湖北地区肠杆菌属细菌耐药性监测

目的动态调查湖北地区肠杆菌属细菌的耐药性变迁趋势，为临床经验用药提供科学依据。方法采用WHONET5．3软件对1767株肠杆菌属细菌的耐药率进行统计分析。菌株分离自湖北地区17所三级医院2003--2006年成人患者各类临床标本。结果4年中湖北地区肠杆菌属细菌对20种常用抗菌药物的耐药率上升与下降的幅度不大，基本持平。肠杆菌属细菌除对亚胺培南和美罗培南保持100％敏感率，对头孢吡肟（23％～31％）和阿米卡星（30％～37％）耐药率稍低以外，对其余16种抗菌药物耐药率均〉40％。结论湖北地区肠杆菌属细菌的耐药性已非常严重，应坚持细菌耐药性的动态监测与公示，采取有效措施，合理使用抗菌药，控制耐药菌的传播与流行。     

Antibiotic Stewardship in Food-producing Animals: Challenges,Progress, and Opportunities

PurposeApproximately two thirds of the tonnage of antibiotics sold in the United States are intended for use in food production, and global use is projected to increase. This review summarizes the rationale for antibiotic use in animal agriculture, therapeutic classes used, risks from antibiotic-resistant organisms, and limits of existing regulation. In addition, opportunities for improved surveillance, stewardship, and advocacy will be highlighted.MethodsA transdisciplinary narrative review of drivers of antibiotics in food production was conducted, including concepts from population health, infectious diseases, veterinary medicine, and consumer advocacy.FindingsGlobally, antibiotics of many important classes in human medicine are given to animals for the treatment of a diagnosed illness, disease control and prevention, and growth promotion. Extensive antibiotic use on farms drives the emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms in food-producing animals, which can be transmitted to people and the environment. Antibiotic stewardship in food production has been associated with decreased rates of resistance in both animals and humans, without reducing farm productivity. Multiple European nations have successfully implemented stewardship strategies, including banning uses for disease prevention, benchmarking antibiotic utilization, and setting national reduction targets. In the United States, medically important antibiotics are no longer permitted for growth promotion; however, antibiotics may be prescribed for other indications with limited veterinary oversight and requirements for reporting. Marked reductions in use have been achieved in the poultry industry, although use in the pork and beef industries remain high.ImplicationsDespite some progress, significant challenges in surveillance and regulatory oversight remain to prevent the overuse of antibiotics in food production. Consumers remain a potent force via market pressure on grocery stores, restaurants, suppliers, and farmers. Improved, verified labelling is important for informing consumer choices. Numerous public health agencies, consumer groups, and professional societies have called for judicious antibiotic use, but increased direct advocacy from health care professionals is needed.     

Emerging trends in antibiotic use in US hospitals: quality,quantification and stewardship

Three major trends in antibiotic use in US hospitals have emerged over the last few years: antibiotics as quality metrics, persistent use of different measures of antibiotic consumption and the emergence of antibiotic stewardship programs. Compared with Europe, where approaches are heterogeneous but generally consistent, the USA currently lacks the infrastructure to monitor antibiotic resistance and antibiotic consumption locally. Both have implemented programmatic strategies for prudent antibiotic use. The USA appears to have implemented processes more systematically to measure the quality of antibiotic use.     

肺炎克雷伯菌感染的临床分析

目的 了解该院肺炎克雷伯菌感染现状及耐药性,为临床医师合理用药提供科学依据.方法 采用回顾性调查的方法对216株肺炎克雷伯菌的标本来源及耐药性进行分析.结果 医院肺炎克雷伯菌标本主要来源依次为痰液、尿液、分泌物、血液,主要引起呼吸道感染和泌尿道感染;除亚胺培南外,产ESBLs菌株对常见抗菌剂耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株.结论 产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌在医院感染中十分流行,多重耐药明显,医院应重视多重耐药菌监测,临床医师应积极开展病原学检查,合理使用抗菌剂,预防医院感染暴发流行.     

The expanding role of the antibiotic pharmacist.

Widespread inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics in UK hospitals has led to the introduction of specialist antibiotic pharmacists. Their role is to monitor antibiotic use, advise clinicians, educate all grades of healthcare workers and help to develop policy. Antibiotic pharmacists have been shown to be effective in many situations. As these practitioners become more accomplished it will be possible to expand their role to include direct intervention in patient treatment. Simple measures, such as modification of intravenous treatment to oral and automatic stop orders, could greatly enhance patient care.     

Enterococcus

Enterococci have a variety of intrinsic antibiotic resistances, and also they can acquire new antibiotic resistance determinants including mutated ligase genes such as VanA or VanB. The increased prevalence and dissemination of multidrug-resistant Enterococci (i.e., Vancomycin resistant Enterococci: VRE) worldwide have resulted in a major decrease in therapeutic options and poor prognosis of infections by these organisms. Newer antibiotics, linezolid, Q/D, daptomycin and tigecycline have good in vitro activity against, however their clinical use are limited in certain infectious diseases. Although the prevalence of VRE in Japan is still quite low, strict infection control measures including active surveillance and regional information sharing is necessary to prevent dissemination in hospitals and regions.     

Antibiotic stewardship programmes in intensive care units:Why,how,and where are they leading us

Antibiotic usage and increasing antimicrobial resistance(AMR) mount significant challenges to patient safety and management of the critically ill on intensive care units(ICU). Antibiotic stewardship programmes(ASPs) aim to optimise appropriate antibiotic treatment whilst minimising antibiotic resistance. Different models of ASP in intensive care setting, include "standard" control of antibiotic prescribing such as "de-escalation strategies"through to interventional approaches utilising biomarkerguided antibiotic prescribing. A systematic review of outcomes related studies for ASPs in an ICU setting was conducted. Forty three studies were identified from MEDLINE between 1996 and 2014. Of 34 nonprotocolised studies, [1 randomised control trial(RCT), 22 observational and 11 case series], 29(85%) were positive with respect to one or more outcome: These were the key outcome of reduced antibiotic use, or ICU length of stay, antibiotic resistance, or prescribing cost burden. Limitations of non-standard antibiotic initiation triggers, patient and antibiotic selection bias or baseline demographic variance were identified. All 9 protocolised studies were RCTs, of which 8 were procalcitonin(PCT) guided antibiotic stop/start interventions. Five studies addressed antibiotic escalation, 3 de-escalation and 1 addressed both. Six studies reported positive outcomes for reduced antibiotic use, ICU length of stay or antibiotic resistance. PCT based ASPs are effective as antibiotic-stop(de-escalation) triggers, but not as an escalation trigger alone. PCT has also been effective in reducing antibiotic usage without worsening morbidity or mortality in ventilator associated pulmonary infection. No study has demonstrated survival benefit of ASP. Ongoing challenges to infectious disease management, reported by the World Health Organisation global report 2014, are high AMR to newer antibiotics, and regional knowledge gaps in AMR surveillance. Improved AMR surveillance data, identifying core aspects of successful ASPs that are transferable, and further well-conducted trials will be necessary if ASPs are to be an effective platform for delivering desired patient outcomes and safety through best antibiotic policy.     

正确认识产新德里金属β内酰胺酶-1的超级细菌

"超级细菌"是指对其有效治疗药物几乎均耐药的细菌.目前世界范围内流行的主要"超级细菌"有甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌、万古霉素耐药肠球菌、万古霉素耐药金黄色匍萄球菌和碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药革兰阴性杆菌.由于抗菌药物的不合理使用,新的"超级细菌"不断出现,须规范抗菌药物使用,加强"超级细菌"监测和医院感染控制.     

Combating bacterial resistance in skin and skin-structure infection: importance of beta-lactamase inhibition.

Serious skin and skin-structure infections may require parenteral antibiotic therapy. Such infections are generally polymicrobial, and they often involve both gram-positive and gram-negative aerobes as well as anaerobic bacteria. Effective treatment thus requires the use of a broad-spectrum antibiotic or combination therapy. The development of antibiotic resistance by clinically important pathogens has significantly increased the difficulty of treating skin and skin-structure infections. One of the major mechanisms of resistance observed in organisms likely to be associated with such infections is the development of beta-lactamases that inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics. Two approaches have been taken to combat this problem: the use of beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations and the development of beta-lactamase-stable drugs. Both strategies have resulted in treatments that are clinically and bacteriologically effective in patients with skin and skin-structure infections. The use of one beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination, ampicillin/sulbactam, has been demonstrated to be more cost-effective than treatment with beta-lactamase-stable antibiotics, such as cefoxitin and imipenem/cilastatin, for this indication.     

肠杆菌科产超广谱β-内酰胺菌株的调查分析

目的监测产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株的耐药情况,指导临床医生合理应用抗生素,控制院内感染。方法采用纸片协同法检测ESBLs菌株,并对82株产ESBLs菌株进行分析。结果产ESBLs菌株主要为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌。研究发现,产ESBLs菌株与长期住院和应用广谱抗生素及健康等级差、住ICU病房等有明显关系,并且具有多重耐药性。结论产ESBLs的肠杆菌科细菌引起的感染日益增多,实验室及临床医生应注重ESBLs的监测和报告,合理应用抗生素,控制ESBLs菌株的流行。     

Antibiotic resistance: a growing and multifaceted problem

Antibiotic resistance is an increasing problem worldwide that is exacerbated by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics. Patients, pharmaceutical marketing, and the use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine and animal husbandry are important factors to consider in the emergence of resistance. Infection control measures to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are compromised by poor compliance to basic measures such as handwashing and standards of environmental cleanliness. Wider epidemiological factors such as global travel and complacency towards public health must also be considered. This article aims to improve understanding of antibiotic resistance and suggests ways in which nurses can contribute towards the strategy to address the problem.     

Update on acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women

UTI continues to be a common problem for otherwise healthy adult women. Treatment of UTI has become more difficult because of the rising levels of resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Further research is needed to develop new antibiotic therapies and nonantibiotic prevention measures.     

Antimicrobial resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: From bench to bedside

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is undoubtedly one of the most successful pathogens in the modern healthcare system. With invasive procedures, antibiotic use and immunocompromised hosts increasing in recent years, A. baumannii has become endemic in hospitals due to its versatile genetic machinery, which allows it to quickly evolve resistance factors, and to its remarkable ability to tolerate harsh environments. Infections and outbreaks caused by multidrug-resistant A. baumannii (MDRAB) are prevalent and have been reported worldwide over the past twenty or more years. To address this problem effectively, knowledge of species identification, typing methods, clinical manifestations, risk factors, and virulence factors is essential. The global epidemiology of MDRAB is monitored by persistent surveillance programs. Because few effective antibiotics are available, clinicians often face serious challenges when treating patients with MDRAB. Therefore, a deep understanding of the resistance mechanisms used by MDRAB can shed light on two possible strategies to combat the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance: stringent infection control and antibiotic treatments, of which colistin-based combination therapy is the mainstream strategy. However, due to the current unsatisfying therapeutic outcomes, there is a great need to develop and evaluate the efficacy of new antibiotics and to understand the role of other potential alternatives, such as antimicrobial peptides, in the treatment of MDRAB infections.     

Economics of antibiotic resistance

Antibiotics are developed to kill microorganisms; however, microorganisms develop and disseminate resistance as a reaction to antimicrobials in accordance with the laws of evolution and natural selection. Resistant and multidrug-resistant bacterial infections comprise a great problem in both the community and hospital setting. Increasing values of health expenditures, including antibiotics, is a global problem. Antibiotic resistance is not always, but usually, associated with significant morbidity, longer hospitalization, excess costs and mortality. Excess costs associated with resistant microorganisms may be due to: obligation to use more expensive antibiotics, longer hospital stay, higher mortality, delayed appropriate antibiotic therapy or a necessity to perform surgery. Optimal use of existing antimicrobial agents, using alternative treatment options (where possible), reducing the need for antimicrobials by increasing immunity, reducing the use of antimicrobials without providing an alternative form of treatment through education of health professionals and patients, antibiotic policies (including antibiotic stewardship and regulations for restricted use), implementation of infection control measures (e.g., hand washing, screening and isolation) are the strategies aimed at prevention of emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance.     

Antibiotic resistance in the intensive care unit setting

Antibiotic resistance is an important factor influencing clinical outcome for patients in intensive care units. It is also associated with increased healthcare costs resulting from prolonged patient stays. The problem of antibiotic resistance is particularly acute in intensive care units because they house seriously ill patients who are predisposed to infection, as a result of which, antibiotic use is extremely common. Strategies for controlling resistance in intensive care units have focused on attempting to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use, while at the same time ensuring adequate antibiotic cover is provided. The formulation of policies for the effective use of antibiotics in individual intensive care units requires a multidisciplinary approach, entailing regular epidemiological surveillance, together with input from critical care specialists, infectious disease specialists and pharmacists.     

Antibiotic resistance in the intensive care unit setting

Antibiotic resistance is an important factor influencing clinical outcome for patients in intensive care units. It is also associated with increased healthcare costs resulting from prolonged patient stays. The problem of antibiotic resistance is particularly acute in intensive care units because they house seriously ill patients who are predisposed to infection, as a result of which, antibiotic use is extremely common. Strategies for controlling resistance in intensive care units have focused on attempting to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use, while at the same time ensuring adequate antibiotic cover is provided. The formulation of policies for the effective use of antibiotics in individual intensive care units requires a multidisciplinary approach, entailing regular epidemiological surveillance, together with input from critical care specialists, infectious disease specialists and pharmacists.     

Statewide sentinel surveillance for antibiotic nonsusceptibility among streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in South Carolina, 2003-2004

BACKGROUND: In 2003, the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control established the Carolina Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance System (CARSS), an active sentinel surveillance system for antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. METHODS: CARSS includes twelve hospitals. Each hospital was assigned a weighted sample size. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined using the E-test method. RESULTS: A total of 452 isolates were collected. The prevalence of penicillin nonsusceptibility in the study was 44.9%. Penicillin intermediate resistance (PCN-I) was 33.2%, and penicillin high-level resistance (PCN-R) was 11.7%. One hundred six (23.5%) isolates were nonsusceptible to one antibiotic. One hundred twenty-four (27.4%) isolates were nonsusceptible to three or more antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: CARSS confirmed the prevalences of antibiotic nonsusceptibility previously reported for South Carolina. However, CARSS suggests resistance is shifting from PCN-R to PCN-I in South Carolina. There is a high prevalence of multidrug nonsusceptibility in South Carolina. CARSS will continue to monitor these trends.