老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄的危险因素分析

目的探讨影响老年髋部骨折术后谵妄的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2017年12月北京医院骨科收治的60岁及以上髋部骨折手术患者1051例,其中术后谵妄156例(谵妄组),男性56例,女性100例,股骨颈骨折81例,转子间骨折75例;未发生术后谵妄895例为对照组,比较其在并发症、术前化验结果、骨折类型、手术方法、骨折至手术时间、手术时间、术中出血量及输血量等,多因素回归分析筛选影响老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄的危险因素。结果1051例患者发生谵妄156例(14.8%)。谵妄组和对照组患者骨折类型、手术方式比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。谵妄组患者年龄(82.9±6.6)岁,高于对照组(79.9±7.2)岁(P<0.05);谵妄组术前人血白蛋白水平、内生肌酐清除率分别为(37.1±2.9)g/L、(52.4±22.2)ml·min^-1·(1.73 m²)-1,低于对照组(37.8±3.8)g/L、(59.0±30.0)ml·min^-1·(1.73 m²)-1;谵妄组既往痴呆率19.8%(31例),高于对照组2.2%(20例),差异有统计学意义(χ²=89.503,P<0.01);谵妄组既往合并2种以上内科疾病的比例为51.9%(81例),高于对照组40.3%(361),差异有统计学意义(χ²=7.320,P<0.01)。两组术前血红蛋白水平、白细胞水平、K和Na离子浓度、是否合并帕金森病、是否合并呼吸系统疾病及合并心血管系统疾病、美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级的比例差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。二元Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、既往合并痴呆及肾损伤为术后谵妄的危险因素(均P<0.05)。结论老年髋部骨折术后谵妄发生率较高,高龄、既往痴呆及肾功能不全为术后谵妄发生的危险因素,应在术前加以预防及改善。     

术前营养不良与老年人髋部骨折术后谵妄的相关性研究

目的探讨术前营养状态与老年人髋部骨折术后谵妄的相关性。方法纳入2017年9月至2019年6月于我院行髋部骨折手术的年龄≥65岁的病人102例。术前采用简易营养评估法(MNA-SF)评估所有病人的营养状况,根据评估结果将研究对象分为营养正常组、营养不良风险组及营养不良组。术后1～3 d采用意识错乱评估方法(the confusion assessment method,CAM)评估病人是否处于谵妄状态,并使用多因素Logistic回归分析术后谵妄的危险因素,探讨术前营养状态与术后谵妄的关系。结果 102例病人根据营养状态分为营养正常组43例(42. 2%),营养不良风险组33例(32. 4%),营养不良组26例(25. 4%)。术后谵妄发生率为27. 45%(28/102)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,有营养不良风险的病人(OR=6. 095,95%CI=1. 113～33. 368)和营养不良的病人(OR=22. 446,95%CI=3. 499～143. 995)更有可能发生术后谵妄。结论使用MNA-SF评估的营养不良和营养不良风险是术后谵妄的独立危险因素。因此,在手术前应评...     

老年髋部骨折术后谵妄的管理

老年髋部骨折患者进行手术具有较高风险,术后谵妄(POD)发生率高,严重影响术后康复及远期预后,需骨科、麻醉科、老年内科、内科、重症医学科、康复科、营养科、精神心理科等多学科团队分工协作,共同管理.术前应对POD相关危险因素进行综合评估,制定个体化综合预防措施;术中应关注老年患者的麻醉方式、微创术式选择等特殊问题;术后应...     

老年人髋部骨折的流行病学研究现状

髋部骨折是老年人的常见病、多发病。目前国内关于此病的流行病学研究报道少见,关于其发病率、人群分布特点、疾病危险因素及其带来的社会问题的较为完整的流行病学研究资料更是缺乏。本文根据国外近年来关于髋部骨折流行病学研究的文献,对髋部骨折流行病学研究现状作一概述。     

老年人术后谵妄的预防与处理

谵妄是一种以注意、忘记、定向、知觉、精神运动性行为和睡眠障碍为主要症状的急性器质性综合征,老年人术后谵妄发生率约为2.5%,几乎是年轻人的2倍.除极个别因脑血管意外所致,大部分与代谢因素有关.     

老年患者髋部骨折术后并发谵妄的Nomogram模型构建

目的 研究老年患者髋部骨折术后谵妄(POD)的相关危险因素,并构建预测模型。方法 选取萍乡市人民医院2015～2020年3月426例接受老年髋部骨折患者手术治疗的患者。采用多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析POD发生的独立危险因素。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线及决策曲线分析评估Nomogram模型临床效能。结果 POD组年龄、吸烟比例、美国麻醉医师学会(ASA)分级(Ⅲ～Ⅳ)比例、糖尿病比例、C反应蛋白(CRP)、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、预后营养指数(PNI)、脊髓麻醉(全身麻醉)比例及手术时间明显高于非POD组(P<0.05);而白蛋白(ALB)明显低于非POD组(P<0.05)。年龄、CRP、NLR、PNI、ALB、手术时间的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.706、0.651、0.744、0.743、0.636、0.655;最佳截断值分别为81岁、15.68 mg/L、3.50、46.58、3.68 g/dl、90 min。年龄(≥81岁)、ASA等级(Ⅲ～Ⅳ)、糖尿病、NLR(≥3.50)、PNI(<46.58)及手术时间(≥90 min)是POD发...     

80岁以上老年人髋部骨折（附78例临床分析）

报道住院的７８例８０岁以上老年人髋部骨折。股骨颈骨折４１例，股骨粗隆间骨折３７例；手术治疗５２例，非手术治疗２６例，骨折前有７０．５％的患者并存其它脏器疾病，住字期间死亡３例，无术中死亡，手术治疗组一年内死亡４例，一年内病死率为８．５％，功能优良率为８５．１％，非手术治疗组一年内死亡７例，一年内病死率为３６．８％，功能优良率为６３．２％，表明８０岁以上老年人髋部骨折行手术治疗能取得满意疗效。     

不同术式对高龄髋部骨折患者术后发生谵妄的影响

<正>老年髋部骨折术后谵妄的发生率为15%⁶1%〔1〕。术后谵妄可明显延长老年住院手术患者的住院时间,增加住院费用,使老年住院手术患者的围术期死亡率增加〔2〕,对谵妄危险因素的控制是降低谵妄对患者危害的关键所在〔3〕。高龄、术前并发症、术前认知障碍、全身麻醉、术后低氧血症、术后疼痛、睡眠障碍、手术应激反应、药物毒性作用、贫血、电解质紊乱、低蛋白血症等是髋部骨折术后谵妄的主要病因〔461%〔1〕。术后谵妄可明显延长老年住院手术患者的住院时间,增加住院费用,使老年住院手术患者的围术期死亡率增加〔2〕,对谵妄危险因素的控制是降低谵妄对患者危害的关键所在〔3〕。高龄、术前并发症、术前认知障碍、全身麻醉、术后低氧血症、术后疼痛、睡眠障碍、手术应激反应、药物毒性作用、贫血、电解质紊乱、低蛋白血症等是髋部骨折术后谵妄的主要病因〔4⁶〕。本研究分析不同手术方式对高龄髋部骨折患者术后谵妄发生的影响。     

GNRI联合NLR对老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄的预测价值

目的 探讨老年营养风险指数（GNRI）联合中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞（NLR）对老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄（POD）的预测价值。方法 选择老年髋部骨折患者223例,均接受手术治疗,发生POD 51例（POD组）、未发生POD172例（非POD组）。比较两组术前GNRI和NLR。收集老年髋部骨折患者术前基本资料、手术相关资料以及实验室检查资料,采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析老年髋部骨折患者发生POD的影响因素。采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析GNRI、NLR对老年髋部骨折患者POD的预测效能。结果 POD组GNRI低于非POD组,NLR高于非POD组（P均<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄（OR=1.081,95%CI:1.019～1.146）、脑卒中（OR=2.712,95%CI:1.011～7.271）、NLR(OR=1.484,95%CI:1.021～2.156)为老年髋部骨折患者发生POD的独立危险因素（P均<0.05）,而GNRI(OR=0.880,95%CI:0.825～0.940)则为其独立保护因素（P<0.05）。ROC曲线分析显...     

老年髋部骨折术后心力衰竭相关因素分析

目的探讨影响老年髋部骨折术后发生心力衰竭的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2010年6月至2013年12月在北京市丰盛中医骨伤医院采用手术治疗的老年髋部骨折(年龄≥70岁)患者329例,根据术后是否发生心力衰竭将329例患者分为2组:发生心力衰竭组(n=53)和未发生心力衰竭组(n=276),比较2组患者临床特点。采用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行数据处理。组间比较采用χ~2检验。对单因素分析有统计学意义的指标进行多因素logistic回归分析,筛选出独立的危险因素。结果 2组患者性别、手术时机、手术类型、高血压、2型糖尿病、低白蛋白血症差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。单因素分析结果表明年龄偏大、认知功能障碍、合并冠心病、贫血、术中输血多的髋部骨折患者术后易发生心力衰竭(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果表明贫血(OR=3.030,95%CI 1.325~6.932;P=0.009)、认知功能障碍(OR=5.707,95%CI1.346~24.097;P=0.018)和并发冠心病(OR=3.653,95%CI 1.444~9.241;P=0.006)是导致老年髋部骨折患者术后发生心力衰竭的独立危险因素。结论贫血、认知功能障碍和并发冠心病是老年髋部骨折术后发生心力衰竭的独立危险因素。     

Time-course of cytokines during delirium in elderly patients with hip fractures

OBJECTIVES: To compare the time‐course of cytokine levels in patients with and without delirium and investigate differences in cytokine concentrations in delirium subtypes. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 2005 through 2007. PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 65 and older admitted for surgery after hip fracture. MEASUREMENTS: Experienced geriatric physicians used the Confusion Assessment Method to assess delirium and the Delirium Symptom Interview to assess delirium subtype. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, and IL‐12 were assayed in repeated serum samples using a cytometric bead array immunoassay. RESULTS: Of 221 admitted patients, 98 (mean age 84, 50 patients with delirium) were included, resulting in a total of 324 samples. Ninety‐six percent of these samples had TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐10 levels below the reliable detection level. Differences between patients with and without delirium were observed in IL‐6 (median 51 vs 36 pg/mL, P=.01) and IL‐8 (median 15 vs 9 pg/mL, P=.03) levels. Changes over time in IL‐6 and IL‐8 levels in patients with delirium differed significantly from changes in levels in patients without delirium. The highest levels of IL‐6 were present during delirium, and the highest levels of IL‐8 were present before the development of delirium. Patients with the hyperactive (median 71 pg/mL) or mixed (median 73 pg/mL) subtype of delirium had higher IL‐6 levels than patients with hypoactive delirium (median 16 pg/mL) (P=.02). CONCLUSION: IL‐6 and IL‐8 may contribute to the pathogenesis of postoperative delirium in elderly people. IL‐6 may play a role in the hyperactive behavior of delirium.     

The risk factors of postoperative delirium in general anesthesia patients with hip fracture: Attention needed

Delirium is a common postoperative complication of patients with hip fracture, yet the risk factors for postoperative delirium in patients with hip fracture remain unclear. We aimed to evaluate the associated risk factors of postoperative delirium in patients with hip fracture, to provide evidence for formulating coping measures of postoperative delirium prevention and treatment in clinical practice.Patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture from March 1, 2018 to September 30, 2020 in our hospital were included. The related characteristics and related lab examination results were reviewed and collected. The univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the potential risk factors.A total of 462 patients were included, the incidence of postoperative delirium in patients with hip fracture was 16.02%. Logistic regression analyses indicated that history of delirium (OR = 4.38, 1.15–9.53), diabetes mellitus (OR = 5.31, 1.23–10.75), hypoalbuminemia (OR = 4.97, 1.37–9.86), postoperative hypoxemia (OR = 5.67, 2.24–13.42), and body mass index (BMI) (kg/m²) (OR = 3.03, 1.36–6.18) were the independent risk factors for the delirium in patients with hip fracture surgery (all P < 0.05). The cutoff value of postoperative blood sugar, albumin, and BMI for delirium prediction was 8.05 (mmol/L), 32.26 (g/L), and 19.35 (kg/m²), respectively, and the area under curve of postoperative blood sugar, albumin, and BMI was 0.792, 0.714, and 0.703, respectively.Those patients with a history of delirium, postoperative hypoxemia, blood glucose ≥8.05 mmol/L, albumin ≤32.26 g/L, and BMI ≤19.35 kg/m² particularly need the attention of healthcare providers for the prevention of delirium.     

One-year mortality after hip fracture in older individuals: the effects of delirium and dementia

BackgroundDelirium is common in older hip fracture patients, yet its association with mortality after hip fracture remains uncertain. This study aimed to determine whether delirium was associated with all-cause one-year mortality after hip fracture in older patients and whether the effect of delirium was independent of dementia status.MethodA retrospective analysis of linked hospitalisation and mortality data for patients aged ≥65 years with a hip fracture during 1 January 2010 to 30 June 2014 in New South Wales, Australia. The association between delirium and mortality after a hip fracture was assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression.ResultsThere were 4,065 (14.6%) of 27,888 hip fracture hospitalisations identified with delirium during hospitalisation. Individuals with delirium had a higher age-adjusted rate of all-cause one-year mortality after hip fracture compared to individuals without delirium (35.3% versus 23.9%). After adjusting for covariates, the risk of all-cause mortality was increased at one-year post-admission for older individuals compared to those aged 65-69 years, for individuals with multiple comorbidities, dementia (Hazard Ratio (HR): 1.14; 95%CI:1.08-1.20), delirium (HR: 1.19; 95%CI:1.12-1.26), and who had an Intensive Care Unit admission (HR: 1.44; 95%CI:1.31-1.59). Comorbid delirium did not add additional mortality risk for individuals with a hip fracture who have dementia.ConclusionsDelirium identified in hospital was associated with all-cause one-year mortality after hip fracture in older Australians without dementia. As delirium is potentially preventable, better systematic assessment and documentation of a hip fracture patient’s cognitive state is warranted to select the most effective strategies to prevent and manage delirium.     

Quality project to prevent delirium after hip fracture

Objectives: It has been demonstrated that a series of strategies supervised by a geriatrician can reduce the incidence of delirium in elderly hip fracture patients. The aims of this project were to determine if a geriatric registrar could introduce these strategies and alter the incidence of delirium in our orthopaedic unit. Methods: The program used quality improvement methods and included staff education and the use of a checklist to facilitate the use of the strategies. We counted the number of recommendations made, the subsequent adherence to the recommendations and the before and after monthly incidence of delirium. Results: The geriatric registrars made 424 recommendations (average six per patient) during a 3‐month intervention period, of which 89.9% were adhered to. Baseline data indicated an incidence of delirium of 10/28 cases (35.7%). Following introduction of the strategies, subsequent monthly incidences of delirium were 4/28 cases (14.3%), 3/22 cases (13.6%) and 2/21 cases (9.5%) (P < 0.035 compared with baseline). Conclusions: We conclude from this short program that methods proven to prevent delirium can be introduced into routine clinical practice and that this appears to prevent cases of delirium.     

Elderly patients with trochanteric hip fracture have lower serum Vitamin D levels compared to patients with cervical hip fracture

Hip fracture patients have lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, at the time of their fracture, compared to age-matched controls. Aim of this work was to examine if the admission levels of serum 25(OH)D in patients with hip fracture are associated not only to hip fracture in general but also to the type of hip fracture, i.e., trochanteric vs. cervical. Our hypothesis was based on the fact that in Mediterranean countries trochanteric hip fractures are more common than cervical while the contrary is true for northern European countries. Fifty-three community free elderly Cretan women with an acute low energy hip fracture (29 with trochanteric and 24 with cervical fracture) and 70 community free elderly women without hip fracture were included in this study. Serum PTH, Ca, P and Cre showed no significant difference between the two fracture groups. Women with trochanteric fractures had significantly lower serum 25(OH)D levels compared to those with cervical hip fracture (i.e., 35.9 nmol/l vs 55.2 nmol/l (p = 0.015) while the group of those with cervical hip fracture do not appear to differ from the controls.     

Risk factors and prediction of postoperative delirium in elderly hip-surgery patients: implementation and validation of a medical risk factor model

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate risk factors for postoperative delirium in a cohort of elderly hip-surgery patients and to validate a medical risk stratification model. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Medical school-affiliated general hospital in Alkmaar, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred three hip-surgery patients aged 70 and older screened for risk factors for postoperative delirium. MEASUREMENTS: Predefined risk factors for delirium were assessed on admission. One point was assigned for each of four risk factors present, resulting in three groups: low, intermediate, and high risk. Baseline screening and assessment included the Mini-Mental State Examination, the standardized Snellen test for visual impairment, chart review to determine Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, and blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio. The primary outcome was postoperative delirium, as defined using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, and Confusion Assessment Method criteria. All patients were screened daily for delirium. RESULTS: Incidence of delirium was 3.8% in the low-risk group (P<.001), 11.1% in the intermediate-risk group (P=.27, relative risk (RR)=3.0), and 37.1% in the high-risk group (P<.001, RR=9.8). Cognitive impairment at admission had the highest predictive value for postoperative delirium (coefficient of determination=0.15). Contrary to previous findings, age was an independent predictive factor for delirium. Moreover, postoperative delirium was four times as frequent in acute patients as in elective hip-replacement patients. CONCLUSION: The medical risk factor model is valid for elderly hip-surgery patients. Cognitive impairment, age, and type of admission are important risk factors for delirium in this surgical population.     

Functional recovery after hip fracture in old-old elderly patients

Hip fracture is epidemic and prevalence increased with advanced age. Impact of comorbid and cognitive status, gender, type of fracture, operative delay and pre-fracture ambulatory levels on functional outcome was shown in previous studies. We studied functional outcome after rehabilitation for hip fracture in old-old elderly (85 years and older) and compared it to young elderly (65–74 years) community-dwelling patients. Before the fracture, old-old elderly patients were more functional dependent, has had more comorbid diseases, and more of them live alone than young elderly. The waiting time to surgery and mean length of stay in orthopedic ward were longer than in young elderly. On admission to rehabilitation treatment, old-old patients presented with more depressed mood, were more cognitive impaired, and more suffer from pain. Old-old patients presented with laboratory data of malnutrition (decreased serum levels of albumin, cholesterol, hemoglobin, hematocrit, lymphocyte count) and inflammation (increased of transferrin and C-reactive protein). Improvement in Functional Independence Measurement (FIM) scale was found in both groups but significantly better in young elderly than in old-old elderly. The change in FIM during the rehabilitation period (ΔFIM) were in FIM total and in those parts of FIM concerning locomotion. The mean duration of rehabilitation stay was significantly longer in old-old elderly patients. On discharge old-old elderly patients more suffer from pain and difference between the groups according to the laboratory and to the cognitive data increased. Age per se is indicator of frailty and determinate functional recovery after hip fracture.     

Reducing delirium after hip fracture: a randomized trial

OBJECTIVES: Delirium (or acute confusional state) affects 35% to 65% of patients after hip-fracture repair, and has been independently associated with poor functional recovery. We performed a randomized trial in an orthopedic surgery service at an academic hospital to determine whether proactive geriatrics consultation can reduce delirium after hip fracture. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, blinded. SETTING: Inpatient academic tertiary medical center. PARTICIPANTS: 126 consenting patients 65 and older (mean age 79 +/- 8 years, 79% women) admitted emergently for surgical repair of hip fracture. MEASUREMENTS: Detailed assessment through interviews with patients and designated proxies and review of medical records was performed at enrollment to ascertain prefracture status. Subjects were then randomized to proactive geriatrics consultation, which began preoperatively or within 24 hours of surgery, or "usual care." A geriatrician made daily visits for the duration of the hospitalization and made targeted recommendations based on a structured protocol. To ascertain study outcomes, all subjects underwent daily, blinded interviews for the duration of their hospitalization, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Delirium Symptom Interview (DSI), and the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS). Delirium was diagnosed using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) algorithm. RESULTS: The 62 patients randomized to geriatrics consultation were not significantly different (P>.1) from the 64 usual-care patients in terms of age, gender, prefracture dementia, comorbidity, type of hip fracture, or type of surgical repair. Sixty-one percent of geriatrics consultation patients were seen preoperatively and all were seen within 24 hours postoperatively. A mean of 10 recommendations were made throughout the duration of the hospitalization, with 77% adherence by the orthopedics team. Delirium occurred in 20 /62 (32%) intervention patients, versus 32 / 64 (50%) usual-care patients (P =.04), representing a relative risk of 0.64 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.37-0.98) for the consultation group. One case of delirium was prevented for every 5.6 patients in the geriatrics consultation group. There was an even greater reduction in cases of severe delirium, occurring in 7/ 60 (12%) of intervention patients and 18 / 62 (29%) of usual-care patients, with a relative risk of 0.40 (95% CI = 0.18-0.89). Despite this reduction in delirium, length of stay did not significantly differ between intervention and usual-care groups (median +/- interquartile range = 5 +/- 2 days in both groups), likely because protocols and pathways predetermined length of stay. In subgroup analyses, geriatrics consultation was most effective in reducing delirium in patients without prefracture dementia or activities of daily living (ADL) functional impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Proactive geriatrics consultation was successfully implemented with good adherence after hip-fracture repair. Geriatrics consultation reduced delirium by over one-third, and reduced severe delirium by over one-half. Our trial provides strong preliminary evidence that proactive geriatrics consultation may play an important role in the acute hospital management of hip-fracture patients.