0 1;市区幼儿血铅≥ 10 0 μg/L者占 6 9 8% ,郊区占 4 0 1% ;以血铅 10 0 μg/L划线分组比较幼儿体格发育 ,各年龄段幼儿血铅 <10 0μg/L和≥ 10 0 μg/L组的身高、体重、胸围、头围和血色素含量无显著性差异。 结论　成都市环境铅污染严重 ,幼儿血铅水平及铅中毒流行率较高 ,应重视防治儿童铅中毒。     

非铅污染地区血铅与发铅水平及相关性分析

目的 研究某非铅污染地区人群中血铅与发铅总体平均水平及两者的相关性.方法 以某非铅污染区域中9个自然村270名健康人群为研究对象,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定其血铅和发铅水平.结果 非铅污染区域人群血铅、发铅水平中位数(M)分别为0.067 μmol/L、3.6μg/g,男性血铅水平高于女性(M分别为0.088、0.050 μmol/L,P＜0.001),女性发铅水平高于男性(M分别为4.0、3.4 μg/g,P＜0.05);人群血铅、发铅水平总体均数的95％可信区间分别为(5.5,7.8)、(3.3,4.1),男性的为(7.3,10.3)、(2.8,4.0),女性的为(2.4,6.0)、(3.4,4.7).血铅水平与发铅水平的spearman等级相关系数为-0.043.结论 非铅污染环境下人群的血铅和发铅总体平均水平都较低,血铅水平与发铅水平无相关性.     

铅作业工人293名血铅水平的调查

目的了解铅作业工人体内铅含量水平。方法采用石墨原子吸收法测定血铅含量,采用希斯美康1000 i血球仪测定血红蛋白含量。结果 293名铅作业工人中血铅超过1.9μmol/L有192人;超标率为65.53%;男工和女工的血铅水平和血红蛋白水平都存在负相关。结论 293铅作业工人血铅水平较高,企业应改进生产工艺,增强防护措施,对血铅超标者进行驱铅治疗,定期对工人进行体检。     

轻度精神发育迟滞儿童体内铅和镉水平及其影响

目的　探讨轻度精神发育迟滞儿童体内铅、镉的负荷水平及其对儿童智力的影响。　方法　用学习成绩、智商测验及测定血、尿中铅、镉含量等方法 ,进行儿童智力发育和铅、镉水平关系的调查。结果　实验组儿童血铅均值为 1.39μmol/L ,对照组为 1.0 4 μmol/L ,二组差异有极显著意义 (P <0 .0 1)。相关分析表明 ,血铅水平与儿童智商总分、操作智商、语言智商均存在显著的负相关关系 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。实验组儿童尿铅均值为 1.4 1μmol/L ,对照组为 1.12 μmol/L ,二组差异有极显著意义 (P <0 .0 1)。实验组儿童血镉均值为 0 .5 7μmol/L ,对照组为 0 .38μmol/L ,实验组血镉水平高于对照组 ,但二者差异无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。　结论　血铅与儿童智商呈负相关关系 ,而血镉、尿镉与智商无相关性。     

南方某重金属暴露区儿童血和尿中铅、镉水平及影响因素调查

目的了解南方某工业区儿童重金属内暴露水平,为环境重金属污染综合防治提供科学依据。方法采用环境流行病学方法进行横断面调查,共招募530名儿童,包括暴露区266名和对照区264名,调查问卷的同时采集儿童血、尿样本,用ICP-MS方法进行铅、镉含量检测。结果暴露区儿童血、尿中铅、镉含量几何均数分别为65.89,1.93μg/L和4.04,1.43μg/L,显著高于对照区儿童(P0.05),其对应含量分别为37.21,1.07μg/L和2.14,1.02μg/L。暴露区儿童血铅随着年龄的增长有波动样升高趋势,对照区儿童血镉、尿镉水平随着年龄增加有轻微增加趋势,同时无论暴露区还是对照区,男孩重金属内暴露水平比女孩高,存在显著性的性别差异(P0.05)。结论环境重金属暴露区儿童重金属内暴露水平显著高于非暴露区,且随着年龄增长呈现轻微的增长趋势,同时存在显著的性别差异。     

注意力缺陷多动障碍与铅、镁的关系

目的　探讨注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD)儿童与铅、镁的关系 ,为根据环境病因制定进一步的个体化防治措施提供理论依据。方法　按照美国精神病学会出版的《精神障碍诊断及统计手册》第 4版 (简称DSM -IV)ADHD诊断标准确定病例组儿童 6 0名 ;按年龄、性别 1∶1匹配正常对照组儿童。采集末梢血及头发 ,应用原子吸收分光光度计石墨炉法及火焰法化验铅及镁含量。应用SAS6 12统计软件进行配对样本t检验及交互作用分析。结果　ADHD患儿血铅水平 (2 2 1μg/L)明显高于对照组儿童 (12 0 μg/L) ,P <0 0 0 1;血镁含量 (2 9mg/L)显著低于对照组儿童 (43mg/L) ,P <0 0 0 1;发镁含量 (15 μg/ g)显著低于对照组儿童 (2 2 μg/g) ,P <0 0 5。上述三因素对ADHD影响的交互作用分析显示 :血铅含量、血镁含量对ADHD的作用具有显著性意义 ;血铅与血镁 ,血镁与发镁交互作用也有显著性意义。结论　铅水平增高与镁缺乏均可促使ADHD的发病。交互作用分析则显示在ADHD的发病中血铅与血镁的作用互为拮抗。     

儿童食物铅摄入与血铅水平关系的研究

目的探讨南京市小学生食物铅摄入与血铅水平的关系。方法整群抽取南京市两所小学9~12岁学生404名为研究对象,采指端末梢血,用原子吸收石墨炉法测定血铅;采用原子吸收石墨炉法测定各种食物中的含铅量、连续3 d询问法进行膳食调查,了解铅摄取量。结果南京市小学生血铅平均水平为81.2μg/L,血铅达到和超过100μg/L人数占22.8%。以血铅水平100μg/L为判定标准,将被调查对象分为高血铅组(≥100μg/L)和低血铅组(<100μg/L),高血铅组儿童铅摄入量显著高于低血铅组,高血铅组儿童摄入铅污染较高的水产类、糕点类明显高于低血铅组。结论铅摄入量高可导致血铅升高,血铅水平高的儿童摄入铅污染较高的水产类、糕点类明显较多。     

环境铅暴露对儿童肾脏功能的影响

目的 了解环境铅暴露对儿童肾脏功能的影响。方法 根据血铅值将儿童分为4个组别，第1组血铅水平小于或等于0.483μmol/L；第2组血铅水平为大于0．483μmol/L小于或等于0．965μmol/L；第3组血铅水平为大于0．965μmol/L小于或等于2．172μmol/L，第4组血铅水平为大于2．172μmol/L。测定各组儿童的尿中NAG、γ－GT、ALP、LDH活性和尿总蛋白、β2－MG、ALB以及IgG含量。结果 随着儿童血铅水平的增高，各种尿酶的活性也升高，尤以NAG和γGT活性升高幅度较大，NAG、LDH在血铅水平处于第3组时，已与第1组有显性差异，说明NAG和LDH较为敏感。当血铅水平大于2．172μmol/L时，尿中β2－MG含量显性增加，而其它种类的尿蛋白均无明显变化。结论 环境铅暴露的儿童当血铅水平大于0．965μmol/L时，就已不同程度对肾脏造成损伤，当血铅水平大于2．172μmol/L时，病变更为广泛；NAG、LDH、γ－GT、ALP和β2－MG可以作为对环境铅暴露儿童肾脏损伤的早期联合监测指标。     

苏州工业园区外资企业职工101名血铅、尿铅水平调查

目的了解苏州工业园区外资企业当前职工体内血铅、尿铅水平。方法采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定苏州工业园区的两家不接触铅污染的外资企业101名职工静脉血全血铅、尿铅含量,并使用SPSS10.0统计软件对结果进行统计分析。结果101名外资企业职工体内血铅、尿铅几何均数分别为066、0.096μmol/L,整体水平在正常范围内,部分职工的血铅超过193μmol/L,的限值。结论该区成人血铅水平在全国处于中等偏高水平;尿铅水平均在正常范围内。     

High exposure of Chinese mercury mine workers to elemental mercury vapor and increased methylmercury levels in their hair

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the level of exposure of mercury (Hg) miners and smelter workers to elemental mercury (Hg⁰) vapor in China, who work in Hg mines without using protective equipment against Hg⁰ vapor. In addition, the level of methylmercury (MeHg) intake by the workers was estimated from the MeHg concentration in their hair. Methods Urinary total mercury (THg) and hair THg and MeHg concentrations were measured in 26 Hg miners and smelter workers (i.e., exposed group), and 48 unexposed people (unexposed group). Results The exposed group showed high geometric mean THg concentrations in urine (258 ng/ml, 226 μg/g creatinine) and hair (20.0 μg/g). The urinary THg concentration of the smelter workers in particular was extremely high (338 μg/g creatinine in urine). The highest urine THg concentration reached 4577 μg/g creatinine. THg concentrations in urine and hair showed a significant correlation in the exposed group (r=0.62), indicating the adhesion of Hg⁰ vapor to hair. However, no such significant correlation was found in the unexposed group. Hair MeHg concentration in the exposed group (1.97 μg/g) was about threefold higher than that in the unexposed group (0.60 μg/g). Conclusions This study shows that smelter workers in a Chinese Hg mine are exposed to extremely high levels of Hg⁰ vapor, and that Hg miners are exposed to higher levels of MeHg than the unexposed subjects. Further study is needed to determine the cause of the higher hair MeHg concentration in the exposed group.     

Tail hair as an indicator of environmental exposure of cows to lead and cadmium in different industrial areas

This study examines the use of tail hair from cows as a possible biomarker of environmental exposure to lead and cadmium around different industrial areas. Respective blood and tail hair samples were collected from a total of 317 apparently healthy cows above 3 years of age. This includes 287 cows reared in industrial and urban areas and 30 cows from areas free from polluting sources. Significantly (P<0.05) higher lead and cadmium residues were recorded in hair from cows reared around lead-zinc smelter and closed lead cum operational zinc smelter. However, cows from those areas had significantly (P<0.05) higher blood lead but not cadmium concentration as compared to respective control value. Although mean blood lead concentration in cows around aluminum processing plant and urban cum small industrial areas and that of cadmium around steel processing plant were significantly (P<0.05) higher than respective control, the mean hair lead and cadmium content remained statistically (P>0.05) comparable to that of respective control values. The blood lead was significantly correlated with hair lead (r = 0.672, P<0.01) and cadmium (r = 0.309, P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between lead and cadmium concentration (r = 0.610, P<0.01) in hair and a nonsignificant correlation between blood and hair cadmium suggesting that cadmium accumulation in hair was influenced by blood and hair lead concentrations in cows environmentally exposed to lead.     

Environmental and Occupational Exposures to Mercury Among Indigenous People in Dunkwa-On-Offin, a Small Scale Gold Mining Area in The South-West of Ghana

Total mercury concentrations in human hair and urine samples were determined to ascertain the extent of environmental and occupational mercury exposure in Dunkwa-On-Offin, a small scale gold mining area of the central-west region of Ghana. In all ninety-four (94) hair and urine samples comprising of forty (40) small scale miners and fifty-four (54) farmers were collected and analyzed for their total mercury levels using the cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry. The hair total mercury concentrations ranged from 0.63 to 7.19 ug/g with a mean of 2.35 ± 1.58 ug/g for the farmers and 0.57–6.07 ug/g with a mean of 2.14 ± 1.53 ug/g for the small scale gold miners. There was no significant correlation between the total mercury concentration and the average weekly fish diet. The total mercury concentrations in urine of the miners were higher than those of the farmers and ranged from 0.32 to 3.62 ug/L with a mean of 1.23 ± 0.86 ug/L. The urine concentrations of farmers ranged from 0.075 to 2.31 ug/L with a mean of 0.69 ± 0.39 ug/L. Although the results indicate elevated internal dose of mercury the current levels of exposures do not appear to pose a significant health threat to the people.     

慢性铅接触者胸腺输出近期功能的研究

目的分析铅接触者外周血T细胞受体删除DNA环(TRECs)的含量,了解其初始T细胞含量和胸腺近期输出功能,从而研究其免疫功能的情况。方法采用实时定量PCR方法检测10例铅接触者外周血TRECs含量,与11例非铅接触者进行比较;采用双变量相关分析法和偏相关分析法分析铅接触组TRECs水平与年龄、工龄、血铅、尿铅、血锌原卟啉(ZPP)和尿δ-氨基-γ-酮戊酸(δ-ALA)浓度的关系。结果10例铅接触者TRECs水平[(2.44±1.87)/1000]明显低于非铅接触者[(5.60±3.96) /1000];TRECs水平与尿δ-ALA浓度呈负相关,有统计学意义(r=-0.754,P<0.05),但控制血铅或尿铅因素后,TRECs水平与尿δ-ALA浓度则无相关性(P>0.05)。结论铅对胸腺输出功能可能造成一定程度的损伤,且TRECs与血铅和尿铅存在相关性,提示低水平的铅接触早已损伤人体的免疫功能。     

Lead exposure among small-scale battery recyclers, automobile radiator mechanics, and their children in Manila, the Philippines

Blood lead (PbB) and hemoglobin levels (Hb) were determined in 40 battery repair/recycling shop workers, 16 radiator repair shop workers, and 20 children living in the immediate vicinity of these shops. Unexposed residents with similar socioeconomic status were also investigated. Mean PbB level was significantly higher for battery workers (54.23 microg/dL) when compared to radiator workers (20.04 microg/dL) and unexposed adults (12.56 microg/dL) (P<0.001). Among battery workers, 94% had PbB levels above the WHO permissible exposure limit of 40 microg/dL for males and 30 microg/dL for females. There was no demarcation between workplace and living quarters; therefore, workers' families were similarly exposed to hazards. Children living in the immediate vicinity of battery shops also had significantly higher mean PbB levels (49.88 microg/dL) compared to radiator shop children (11.84 microg/dL) and unexposed children (9.92 microg/dL). For workers with PbB > 40 microg/dL, 90% were anemic (Hb < 13 g/dL for males and <11.5 g/dL for females). Linear regression showed a correlation (r=-0.214; P=0.03) between Hb level and log(10)PbB. There was no significant relationship between anemia and blood lead in children (r=-0.146). We conclude that radiator repair activities appeared to increase the body burden of lead, although not up to a level significantly different from unexposed counterparts. Battery recycling/repair activities, however, significantly increased blood lead levels in workers and their children.     

New ceramics-related industry implicated in elevated blood lead levels in children

Elevated lead levels have been implicated as a cause of a variety of health problems in children. Blood lead, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and hemoglobin levels were measured for family members of workers exposed to lead borosilicate dust in a capacitor and resistor plant in Colorado. Previous studies in other lead-related industries have shown an increased risk of lead poisoning among workers' children through exposure to dust brought home on work clothes. Eighty-nine family members of 41 exposed workers were tested along with 62 family members of 30 unexposed comparison households. The mean blood lead level in the family members of exposed workers was significantly elevated compared with that of the unexposed group (10.2 vs. 6.2 micrograms/dl, p = .0001).     

Arsenic in Mexican Children Exposed to Contaminated Well Water

This cross-sectional study measures the arsenic level in school children exposed to contaminated well water in a rural area in México. Arsenic was measured in hair by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Overall, 110 children were included (average 10 years-old). Among 55 exposed children, mean arsenic level on hair was 1.3 mg/kg (range <0.006–5.9). All unexposed children had undetectable arsenic levels. The high level of arsenic in water was associated to the level in hair. However, exposed children drank less well water at school or at home than unexposed children, suggesting that the use of contaminated water to cook beans, broths or soups may be the source of arsenic exposure.     

Relationship between the lead concentration in hair and occupational exposure.

The lead content of hair in workers occupationally exposed was correlated with the blood lead concentration. Determinations of lead in blood and hair were performed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry in two exposed groups and a control group. A significant correlation was observed between the blood lead and hair lead concentrations, and a regression analysis showed an exponential accumulation of the lead content in hair, simultaneously with the increase of the values in blood. The colour of the hair and the age of the subject did not influence the lead accumulation in hair in the occupationally exposed subjects. The assessment of lead in hair is considered a useful screening test in estimating occupational exposure.     

Arsenic in Mexican children exposed to contaminated well water

This cross-sectional study measures the arsenic level in school children exposed to contaminated well water in a rural area in México. Arsenic was measured in hair by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Overall, 110 children were included (average 10 years-old). Among 55 exposed children, mean arsenic level on hair was 1.3 mg/kg (range <0.006-5.9). All unexposed children had undetectable arsenic levels. The high level of arsenic in water was associated to the level in hair. However, exposed children drank less well water at school or at home than unexposed children, suggesting that the use of contaminated water to cook beans, broths or soups may be the source of arsenic exposure.     

Past pregnancy outcomes among women living in the vicinity of a lead smelter in Kosovo, Yugoslavia.

This analysis compares the rates of spontaneous abortion among women living in the vicinity of a lead smelter with those of women living in a town where blood lead levels were low. Data derive from the obstetric histories of both groups of women obtained while seeking prenatal care for a later pregnancy. A total of 639 women (304 exposed, 335 unexposed) had at least one previous pregnancy and lived at the same address since their first pregnancy. The geometric mean blood lead concentrations in the sample at the time of the interviews were 0.77 mumol/L in the exposed town and 0.25 mumol/L in the unexposed town. The rates of spontaneous abortions in first pregnancies were similar, with 16.4 percent of women in the exposed town and 14.0 percent in the unexposed town reporting loss. The adjusted odds ratio relating town of residence to spontaneous abortion was 1.1 (95% CI = 0.9, 1.4). This analysis represents the first systematic attempt to seek an association between environmental lead exposure and spontaneous abortion. As such, the failure to find a positive association strongly suggests that at the levels of exposure represented in our sample, such an association does not exist.