益骨胶囊含药血清对共育体系中成骨细胞表达骨保护素mRNA的影响

目的 观察益骨胶囊含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共育体系中对SD大鼠成骨细胞表达骨保护素(OPG)mRNA的影响.方法 取1d龄SD大鼠颅骨分离培养成骨细胞(OB);取5d龄SD大鼠四肢长骨分离培养破骨细胞(OC).建立上清相通但细胞间不相互混杂的平面式成骨-破骨细胞共育体系,实验分为含药血清组和对照组.将10月龄SD雌性大鼠分为益骨胶囊灌胃组和生理盐水对照组,制备含药血清和对照血清.检测共育体系中成骨细胞OPG mRNA的表达.结果 含药血清组与对照组比较,OPGmRNA表达明显升高(8.2567±0.1118比3.3350±0.9854),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 益骨胶囊含药血清在共育体系中通过刺激OB表达OPG来实现对OC的活性和凋亡的调节.     

抗骨松丹杞颗粒含药血清对成骨-破骨细胞共培养体系中破骨细胞功能的影响

目的:观察补肾方抗骨松丹杞颗粒含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共同培养体系中对大鼠破骨细胞(OC)骨吸收功能的影响。方法:取1 d龄SD大鼠的胎鼠颅骨与四肢骨分别分离、培养成骨细胞和破骨细胞,建立细胞上清相通但细胞间不相互混杂的平面式成骨-破骨细胞共育体系,实验分为不同浓度(低、中、高)的补肾方含药血清组和对照组进行比较,用重氮盐法检测抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)和光镜观察骨陷窝数。结果:25%的补肾方含药血清组在48 h、72 h、96 h成骨-破骨细胞共育体系中OC分泌TRAP的活性明显降低于对照组;25%的补肾方含药血清组在48 h、72 h、120 h所形成骨吸收陷窝的数目明显低于对照组(P0.01)。结论:补肾方抗骨松丹杞颗粒含药血清在共育体系中能够抑制OC活性。     

益骨胶囊含药血清在共育体系中对大鼠成骨细胞增殖、ALP 活性及IL-11 mRNA表达的影响

目的：观察益骨胶囊含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共育体系中对SD大鼠成骨细胞(OB)增殖、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性及白细胞介素-11(IL- 11)mRNA表达的影响。方法：(1)取1d龄SD大鼠颅骨分离培养OB，取5 d龄 SD大鼠四肢股骨、胫骨分离培养破骨细胞(OC)，建立细胞上清相通但细胞间不相互混杂的平 面式成骨- 破骨细胞共育体系，实验分为两组(含药血清组和对照组)。 (2) MTT法检测OB增殖，氨基安替吡啉测酚法测定ALP活性，FQ-PCR法测定IL-11 mRNA相对表达量。结果：含药血清组中OB的A值、ALP活性、IL-11/β-actin比值均高于对照组(P<0.05) 。结论：益骨胶囊含药血清在共育体系中可促进OB增殖、增强OB ALP活 性，提高IL-11 mRNA的表达。     

密骨打老儿丸含药血清对共育体系中成骨细胞和破骨细胞功能的影响

 目的： 观察密骨打老儿丸（Migu-Dalaoer pill,MDP）含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共同培养体系中对成骨细胞（osteoblasts,OB）增殖和破骨细胞（osteoclasts,OC）骨吸收功能的影响。方法： 利用分段酶消化法从胎鼠颅骨中分离出OB,取1日龄SD大鼠四肢股骨和胫骨分离培养OC,建立培养上清相通但2种细胞间互不接触的成骨-破骨细胞共育模型。实验分为不同浓度（低、中、高）的MDP含药血清组和对照组进行比较,以细胞增殖（MTT 法）和碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,ALP）活性代表OB的成骨活性,以抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP）活性和骨吸收陷窝数目代表OC的破骨能力进行测定。结果： 与对照组相比,中、高浓度MDP含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共同培养体系中6和7 d 能显著提高OB数目和 ALP 活性（P<0.01）。与对照组相比,中、高浓度MDP含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共同培养体系中6和7 d 能显著降低OC骨吸收陷窝的数目和分泌 TRAP 的活性（P<0.01）。结论： 密骨打老儿丸含药血清在共育体系中能够促进OB增殖和骨形成,同时抑制OC骨吸收功能。     

益骨胶囊含药血清对大鼠破骨细胞凋亡和分泌抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶的影响

目的:观察益骨胶囊含药血清对体外培养的大鼠破骨细胞(OC)分泌抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)和凋亡的影响。方法:(1)将20只12月龄SD大鼠随机分为益骨胶囊灌胃组和生理盐水灌胃组, 制备含药血清和对照血清;(2)分离培养新生SD大鼠OC, 加血清培养后, 重氮盐法检测TRAP, 倒置显微镜下观察OC存活数及荧光染色法观察OC凋亡情况。结果:与空白血清组比较, 含药血清组在24h、48h和72h时TRAP的活性均明显降低, OC存活数明显降低, 凋亡比率明显高(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:益骨胶囊含药血清可以抑制体外培养OC分泌TRAP, 诱导OC凋亡, 提示这可能是该方防治骨质疏松的机理之一。     

TNF-α对共育体系中成骨细胞凋亡的影响及益骨胶囊含药血清的保护作用

目的： 探讨肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）对成骨-破骨细胞共育体系中成骨细胞（OB）凋亡的影响及益骨胶囊含药血清的保护作用。方法: （1）将20只10月龄SD大鼠随机分为益骨胶囊灌胃组和生理盐水灌胃组，制备含药血清与空白血清；（2）将分离的OB与破骨细胞（OC）分别接种到共育体系中，加培养液培养后， 同时添入20 μg/L、30 μg/L、40 μg/L、50 μg/L、60 μg/L TNF-α分别作用24 h、48 h、72 h诱导OB 凋亡，用DNA电泳法确定最佳诱导方案；(3）将细胞分为TNF-α组、TNF-α+含药血清组、TNF-α+空白血清组和正常对照组，分别加入DMEM培养液、含药血清培养液、空白血清培养液、DMEM培养液，除正常对照组加入PBS外，其它各组均同时加入60 μg/L TNF-α，培养72 h后，用荧光染色法、DNA电泳法、流式细胞仪观察各组OB凋亡情况。结果: (1）60 μg/L TNF-α作用72 h后，共育体系中OB DNA电泳呈较典型的梯形改变；(2）TNF-α+含药血清组中OB DNA电泳仅出现二个条带，荧光染色可见大多数细胞均匀染色，其凋亡率（9.60%±0.26%）明显低于TNF-α组(26.90%±0.06%)与TNF-α+空白血清组(18.10%±0.06%)，P＜0.01。结论: 60 μg/L TNF-α作用72h可诱导共育体系中OB凋亡；益骨胶囊含药血清对TNF-α诱导的OB凋亡具有抑制作用。     

益骨胶囊含药血清对大鼠成骨细胞IL-6 mRNA及其蛋白表达的影响

目的：从mRNA及蛋白水平探讨益骨胶囊含药血清对成骨细胞表达IL-6的影响。方法：分离、培养新生SD大鼠成骨细胞，传代后分为3组即含药血清组；空白血清组；DMEM组。采用RT-PCR法检测IL-6 mRNA相对表达量，用放射免疫法检测成骨细胞培养上清中的IL-6含量。结果：益骨胶囊含药血清组IL-6 mRNA相对表达量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）；益骨胶囊含药血清组IL-6蛋白表达量也低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：益骨胶囊含药血清能下调成骨细胞IL-6 mRNA 表达；亦能在蛋白水平降低成骨细胞分泌骨吸收因子IL-6，这可能是益骨胶囊防治骨质疏松症的机制之一。     

应用破骨细胞-颅骨联合培养体系研究先天性成骨不全的骨再建过程

目的　采用先天性成骨不全(OI)小鼠,oim/oim为动物模型,应用破骨细胞-颅骨联合培养体系研究OB和OC两种细胞在OI骨再建过程中的功能改变和相互作用。 方法　实验采用小鼠颅骨（CAL）组织培养,实验设两组：WTCAL-WTOC组：联合培养对照组颅（WTCAL） 与对照破骨细胞（WTOC）;OICAL-OIOC组：联合培养OI颅骨（OICAL）与OI破骨细胞（OIOC）。以免疫组化染色方法　-TRAP识别破骨细胞,ALP免疫组化染色方法识别成骨细胞。破骨细胞骨吸收活性为骨吸收陷窝占颅骨表面百分比。单位OC吸收面积为总骨吸收陷窝除以破骨细胞数。 结果　于7d,OICAL-OIOC组破骨细胞数低于WTCAL-WTOC组;OICAL-OIOC组的OC/OB比例低WTCAL-WTOC组;OICAL-OIOC组单位破骨细胞吸收能力高于WTCAL-WTOC组。 结论　OI的小鼠模型骨再建中骨量丢失一方面由于其成骨细胞功能异常,另一方面也可能因为其破骨细胞的代偿性功能活跃。     

益骨胶囊含药血清对大鼠成骨细胞IGF-ImRNA及其蛋白表达的影响

目的:观察益骨胶囊含药血清对SD大鼠成骨细胞(OB)增殖和胰岛素样生长因子I(IGF-I)mRNA及其蛋白表达的影响。方法:(1)将40只12月龄SD雌性大鼠分为益骨胶囊灌胃组(高、中、低剂量)和蒸馏水对照组,制备含药血清和对照血清,并确定最佳灌胃剂量和最佳血清添加浓度;(2)分离、培养新生大鼠成骨细胞,传代后分为两组(含药血清组和对照组),分别在培养48、72和96 h时做相关指标的测定,采用MTT法测定OB增殖,RT-PCR法检测IGF-ImRNA的相对表达量,ELISA法检测培养上清中IGF-I的浓度。结果:在48、72和96 h时,益骨胶囊含药血清组OB增殖明显高于对照组(P<0.01),OB表达IGF-I mRNA和蛋白的量明显高于对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:益骨胶囊含药血清具有促进成骨细胞增殖、表达IGF-I mRNA和蛋白的作用,可能是该方防治骨质疏松的机理之一。     

梓醇对OB-OC共育体系中OB、OC活性及OBERα、βmRNA表达的影响

目的:观察中药单体梓醇在成骨-破骨共育体系中对成骨细胞(OB)增殖、OB碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性、破骨细胞(OC)活性及OB雌激素受体(ER)α及βmRNA表达的影响,从细胞水平阐释其防治骨质疏松症的作用机制。方法:分别选取1 d和5 d SD大鼠分离培养OB和OC,并建立OB-OC共育体系;在共育体系中,用MTT法检测低浓度(0.05、0.1、0.5、1 mg/L)、中浓度(2、5、10 mg/L)和高浓度(20、50和100 mg/L)梓醇干预下的OB增殖率,并以梓醇最佳促OB增殖浓度进行后续实验,实验分为对照组和梓醇组。p NPP法检测各组OB的ALP活性;光镜观察OC骨吸收陷窝数目;重氮盐法检测OC抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)的活性;RT-PCR方法检测OB ERα及ERβmRNA的表达。结果:在OB-OC共育体系中,0.05~2 mg/L梓醇各组中OB的增殖率显著高于对照组(P0.01),且0.05 mg/L梓醇组促进OB增殖的能力明显高于其它浓度组(P0.01),5~100 mg/L梓醇各组OB的增殖率与对照组比较无显著差异(P0.05)。0.05 mg/L梓醇组的ALP水平高于对照组(P0.05),并在作用48、72和96 h后均对OC骨吸收陷窝数及TRAP有明显抑制作用(P0.01);0.05 mg/L梓醇组OB中ERαmRNA的表达与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而ERβmRNA的表达显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:梓醇在共育体系中可提高OB增殖和成骨活性,抑制OC活性并上调OB中ERβmRNA的表达。     

Increased apoptosis in osteoclasts and decreased RANKL immunoexpression in periodontium of cimetidine‐treated rats

It has been demonstrated that histamine interferes with the recruitment, formation and activity of osteoclasts via H₁‐ and H₂‐receptors. Cimetidine is a H₂‐receptor antagonist used for treatment of gastric ulcers that seems to prevent bone resorption. In this study, a possible cimetidine interference was investigated in the number of alveolar bone osteoclasts. The incidence of osteoclast apoptosis and immunoexpression of RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand) was also evaluated. Adult male rats were treated with 100 mg kg^?1 of cimetidine for 50 days (CimG); the sham group (SG) received saline. Maxillary fragments containing the first molars and alveolar bone were fixed, decalcified and embedded in paraffin. The sections were stained by H&E or submitted to tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) method. TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling) method and immunohistochemical reactions for detecting caspase‐3 and RANKL were performed. The number of TRAP‐positive osteoclasts, the frequency of apoptotic osteoclasts and the numerical density of RANKL‐positive cells were obtained. Osteoclast death by apoptosis was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In CimG, TRAP‐positive osteoclasts with TUNEL‐positive nuclei and caspase‐3‐immunolabeled osteoclasts were found. A significant reduction in the number of TRAP‐positive osteoclasts and a high frequency of apoptotic osteoclasts were observed in CimG. Under TEM, detached osteoclasts from the bone surface showed typical features of apoptosis. Moreover, a significant reduction in the numerical density of RANKL‐positive cells was observed in CimG. The significant reduction in the number of osteoclasts may be due to cimetidine‐induced osteoclast apoptosis. However, RANKL immunoexpression reduction also suggests a possible interference of cimetidine treatment in the osteoclastogenesis.     

Structural and functional changes in the alveolar bone osteoclasts of estrogen-treated rats

This study investigated structural and functional features of apoptotic alveolar bone osteoclasts in estrogen-treated rats. For this purpose, 15 female rats 22 days old were divided into three groups: Estrogen (EG), Sham (SG) and Control (CG). The rats of EG received daily intramuscular injection of estrogen for 7 days. The SG received only the oil vehicle. Maxillary fragments containing alveolar bone were removed and processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. Area (OcA) and number of nuclei (OcN) and bone resorption surface per TRAP-positive osteoclasts (BS/OC) were obtained. Vimentin, caspase-3 and MMP-9 immunoreactions, TUNEL/TRAP and MMP-9/TUNEL combined reactions were performed. In EG, the OcA, OcN and BS/Oc were reduced. Moreover, osteoclasts showed cytoplasm immunolabelled by caspase-3 and a different pattern of vimentin expression in comparison with CG and SG. MMP-9 expression was not affected by estrogen and the TUNEL-positive osteoclasts were MMP-9-immunolabelled. In EG, ultrastructural images showed that apoptotic osteoclasts did not exhibit ruffled borders or clear zones and were shedding mononucleated portions. TRAP-positive structures containing irregular and dense chromatin were partially surrounded by fibroblast-like cells. In conclusion, the reduction in the BS/Oc may be due to reduction in OcA and OcN; these effects seem to be related to vimentin disarrangement rather than to an interference of estrogen with osteoclast MMP-9 expression. Osteoclast apoptosis involves caspase-3 activity and vimentin degradation; these cells release portions containing one apoptotic nucleus and, subsequently, undergo fragmentation, giving rise to apoptotic bodies.     

从细胞水平研究龟鹿二仙含药血清在治疗骨质疏松中的作用

从细胞水平研究龟鹿二仙含药血清在治疗骨质疏松中的作用.(1)用酶消化法获得新生大鼠的成骨细胞.碱性磷酸酶(ALP)染色进行鉴定,通过对成骨细胞增殖、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)分泌的检测来考察成骨细胞功能.(2)用1,25(OH)2D3诱导骨髓单核细胞获得破骨细胞,抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色鉴定破骨细胞.电镜扫描观察破骨细胞形成的骨凹陷情况;同时检测TRAP( )细胞数和破骨细胞TRAP活性.(3)用血清药理学方法制备龟鹿二仙含药血清,分别加入不同剂量组10%含药血清进行干预,观察该中药血清对上述成骨细胞和破骨细胞功能指标的影响.龟鹿二仙高剂量组血清可促进成骨细胞增殖,增加IGF-1的分泌量.而中剂量组血清可明显抑制骨髓细胞向破骨细胞的转化,抑制骨凹陷形成,降低细胞内TRAP的活性.本研究表明龟鹿二仙具有显著的抗骨质疏松作用.     

Specific biological functions of vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase and lysosomal cysteine proteinase,cathepsin K,in osteoclasts

We report the effects of specific and potent inhibitors of vacular-type H(+)-ATPase and lysosomal cysteine proteinases, cathepsins, on the ultrastructure, expression of these enzymes, and resorptive functions of cultured osteoclasts. Osteoclasts were formed by co-culture of marrow cells and calvarial primary osteoblasts of ddY mice. Formed osteoclasts were cultured on dentine slices for 6-48 hr with either an H(+)-ATPase inhibitor, bafilomycin A1, or a cysteine proteinase inhibitor, E-64. In control cultures with no additive, osteoclasts were structurally characterized by the development of ruffled borders and clear zones, and formed many resorption lacunae on dentine slices. Both H(+)-ATPase and cathepsin K were strongly expressed in the ruffled borders of these osteoclasts. In bafilomycin A1-treated cultures, osteoclasts lacked ruffled borders, and resorption lacuna formation was markedly diminished. This effect of bafilomycin A1 on osteoclast structure was reversible by removal of the compound. Bafilomycin A1 treatment altered the subcellular localization and decreased the expression of H(+)-ATPase molecules. H(+)-ATPase expression was observed throughout the cytoplasm, but not along the plasma membranes facing dentine slices. On the other hand, E-64 treatment did not affect the ultrastructure of osteoclasts and the expression of enzyme molecules. Although E-64 showed no effect on demineralization of dentine slices, it dose-dependently reduced resorption lacuna formation. Our results suggest that 1) bafilomycin A1 dose-dependently inhibits resorption lacuna formation via inhibition of ruffled border formation, 2) H(+)-ATPase expression is closely associated with the cytoskeleton of osteoclasts, and 3) E-64 treatment decreases the depth of resorption lacunae, by inhibition of secreted cathepsin K activity, but does not impair ruffled border formation and the associated expression of H(+)-ATPase and cathepsin K in osteoclasts.     

建立小鼠成骨与破骨细胞相互作用的共育新体系

背景：众所周知,骨重建是骨组织中重要的生物学反应过程,其中成骨细胞与破骨细胞发挥了关键作用。但目前,关于骨重建中成骨与破骨细胞间信号传递的深层机制还不清楚。 目的：利用transwell技术,在体外建立一种成骨与破骨细胞的新型共育体系,为深入研究骨重建中成骨与破骨细胞的相互作用提供成熟的实验模型。 方法：采用MC3T3-E1成骨样细胞株与RAW264.7破骨前体细胞株,进行体外成骨与破骨细胞的诱导分化,并利用Transwell共培养板(0.4 µm聚酯膜)建立成骨与破骨细胞的共育体系。共培养6 d后,通过测定细胞活性和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活力分析成骨细胞的增殖和分化活性,利用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色、甲苯胺蓝(TB)染色、TRAP活性测定及扫描电镜技术观察破骨细胞的分化及骨吸收功能。 结果与结论：共培养体系中成骨样细胞的无限增殖能力减弱,而分化活性明显增强,同时破骨前体细胞被诱导分化为成熟的破骨细胞,并具有一定的骨吸收功能。因此,该共培养体系可用于骨重建中成骨与破骨细胞间信号通路的深层研究。     

Morphological and histochemical comparison of the cells elicited by ectopic bone implants and tibial osteoclasts

Pellets of mineralized and demineralized bone and a composite mixture of mineralized and demineralized, devitalized bone particles were implanted subcutaneously on the dorsal body wall of young adult rats. Two weeks post-implantation, the pellets were removed and processed for histochemical and morphological analyses. Rat proximal tibia was also processed for evaluation. The levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity in the multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) from each of the three implants and from osteoclasts were assessed using an image analyzer. The osteoclasts from the proximal tibia and the majority of MNGCs from the demineralized implants demonstrated high levels of TRAP activity. MNGCs from the mineralized implants showed either a low level or absence of TRAP activity. Most MNGCs from the composite implants exhibited a low level of TRAP activity; however, there was a population of cells that demonstrated a high level of reaction product, similar to that seen in the tibia and demineralized implant. Morphologically, osteoclasts from the proximal tibia and from the osteogenic demineralized implant exhibited ruffled borders. A small population of MNGCs from the composite implant also revealed osteoclastic features. In summary, MNGCs from the mineralized implant did not exhibit a level of TRAP reaction product or morphology similar to osteoclasts, while the majority of cells from the demineralized implant and a subpopulation of the MNGCs elicited by the composite implant did demonstrate TRAP expression and morphology similar to osteoclasts. The expression of osteoclastic characteristics in cells at an ectopic site may be dependent on accessory signals from the skeletal microenvironment; such signals appear to be absent from or incomplete in the mineralized implants but appear to be present when demineralized bone particles are implanted.