氟伐他汀对高糖诱导人足细胞血管内皮生长因子表达的影响及机制

目的探讨氟伐他汀对高糖诱导的人足细胞血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响及机制。方法体外培养人足细胞,随机分为A组(正常糖组)、B组(高糖组)、C组(高糖+氟伐他汀10-7mol/L组)、D组(高糖+氟伐他汀10-6mol/L组)、E组(高糖+氟伐他汀10-5mol/L组)和F组[高糖+胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)抑制剂PD98059组]。用Western blot检测VEGF和磷酸化ERK1/2(pERK1/2)蛋白表达。结果 B组VEGF、pERK1/2表达较A组明显升高,并呈时间依赖性(P<0.05)。F组VEGF、pERK1/2表达较B组显著降低(P<0.01)。与B组比较,C、D、E组VEGF及pERK1/2表达亦明显减少,并呈浓度依赖性(P<0.05)。结论高糖刺激体外培养人足细胞VEGF表达增加,氟伐他汀可减少高糖诱导的VEGF表达,其机制可能与氟伐他汀抑制ERK信号通路有关。     

褐藻糖胶促进小鼠巨噬细胞免疫活性及机制初探

目的 探讨褐藻糖胶(Fucoidan)对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7免疫活性的影响及初步探讨作用机制。方法 采用体外细胞培养方法,比色分析检测不同浓度Fucoidan(0、100、200、300、400、500 μg/mL)作用下RAW264.7吞噬中性红的能力,噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测不同浓度Fucoidan(0、50、250、500 μg/mL)作用下RAW264.7增殖,Western Blotting检测Fucoidan诱导的RAW264.7的MAPK/ERK1/2的磷酸化。结果 Fucoidan剂量依赖性地促进RAW264.7吞噬功能和增殖功能。200 μg/mL Fucoidan作用10min即使ERK1/2发生磷酸化,30min时ERK1/2磷酸化达到最大值。结论 Fucoidan可提高小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬活性和增殖能力,其机制可能与Fucoidan直接激活RAW264.7的MAPK/ERK1/2信号转导通路有关。     

脂联素对巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1及胆固醇含量的影响及机制

目的探讨脂联素对RAW264.7巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1及胆固醇含量的影响及其可能的机制。方法体外培养RAW264.7细胞,加入20 mg/L氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)共同孵育48 h,将其诱导成泡沫细胞,加入不同浓度(0、1、5、10μg/mL)的脂联素干预24 h,RT-PCR测定ABCA1 mRNA的表达,高效液相色谱测定细胞内胆固醇含量。观察脂联素对泡沫细胞中ABCA1表达的影响。结果脂联素显著增加RAW264.7巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1 mRNA的表达(P<0.05),并增加细胞内胆固醇含量,且呈浓度依赖性(P<0.05)。结论脂联素可以增加巨噬源性泡沫细胞ABCA1转录水平,促进胆固醇流出,延缓AS的发生发展。     

八肽胆囊收缩素抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞AP-1活性及IL-6表达

目的研究八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)对LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞IL-6表达的影响及相关机制。方法用ELISA及RT-PCR法检测RAW264.7细胞IL-6蛋白及mR-NA表达;用EMSA方法检测RAW264.7细胞AP-1 DNA结合活性。结果①LPS可时间依赖性的诱导RAW264.7细胞IL-6蛋白及mRNA表达;②10-10 mol.L-1 CCK-8对LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞IL-6表达无明显影响;10-8、10-6 mol.L-1 CCK-8浓度依赖性地抑制了LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞IL-6表达;③10-10 mol.L-1 CCK-8未影响LPS诱导的AP-1活性,10-8、10-6 mol.L-1 CCK-8浓度依赖性地抑制了LPS诱导的AP-1活性。结论 CCK-8通过抑制AP-1 DNA结合活性而抑制了LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞IL-6表达,这可能是CCK-8发挥抗炎作用的信号转导机制之一。     

阿司匹林抑制脂多糖诱导RAW264.7细胞MMP-9表达及机制研究

目的:探讨阿司匹林对脂多糖(LPS)诱导RAW264.7细胞中基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)的表达及其机制研究.方法:MTT法检测LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞作用下,阿司匹林对细胞毒性的影响.Q-RT-PCR检测MMP-9 mRNA表达,免疫蛋白印迹法(western blot)检测MMP-9、p38 MAPK及磷酸化p38(Phospho-p38,P-p38)蛋白表达.特异性抑制剂SB203580(SB)阻断p38MAPK通路后,分别应用Q-RT-PCR和Western blot检测MMP-9的基因和蛋白表达.结果:阿司匹林呈剂量依赖性抑制MMP-9基因和蛋白表达.与LPS组相比,阿司匹林可明显抑制P-p38MAPK蛋白的表达,而p38MAPK总蛋白无明显变化.抑制p38MAPK通路后,MMP-9 mRNA和蛋白水平均明显下调.结论:阿司匹林抑制LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞中MMP-9表达可能与抑制p38MAPK信号转导通路有关,进而发挥其抗AS药理作用.     

当归A_3活性部位对小鼠巨噬细胞环氧化酶-2活性及基因表达的影响

目的研究当归A3活性部位对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7环氧化酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)活性及基因表达的影响。方法采用酶联免疫法(enzyme-line immu-nosorbnent assay,ELISA)检测前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)产量及COX-2活性,采用RT-PCR和Western blot法检测COX-2 mRNA及蛋白表达水平。结果 A3(20、40、80mg.L-1)剂量依赖性地抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞PGE2产量、COX-2活性、COX-2 mRNA及蛋白表达水平增高。结论 A3能够直接抑制PGE2产量,此作用可能与抑制COX-2基因表达有关。     

丹参酮ⅡA体内外抗炎作用研究

目的采用体内外炎症模型研究丹参酮IIA抗炎活性作用及其作用机制。方法建立脂多糖(LPS)诱导巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞体外炎症模型,检测不同浓度丹参酮IIA对炎症因子水平、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、环氧化酶2(COX-2)蛋白表达及其基因表达的影响。建立二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀和角叉菜胶大鼠足跖肿胀炎症模型,探讨不同浓度丹参酮IIA的体内抗炎作用。结果丹参酮IIA对RAW264.7细胞无明显毒性。与LPS组比较,丹参酮IIA剂量在2.5～40 mg/L呈明显剂量相关性地抑制一氧化氮(NO)、白细胞介素-1?(IL-1?)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)释放(P0.05、0.01)。与LPS组比较,丹参酮IIA呈现剂量相关性地抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞iNOS和COX-2蛋白的表达(P0.01)。与LPS组比较,丹参酮IIA呈剂量相关性地下调LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中的iNOS、COX-2、IL-1?和IL-6基因表达(P0.05、0.01)。丹参酮IIA在10～60 mg/kg对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀有不同程度的抑制作用,对角叉菜胶所致大鼠足跖肿胀有不同程度的抑制作用,并呈剂量相关性(P0.05、0.01),且当丹参酮IIA给药剂量达到40 mg/kg时,其抗炎效果强于阿司匹林。结论丹参酮IIA具有抗炎作用,其作用机制可能与减少巨噬细胞炎症介质生成和释放、炎症基因iNOS、COX-2、IL-1?和IL-6的表达密切相关。     

PD98059对HL60细胞Ras-MEK1/2-ERK1/2信号转导影响的研究

目的探讨MEK1抑制剂PD98059对HL60细胞Ras-MEK1/2-ERK1/2信号转导以及细胞增殖的影响。方法四唑盐比色试验(MTT)法检测PD98059对HL60细胞增殖的抑制作用,流式细胞术观察PD98059对HL60细胞凋亡和G0/G1期阻滞的影响,半定量反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)测定PD98059对HL60细胞ERK2、p27、Skp2基因表达的影响,免疫组织化学SP法检测ERK2、p27、Skp2蛋白表达的改变情况。结果 PD98059能够抑制HL60细胞的生长,该抑制作用具有浓度及时间依赖性(P<0.05)。PD98059能够促进HL60细胞凋亡,该作用具有浓度及时间依赖性(P<0.05);PD98059作用HL60细胞48h,随着浓度的增加G0/G1期阻滞增强(P<0.05)。PD98059可使HL60细胞ERK2、Skp2的mRNA及蛋白表达量减少,p27的mR-NA及蛋白表达量增加(P<0.05)。结论 PD98059能够抑制HL60细胞的生长,诱导细胞发生G0/G1期阻滞,促进其凋亡,这可能是通过PD98059阻断Ras-MEK1/2-ERK1/2信号转导,影响了ERK2、Skp2、p27等的表达而实现的。     

Toll样受体信号途径在RAW264.7细胞川崎病模型炎症反应中的作用及其机制研究

目的探讨Toll样受体(TLR)2信号途径在RAW264.7细胞川崎病模型炎症反应中的作用及其分子机制。方法构建TLR2-干扰小RNA(siRNA),合成2对特异性针对TLR2基因的siRNA序列,并用于转染RAW264.7细胞。实时荧光聚合酶链反应和蛋白质印迹法检测TLR2-siRNA对干酪乳杆菌细胞壁提取物(LCWE)诱导RAW264.7细胞p38促分裂原活化的蛋白激酶(MAPK)、基质多属蛋白酶(MMP)-9表达的影响,乳胶增强免疫比浊定量法检测培养基中高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)水平的变化;检测p38MAPK抑制剂SB 203580对LCWE诱导RAW264.7细胞MMP-9表达的影响。结果与对照组相比,LCWE刺激组p-p38MAPK、MMP-9的表达及hs-CRP水平都有明显升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),与LCWE刺激组相比,TLR2-siRNA+LCWE刺激组的p-p38MAPK、MMP-9表达和hs CRP水平降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与LCWE刺激组相比,SB203580+LCWE刺激组的MMP-9表达减轻,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 TLR2-siRNA可以有效减轻LCWE刺激造成的p-p38MAPK、MMP-9、hs-CRP表达升高。p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580对LCWE诱导RAW264.7细胞MMP-9表达有抑制作用。TLR2参与了RAW264.7细胞川崎病模型中的炎症反应,其机制可能与p38MAPK途径有关。     

胞外信号调节激酶1/2通路在阿霉素引起的心肌细胞损伤中的作用

目的探讨胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK 1/2)通路在阿霉素(doxorubicin,DOX)引起的心肌细胞损伤中的作用。方法应用DOX处理H9c2心肌细胞建立细胞损伤的体外模型,在DOX处理前应用ERK 1/2抑制剂PD98059抑制ERK 1/2的活化;检测细胞存活率、ERK 1/2的活化、胞内活性氧(ROS)水平、线粒体膜电位(MMP)以及胱硫醚γ-裂解酶(CSE,为内源性硫化氢的合成酶)的表达。结果 5μmol·L-1DOX处理H9c2心肌细胞1～6 h,呈时间依赖性地促进ERK1/2的活化;5μmol·L-1DOX对心肌细胞具有明显的损伤作用,表现为细胞存活率下降、ROS水平升高、MMP丢失及CSE表达降低;在DOX处理H9c2心肌细胞前30min,应用ERK1/2抑制剂10μmol·L-1PD-98059预处理能明显拮抗DOX对心肌细胞的损伤作用,使ROS水平降低,细胞存活率MMP和CSE表达水平均升高。结论 ERK1/2通路参与DOX对H9c2心肌细胞的损伤作用。     

丹参酮II-A通过调控TLR4/IκBα/NFκB信号通路抑制LPS诱导的细胞炎症

目的建立脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠单核巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)炎症模型,探究丹参酮II-A(Tan IIA)的抗炎活性及其机制。方法CCK-8法测定Tan IIA对细胞活力的影响;迁移小室测定Tan IIA对LPS诱导细胞迁移能力作用;ELISA法测定细胞上清液中小鼠肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factoralpha,TNF-α)、白介素6(interleukin 6,IL-6)、IL^-1β、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein,MCP-1)的含量;Western blot法检测基质金属蛋白酶2(matrix metalloproteinases,MMP-2)、MMP-9、Toll样受体-4(TLR4)、IκB-α、p-IκB-α、NFκB和p-NFκB蛋白的表达。结果Tan IIA对LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞培养液中炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6、IL^-1β和MCP-1的分泌有明显的抑制作用;明显下调MMP-2、MMP-9、TLR4、p-IκB-α和p-NFκB的蛋白的表达,抑制IκB-α磷酸化和NFκB的入核和活化。结论Tan IIA可通过抑制MMP-2和MMP-9的表达以及TLR4/κB-α/NF-κB信号通路,调控TNF-α、IL-6、IL^-1β等炎症因子的释放而发挥抗炎活性。     

Involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in PLL-AGE-induced cyclooxgenase-2 expression

In the present study, murine RAW 264.7 macrophages were incubated with poly-L-lysine-derived advanced glycosylation end products (PLL-AGEs) to examine cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with PLL-AGEs caused the dose-dependent expression of cylooxygenase-2 but not cylooxygenase-1 and an increase in cylooxygenase activity. Increased cylooxygenase-2 expression was seen at 6 h and reached a maximum at 24 h. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor, [4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imidazole] (SB 203580), inhibited PLL-AGE-induced cylooxygenase-2 expression, while the Ras inhibitor, FPT inhibitor II, and the MAP kinase kinase inhibitor, (2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone) (PD 98059), had no effect on PLL-AGE-induced cylooxygenase-2 expression. Incubation of RAW 264.7 cells with PLL-AGEs resulted in activation of p38 MAPK, and this activation was suppressed by genistein and SB 203580. Taken together, our results suggest that activation of protein tyrosine kinase and p38 MAPK is involved in AGE-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages.     

Regulation of histamine production in macrophages

Stimulating cells of the mouse macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7 with the Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin increased histamine production. Thapsigargin increased the levels of histidine decarboxylase (HDC) mRNA at 4 h and the expression of 74-kDa HDC protein at 8 h. PD98059, a specific inhibitor of MEK-1 which phosphorylates p44/p42 MAP kinase, strongly suppressed the thapsigargin-induced histamine production, the increase in HDC mRNA level and 74-kDa HDC protein expression. In contrast, SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase, showed only a partial inhibition of histamine production. TPA and LPS also induced histamine production in RAW 264.7 cells, and the histamine production induced by TPA or LPS was also inhibited by PD98059, but the effect of SB203580 was partial. The synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone inhibited thapsigargin-induced histamine production, 74-kDa HDC protein expression and the activation of p44/p42 MAP kinases. In conclusion, the increase in histamine production in macrophages stimulated with inflammatory stimulants is due to the increased expression of 74-kDa HDC, which is positively regulated by activated p44/p42 MAP kinases. Dexamethasone inhibits thapsigargin-induced HDC protein expression and histamine production by inhibiting the MAP kinase activation.     

Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and AP-1 by polysaccharide isolated from the radix of Platycodon grandiflorum in RAW 264.7 cells

The root of Platycodon grandiflorum has been widely used for the treatment of various diseases in oriental medicine. Our previous study showed that the PG, a polysaccharide isolated from P. grandiflorum, activates macrophages via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). However, the associated biological mechanisms are not fully understood. To elucidate the molecular mechanism responsible for the macrophage activation, we investigated the effect of PG on the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) in RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with PG produced a marked induction of AP-1 DNA binding activity. Moreover, all three MAPKs were activated by PG, and PG-induced activation of MAPKs was abrogated by the treatment of PD98059, curcumin, and SB203580, specific inhibitors of MEK-1/2, stress-activated protein kinases/jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK), and p38 MAP kianse, respectively. The induction of AP-1 DNA binding activity by PG was also inhibited by these MAPK inhibitors. Moreover, supershift analysis identified that JunB and Fra-1 are major components involved in the PG-mediated induction of AP-1 DNA binding. Additionally, curcumin and SB203580 suppressed PG-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), whereas PD98059 showed an inhibitory effect only on the TNF-alpha production. Taken together, these results suggest that macrophage activation by PG is mediated, at least in part, by MAPKs and AP-1.     

Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression by docosahexaenoic acid mediated by heme oxygenase 1 in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays a crucial role in tumor metastasis. Previous studies showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids exhibit an anti-cancer effect in various human carcinoma cells, but the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and linoleic acid (LA) on metastasis of breast cancer cells is not fully clarified. We studied the anti-metastasis potential of DHA and LA in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced MCF-7 cells. We found that TPA (100 ng/ml) induced MMP-9 enzyme activity both dose- and time-dependently, and 200 μM DHA and LA significantly inhibited MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression, enzyme activity, cell migration, and invasion. Treatment with PD98059 (10 μM), wortmannin (10 μM), and GF109203X (0.5 μM) decreased TPA-induced MMP-9 protein expression and enzyme activity. TPA-induced activation of ERK1, Akt, and PKCδ was attenuated by DHA, whereas LA attenuated only ERK1 activation. GF109203X also suppressed ERK1 activation. EMSA showed that DHA, LA, PD98059, and wortmannin decreased TPA-induced NF-κB and AP-1 DNA-binding activity. Furthermore, DHA rather than LA dose-dependently increased HO-1 expression. HO-1 siRNA alleviated the inhibition by DHA of TPA-induced MMP-9 protein expression and enzyme activity in MCF-7 cells, and HO-1 knockdown reversed the DHA inhibition of cell migration. These results suggest that DHA and LA have both similar and divergent signaling pathways in the suppression of TPA-induced MCF-7 metastasis.     

The key role of macrophage depolarization in the treatment of COPD with ergosterol both in vitro and in vivo

Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in the lung, which play an important role in COPD. The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation of ergosterol are well documented. However, the effect of ergosterol on macrophage polarization has not been studied. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of ergosterol on macrophage polarization in CSE-induced RAW264.7 cells and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats COPD model. Our results demonstrate that CSE-induced macrophages tend to the M1 polarization via increasing ROS, IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as increasing MMP-9 to destroy the lung construction in both RAW264.7 cells and SD rats. However, treatment of RAW264.7 cells and SD rats with ergosterol inhibited CSE-induced inflammatory by decreasing ROS, IL-6 and TNF-α, and increasing IL-10 and TGF-β, shuffling the dynamic polarization of macrophages from M1 to M2 both in vitro and in vivo. Ergosterol also decreased the expression of M1 marker CD40, while increased that of M2 marker CD163. Moreover, ergosterol improved the lung characters in rats by decreasing MMP-9. Furthermore, ergosterol elevated HDAC3 activation and suppressed P300/CBP and PCAF activation as well as acetyl NF-κB/p65 and IKKβ, demonstrating that HDAC3 deacetylation was involved in the effect of ergosterol on macrophage polarization. These results also provide a proof in immunoregulation of ergosterol for therapeutic effects of cultured C. sinensis on COPD patients.     

Cytokine-mediated suppression of cytochrome P450 1A1 in Hepa-1c1c7 cells by pokeweed mitogen

This study investigated the effects of pokeweed mitogen (PWM) on the regulation of cytochrome P450 (P450) 1A1 expression in an in vitro model, using murine hepatoma cell line Hepa-1c1c7 and murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 cell cultures. PWM added directly to Hepa-1c1c7 cells had no effect on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced P450 1A1-specific 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity. However, TCDD-induced EROD activity and P450 1A1 mRNA levels were markedly suppressed when Hepa-1c1c7 cells were cultured with PWM-treated conditioned media from RAW 264.7 in a dose-dependent manner. Concomitant treatment with PWM and pentoxifylline, a TNFalpha synthesis inhibitor, to RAW 264.7 cells decreased the suppressive effects of PWM on TCDD-induced EROD activity. In PWM-exposed RAW 264.7 cell cultures, TNFalpha and IL-6 levels increased in a dose-dependent fashion. When antibodies to TNFalpha or/and IL-6 were added to PWM-treated conditioned media from RAW 264.7, the suppression of EROD activity was inhibited. These results suggested the suppression of P450 1A1 by PWM was mediated exclusively by TNFalpha and IL-6, released from macrophages.     

Induction of apoptosis of RAW 264.7 cells by the cytostatic macrolide apicularen A

In RAW 264.7 cells, a mouse leukaemic monocyte cell line, apicularen A decreased cell growth and survival as assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in a concentration-dependent manner at 10-1000 nM. Apicularen B, an N-acetyl-glucosamine glycoside of apicularen A, was 10-100-fold less effective than apicularen A. Apicularen A induced a DNA ladder, an increase in the percentage of sub-G(1) cells and annexin V-binding cells, and promoted the activation of caspase as revealed by the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, indicating that apicularen A induced apoptosis in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, apicularen A phosphorylated p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p38 MAPK. The p44/42 MAPK inhibitor PD98059 rescued the cells from apicularen-induced decrease in cell growth and survival as determined by the MTT assay, while the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 augmented the effect of apicularen A. This suggested the activation of p44/42 MAPK to be pro-apoptotic and the activation of p38 MAPK antiapoptotic in apicularen A-treated RAW 264.7 cells.