Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Life History of the Marine Amphipod Gammarus locusta. Implications for Ecotoxicological Testing

The life history of Gammarus locusta was analysed in the laboratory under the following temperature and salinity combinations: 20 °C–33, 15 °C–20 and 15 °C–33 (reference condition). Life history analysis comprised survival, individual growth, reproductive traits and life table parameters. Compared to 15 °C, life history at 20 °C was characterised by at least a four-week reduction in the life-span, lower life expectancy, shorter generation time, faster individual growth, anticipation of age at maturity and higher population growth rate. These temperature effects constituted an acceleration and condensation of the life cycle, compared to the reference condition. Concerning salinity effects, with few exceptions, results show that overall this amphipod life history did not differ significantly between the salinity conditions tested. Regarding ecotoxicological testing implications, findings from this study indicate that the range of temperature and salinity conditions acceptable for testing was substantially expanded both for acute and chronic assays. A temperature of 20 °C or higher (for a salinity of 33) is suggested for routine chronic sediment toxicity testing with G. locusta, in order to reduce the life cycle and consequently improve cost-effectiveness and standardisation. Results also suggest that a multiple-response approach, including survival, growth and reproduction, should be applied in chronic toxicity tests.     

Evaluating the Performance of Lateral Flow Devices for Total Aflatoxins with Special Emphasis on Their Robustness under Sub-Saharan Conditions

As aflatoxins are a global risk for humans and animals, testing methods for rapid on-site screening are increasingly needed alongside the standard analytical laboratory tools. In the presented study, lateral flow devices (LFDs) for rapid total aflatoxin screening were thoroughly investigated with respect to their matrix effects, cross-reactivity, their performance under harsh conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and their stability, as well as when compared with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). To analyze the matrix effects, qualitative test kits offering a certain cutoff level were used to screen different nut samples. In addition, these tests were challenged on their cross-reactivity with 230 fungal toxins and metabolites. Furthermore, the resulting measurements performed under harsh tropical conditions (up to 38.4 °C and 91% relative humidity) in SSA, specifically Burkina Faso and Mozambique, were compared with the results from a well-established and validated LC-MS/MS-based reference method. The comparison of the on-site LFD results with the reference method showed a good agreement: 86.4% agreement, 11.8% non-agreement, and 1.8% invalid test results. To test the robustness of the cutoff tests, short- and long-term stability testing was carried out in Mozambique and Nigeria. For both experiments, no loss of test performance could be determined. Finally, a subset of African corn samples was shipped to Austria and analyzed under laboratory conditions using semiquantitative aflatoxin tests. A good correlation was found between the rapid strip tests and the LC-MS/MS reference method. Overall, the evaluated LFDs showed satisfying results regarding their cross-reactivity, matrix effects, stability, and robustness.     

冰片在不同贮存条件下稳定性的考察

目的：考察冰片在不同贮存条件下的稳定性,为冰片的贮存条件提供参考。方法：建立毛细管柱气相色谱法测定冰片中龙脑的含量,并系统考察在密闭条件下的光照、温度和空气对合成冰片稳定性的影响。结果：将冰片密闭贮存12月,其龙脑的含量仍大于55%,而樟脑的含量未检测;在低温、充氮和避光保存,其龙脑的含量比高温、不充氮和光照的含量高。结论：冰片经密闭贮存12月,龙脑的含量是保证的,且温度、空气和光照对冰片的稳定性有影响。     

Effect of Spray Drying and Subsequent Processing Conditions on Residual Moisture Content and Physical/Biochemical Stability of Protein Inhalation Powders

Purpose. To understand the effect of spray drying and powder processing environments on the residual moisture content and aerosol performance of inhalation protein powders. Also, the long-term effect of storage conditions on the powder's physical and biochemical stability was presented. Methods. Excipient-free as well as mannitol-formulated powders of a humanized monoclonal antibody (anti-IgE) and recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase) were prepared using a Buchi 190 model spray dryer. Residual moisture content and moisture uptake behavior of the powder were measured using thermal gravimetric analysis and gravimetric moisture sorption isotherm, respectively. Protein aggregation, the primary degradation product observed upon storage, was determined by size-exclusion HPLC. Aerosol performance of the dry powders was evaluated after blending with lactose carriers using a multi-stage liquid impinger (MSLI). Results. Spray-dried powders with a moisture level (~ 3%) equivalent to the freeze-dried materials could only be achieved using high-temperature spray-drying conditions, which were not favorable to large-male manufacturing, or subsequent vacuum drying. These dry powders would equilibrate with the subsequent processing and storage environments regardless of the manufacturing condition. As long as the relative humidity of air during processing and storage was lower than 50%, powders maintained their aerosol performance (fine particle fraction). However, powders stored under drier conditions exhibited better long-term protein biochemical stability. Conclusions. Manufacturing, powder processing, and storage environments affected powder's residual moisture level in a reversible fashion. Therefore, the storage condition determined powder's overall stability, but residual moisture had a greater impact on protein chemical stability than on powder physical stability.     

Impacts of Climate Change Interacting Abiotic Factors on Growth,aflD and aflR Gene Expression and Aflatoxin B1 Production by Aspergillus flavus Strains In Vitro and on Pistachio Nuts

Pistachio nuts are an important economic tree nut crop which is used directly or processed for many food-related activities. They can become colonized by mycotoxigenic spoilage fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus, mainly resulting in contamination with aflatoxins (AFs), especially aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁). The prevailing climate in which these crops are grown changes as temperature and atmospheric CO₂ levels increase, and episodes of extreme wet/dry cycles occur due to human industrial activity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of interacting Climate Change (CC)-related abiotic factors of temperature (35 vs. 37 °C), CO₂ (400 vs. 1000 ppm), and water stress (0.98–0.93 water activity, a_w) on (a) growth (b) aflD and aflR biosynthetic gene expression and (c) AFB₁ production by two strains A. flavus (AB3, AB10) in vitro on milled pistachio-based media and when colonizing layers of shelled raw pistachio nuts. The A. flavus strains were resilient in terms of growth on pistachio-based media and the colonisation of pistachio nuts with no significant difference when exposed to the interacting three-way climate-related abiotic factors. However, in vitro studies showed that AFB₁ production was significantly stimulated (p < 0.05), especially when exposed to 1000 ppm CO₂ at 0.98–0.95 a_w and 35 °C, and sometimes in the 37 °C treatment group at 0.98 a_w. The relative expression of the structural aflD gene involved in AFB₁ biosynthesis was decreased or only slightly increased, relative to the control conditions at elevated CO, regardless of the a_w level examined. For the regulatory aflR gene expression, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in 1000 ppm CO₂ and 37 °C for both strains, especially at 0.95 a_w. The in situ colonization of pistachio nuts resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) stimulation of AFB₁ production at 35 °C and 1000 ppm CO₂ for both strains, especially at 0.98 a_w. At 37 °C, AFB₁ production was either decreased, in strain AB3, or remained similar, as in strain AB10, when exposed to 1000 ppm CO₂. This suggests that CC factors may have a differential effect, depending on the interacting conditions of temperature, exposure to CO₂ and the level of water stress on AFB₁ production.     

Impact of Different Elastomer Formulations on Moisture Permeation through Stoppers Used for Lyophilized Products Stored under Humid Conditions

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of moisture permeability of different elastomer formulation stoppers, which had different moisture absorption abilities, on the increase of moisture content inside lyophilized vials during long-term storage under humid conditions. Two different elastomer formulation stoppers (high-moisture and low-moisture uptake stoppers) were compared. The increased amount of moisture content inside lyophilized vials fitted with high-moisture stoppers was higher than those fitted with low-moisture stoppers during the early stage of storage. However, this trend was reversed during the later stage of storage. Our data show that the moisture increase inside the lyophilized vials at the early stage was caused by moisture transfer from the stoppers, whereas the later moisture increase was caused by external moisture permeation through the stoppers. Results indicate that the difference in the moisture uptake profile inside the lyophilized vials at each period of storage was caused by the moisture absorption ability and moisture permeation ability of the two elastomer formulation stoppers. In terms of long-term storage stability under humid conditions, our data indicate that external moisture permeating through the stopper into the lyophilized vial during the late stage was the more important factor. In addition, the increase in moisture content at the early stage was controlled by stopper drying time. Furthermore, stopper drying time did not have an effect on moisture permeation at the late stage. Moisture permeation during the storage period appears to be dependent on the different elastomer formulations of the stoppers. The moisture permeation of different elastomer stoppers was an important factor in terms of the increased moisture content inside the lyophilized vials during the late stage of long-term storage under humid conditions. For lyophilized products stored at room temperature, the moisture permeation ability of the stopper is one of the most important factors for long-term storage stability.     

Ecotoxicological and Fertilizing Effects of Dewatered,Composted and Dry Sewage Sludge on Soil Mesofauna: A TME Experiment

The effects of dewatered, composted and dry urban sewage sludge on the soil mesofauna were tested in mesocosms. PVC containers were filled with soil/sludge mixtures in a proportion to amount to 6% organic matter content and were colonized with soil fauna coming from undisturbed forest soils. Mesocosms were incubated under laboratory conditions for 7, 30, 60, 120 and 180 days, after which fauna was extracted in Berlese funnels. The animals were classified at different taxonomic levels. Acari were classified to the suborder level for Astigmata, to the family level for Mesostigmata and Prostigmata and to the species level for Cryptostigmata. Acute- and medium-term effects were determined on the faunal density, relative abundance of the main taxa and community structure. Prostigmata were sensitive to the acute effect of the sludge, whereas Mesostigmata and particularly Cryptostigmata were sensitive to its medium-term effect. The most negative effects were found for dry sludge, which caused acute and medium-term effects on the invertebrate communities and on the soil trophic structure.     

The Inhibitory Effect of Pseudomonas stutzeri YM6 on Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxins Production by the Production of Volatile Dimethyl Trisulfide

Aspergillus flavus and the produced aflatoxins cause great hazards to food security and human health across all countries. The control of A. flavus and aflatoxins in grains during storage is of great significance to humans. In the current study, bacteria strain YM6 isolated from sea sediment was demonstrated effective in controlling A. flavus by the production of anti-fungal volatiles. According to morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, strain YM6 was identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri. YM6 can produce abundant volatile compounds which could inhibit mycelial growth and conidial germination of A. flavus. Moreover, it greatly prevented fungal infection and aflatoxin production on maize and peanuts during storage. The inhibition rate was 100%. Scanning electron microscopy further supported that the volatiles could destroy the cell structure of A. flavus and prevent conidia germination on the grain surface. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) with a relative abundance of 13% is the most abundant fraction in the volatiles from strain YM6. The minimal inhibitory concentration of DMTS to A. flavus conidia is 200 µL/L (compound volume/airspace volume). Thus, we concluded that Pseudomonas stutzeri YM6 and the produced DMTS showed great inhibition to A. flavus, which could be considered as effective biocontrol agents in further application.     

Pre-Harvest Modelling and Mitigation of Aflatoxins in Maize in a Changing Climatic Environment—A Review

Aflatoxins (AFs) are harmful secondary metabolites produced by various moulds, among which Aspergillus flavus is the major AF-producer fungus. These mycotoxins have carcinogenic or acute toxigenic effects on both humans and food producing animals and, therefore, the health risks and also the potential economic damages mounted by them have led to legal restrictions, and several countries have set maximum allowable limits for AF contaminations in food and feed. While colonization of food and feed and AF production by A. flavus are highly supported by the climatic conditions in tropical and subtropical geographic regions, countries in the temperate climate zones are also increasingly exposed to AF-derived health risks due to climate change. In the present study, we have reviewed the available mathematical models as risk assessment tools to predict the possibility of A. flavus infection and levels of AF contaminations in maize in a changing climatic environment. After highlighting the benefits and possible future improvements of these models, we summarize the current agricultural practices used to prevent or, at least, mitigate the deleterious consequences of AF contaminations     

Protective Effects of Bacillus subtilis ANSB060 on Serum Biochemistry,Histopathological Changes and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Broilers Fed Moldy Peanut Meal Naturally Contaminated with Aflatoxins

The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic effects of aflatoxins and evaluate the effectiveness of Bacillus subtilis ANSB060 in detoxifying aflatoxicosis in broilers. A total of 360 one-week-old male broilers (Ross 308) were assigned to six dietary treatments for five weeks. The treatment diets were: C0 (basal diet); C1.0 (C0 + 1.0 g B. subtilis ANSB060/kg diet); M0 (basal diet formulated with moldy peanut meal); M0.5, M1.0 and M2.0 (M0 + 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g B. subtilis ANSB060/kg diet, respectively). The contents of aflatoxin B₁, B₂, G₁ and G₂ in the diets formulated with moldy peanut meal were 70.7 ± 1.3, 11.0 ± 1.5, 6.5 ± 0.8 and 2.0 ± 0.3 µg/kg, respectively. The results showed that aflatoxins increased (p < 0.05) serum aspartate transaminase activity, decreased (p < 0.05) serum glutathione peroxidase activity, and enhanced (p < 0.05) malondialdehyde contents in both the serum and liver. Aflatoxins also caused gross and histological changes in liver tissues, such as bile duct epithelium hyperplasia, vacuolar degeneration and lymphocyte infiltration. The supplementation of ANSB060 reduced aflatoxin levels in the duodenum and counteracted the negative effects of aflatoxins, leading to the conclusion that ANSB060 has a protective effect against aflatoxicosis and this protection is dose-related.     

Stability and Chemical Conversion of the Purified Reference Material of Gymnodimine-A under Different Temperature and pH Conditions

Gymnodimines (GYMs) are a group of fast-acting phycotoxins and their toxicological effects on human beings are still unclear due to the lack of sufficiently well-characterized large quantities of purified toxins for toxicology studies. In this study, a certified reference material (CRM) of GYM-A was prepared from the dinoflagellate Karenia selliformis, followed by multi-step chromatography separation and purification. Subsequently, the stability of GYM-A in methanolic media was evaluated at different temperature (−20, 4, and 20 °C) and pH (3, 5, and 7) conditions for 8 months, and the conversion products of GYM-A were explored by liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The results show that the stability of GYM-A decreased with increasing temperature and pH values. The GYM-A was stable during storage at −20 °C regardless of pH, but it decreased rapidly (81.8% ± 9.3%) at 20 °C in pH 7 solution after 8 months. Moreover, the concentrations of GYM-A did not significantly change at all temperatures in solutions with pH 3 (p > 0.05). It is recommended that GYM-A should be stored at low temperature (≤−20 °C) and pH (≤3) conditions for long-term storage in aqueous methanolic media. In addition, two conversion products of GYM-A, tentatively named as GYM-K (m/z 540) and GYM-L (m/z 524), were identified in the samples stored at high levels of pH and temperature. Based on the LC-HRMS data, the hypothetical chemical structures of both converting derivatives were proposed. A useful strategy for long-term storage of GYM-A CRM in aqueous methanolic media was suggested and two hypothesized conversion products of GYM-A were discovered in this study.     

Effect of Moisture Sorption on Tabletting Characteristics of Spray Dried (15% Amorphous) Lactose

Spray dried (15% amorphous) lactose absorbs moisture when exposed to humidity. At 57% relative humidity (RH), the moisture uptake was 1.5%. It is suggested that the moisture is preferentially taken up in the amorphous regions, thereby increasing the actual moisture content in the amorphous parts up to 10%. The moisture uptake reduced the glass transition temperature below the operating temperature and thereby transformed the amorphous regions from a glassy to a rubbery state, setting up conditions for crystallisation of the lactose. Compaction of dry spray dried lactose led to a relatively low initial tablet strength. However, when pre-exposed to 57% RH for a short time period (2 to 4 hours) before compaction, the initial tablet strength increased markedly. This was due to moisture uptake which resulted in a higher molecular mobility of the amorphous spray dried lactose, and to an increase in plastic flow. Post compaction storage of tablets containing amorphous regions of spray dried lactose at 57% RH resulted in an increased tablet strength after 4 hours due to crystallisation. Spray dried lactose exposed to 57% RH for more than 6 hours before compaction led to the lowest initial tablet strength. Crystallisation of the amorphous regions of the spray dried lactose occurred before tabletting. No increase in tablet strength was noted on post compaction storage for these tablets.     

Climate Change and Effects on Molds and Mycotoxins

Earth’s climate is undergoing adverse global changes as an unequivocal result of anthropogenic activity. The occurring environmental changes are slowly shaping the balance between plant growth and related fungal diseases. Climate (temperature, available water, and light quality/quantity; as well as extreme drought, desertification, and fluctuations of humid/dry cycles) represents the most important agroecosystem factor influencing the life cycle stages of fungi and their ability to colonize crops, survive, and produce toxins. The ability of mycotoxigenic fungi to respond to Climate Change (CC) may induce a shift in their geographical distribution and in the pattern of mycotoxin occurrence. The present review examines the available evidence on the impact of CC factors on growth and mycotoxin production by the key mycotoxigenic fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium, which include several species producing mycotoxins of the greatest concern worldwide: aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxins, and fumonisins (FUMs).     

The Nonsteady State Modeling of Freeze Drying: In-Process Product Temperature and Moisture Content Mapping and Pharmaceutical Product Quality Applications

Introduction. Theoretical models of the freeze-drying process are potentially useful to guide the design of a freeze-drying process as well as to obtain information not readily accessible by direct experimentation, such as moisture distribution and glass transition temperature, T_g, within a vial during processing. Previous models were either restricted to the steady state and/or to one-dimensional problems. While such models are useful, the restrictions seriously limit applications of the theory. An earlier work from these laboratories presented a nonsteady state, two-dimensional model (which becomes a three-dimensional model with an axis of symmetry) of sublimation and desorption that is quite versatile and allows the user to investigate a wide variety of heat and mass transfer problems in both primary and secondary drying. The earlier treatment focused on the mathematical details of the finite element formulation of the problem and on validation of the calculations. The objective of the current study is to provide the physical rational for the choice of boundary conditions, to validate the model by comparison of calculated results with experimental data, and to discuss several representative pharmaceutical applications. To validate the model and evaluate its utility in studying distribution of moisture and glass transition temperature in a representative product, calculations for a sucrose-based formulation were performed, and selected results were compared with experimental data. Theoretical Model. The model is based on a set of coupled differential equations resulting from constraints imposed by conservation of energy and mass, where numerical results are obtained using finite element analysis. Use of the model proceeds via a “modular software package” supported by Technalysis Inc. (Passage?/Freeze Drying). This package allows the user to define the problem by inputing shelf temperature, chamber pressure, container properties, product properties, and numerical analysis parameters required for the finite element analysis. Most input data are either available in the literature or may be easily estimated. Product resistance to water vapor flow, mass transfer coefficients describing secondary drying, and container heat transfer coefficients must normally be measured. Each element (i.e., each small subsystem of the product) may be assigned different values of product resistance to accurately describe the nonlinear resistance behavior often shown by real products. During primary drying, the chamber pressure and shelf temperature may be varied in steps. During secondary drying, the change in gas composition from pure water to mostly inert gas is calculated by the model from the instantaneous water vapor flux and the input pumping capacity of the freeze dryer. Results. Comparison of the theoretical results with the experiment data for a 3% sucrose formulation is generally satisfactory. Primary drying times agree within two hours, and the product temperature vs. time curves in primary drying agree within about ± 1°C. The residual moisture vs. time curve is predicted by the theory within the likely experimental error, and the lack of large variation in moisture within the vial (i.e., top vs. side vs. bottom) is also correctly predicted by theory. The theoretical calculations also provide the time variation of “T_g–T” during both primary and secondary drying, where T is product temperature and T_g is the glass transition temperature of the product phase. The calculations demonstrate that with a secondary drying protocol using a rapid ramp of shelf temperature, the product temperature does rise above Tg during early secondary drying, perhaps being a factor in the phenomenon known as “cake shrinkage”. Conclusion. The theoretical results of in-process product temperature, primary drying time, and moisture content mapping and history are consistent with the experimental results, suggesting the theoretical model should be useful in process development and “trouble-shooting” applications.     

Evaluation of Tableting and Tablet Properties of Kollidon SR: The Influence of Moisture and Mixtures with Theophylline Monohydrate

The aim of the study was firstly to investigate the influence of moisture on the tableting and tablet properties of Kollidon SR and secondly to investigate the influence of theophylline monohydrate on the tableting behavior and tablet properties produced from binary mixtures with Kollidon SR. In comparison to Kollidon SR, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was used. The glass transition temperature (T_g) of the powder over the whole range of RH (0–90%), and in addition, the T_g of tablets of Kollidon SR were measured. Densities and flowability of the powders were analyzed. The tablets were produced at five different maximum relative densities (ρ_{rel, max}) on an instrumented eccentric tableting machine. They were produced at three different relative humidities (RH), 30%, 45%, and 60% RH for the pure substances and binary mixtures with different ratios of drug and excipient were tableted at 45% RH. The tableting properties were analyzed by 3D modeling, force-displacement profiles, and compactibility plots. First, the T_g of the powder decreased with increasing RH and the T_g of the tablet was 4–8 K lower than the powder. The predominant deformation of Kollidon SR is plastic deformation and Kollidon SR showed a higher compactibility than MCC. The parameters of the 3D model showed an extreme change between 45 and 60% RH, and at higher RH more and more particles deformed elastically. This was confirmed by analysis of force-displacement profiles. At 60% RH, the radial tensile strength of the Kollidon SR tablets was half of the radial tensile strength at 45% RH. The reason is a higher relative energy of plastic deformation than for MCC. This results in a better utilization of the energy to deform the powder into a tablet and the exceeding of the glass transition temperature at higher RH. In conclusion, at 60% RH at the same ρ_{rel, max}, tableting and tablet properties of Kollidon SR are extremely changed since plasticity is significantly higher. In the second part of the study, the insufficient flowability of theophylline monohydrate can be compensated by using Kollidon SR in a mixture with up to 20% theophylline. Further, pressure plasticity ε of MCC and Kollidon SR was lowered in the mixture with theophylline monohydrate. The same is valid for the compactibility. The influence of theophylline monohydrate on the pressure plasticity e of the mixtures was better compensated in the mixture with MCC than in a mixture with Kollidon SR. This compensation was also visible by analyzing the force-displacement-profiles. However, hardly any influence on the radial tensile strength could be detected. Kollidon SR and Kollidon SR mixtures exhibited a higher compactibility than MCC and MCC mixtures. The differences became smaller with increasing theophylline content.     

Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Life History of the Marine Amphipod Gammarus locusta. Implications for Ecotoxicological Testing

The life history of Gammarus locusta was analysed in the laboratory under the following temperature and salinity combinations: 20 degrees C-33/1000, 15 degrees C-20/1000 and 15 degrees C-33/1000 (reference condition). Life history analysis comprised survival, individual growth, reproductive traits and life table parameters. Compared to 15 degrees C, life history at 20 degrees C was characterised by at least a four-week reduction in the life-span, lower life expectancy, shorter generation time, faster individual growth, anticipation of age at maturity and higher population growth rate. These temperature effects constituted an acceleration and condensation of the life cycle, compared to the reference condition. Concerning salinity effects, with few exceptions, results show that overall this amphipod life history did not differ significantly between the salinity conditions tested. Regarding ecotoxicological testing implications, findings from this study indicate that the range of temperature and salinity conditions acceptable for testing was substantially expanded both for acute and chronic assays. A temperature of 20 degrees C or higher (for a salinity of 33/1000) is suggested for routine chronic sediment toxicity testing with G. locusta, in order to reduce the life cycle and consequently improve cost-effectiveness and standardisation. Results also suggest that a multiple-response approach, including survival, growth and reproduction, should be applied in chronic toxicity tests.     

不同温度和时间对血常规参数检测结果的影响

目的观察分析不同温度和时间对血常规参数检测结果的影响。方法将2015年9月至2016年9月期间我院240名健康体检者的血液标本按储存温度的不同分为常温保存组(n=120)与低温保存组(n=240),比较两组在保存24 h、48 h后红细胞(RBC)、白细胞(WBC)、平均红细胞血红蛋白量(MCH)、血红蛋白(Hb)、血小板(PLT)及红细胞压积(HCT)指标变化,同时和正常指标作对比分析。结果常温保存组血常规参数中PLT、HCT在保存24 h、48 h后明显高于正常值;低温保存组血常规参数中PLT、HCT在保存48 h后明显高于正常值,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论不同温度和时间均会对血常规参数的检测结果造成一定影响,相对而言,低温保存效果更好,但也需尽快完成检测,以确保检测的准确性。     

Soil pH effects on the comparative toxicity of dissolved zinc,non-nano and nano ZnO to the earthworm Eisenia fetida

To determine how soil properties influence nanoparticle (NP) fate, bioavailability and toxicity, this study compared the toxicity of nano zinc oxide (ZnO NPs), non-nano ZnO and ionic ZnCl₂ to the earthworm Eisenia fetida in a natural soil at three pH levels. NP characterisation indicated that reaction with the soil media greatly controls ZnO properties. Three main conclusions were drawn. First that Zn toxicity, especially for reproduction, was influenced by pH for all Zn forms. This can be linked to the influence of pH on Zn dissolution. Secondly, that ZnO fate, toxicity and bioaccumulation were similar (including relationships with pH) for both ZnO forms, indicating the absence of NP-specific effects. Finally, earthworm Zn concentrations were higher in worms exposed to ZnO compared to ZnCl₂, despite the greater toxicity of the ionic form. This observation suggests the importance of considering the relationship between uptake and toxicity in nanotoxicology studies.     

克林霉素磷酸酯注射剂的研究

目的选择适合克林霉素磷酸酯的剂型。方法对克林霉素磷酸酯小针剂、输液选择不同的灭菌温度和时间,考察其对质量的影响。结果灭菌温度越高、时间越长,对克林霉素磷酸酯质量的影响越大。结论最适合克林霉素磷酸酯的剂型是以无菌工艺生产的小针剂和冻干粉针剂。     

A comparison of the effects of silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate on a suite of soil dwelling organisms in two field soils

Nanomaterials are increasingly used in a wide range of products, leading to growing concern of their environmental fate. In order to understand the fate and effects of silver nanoparticles in the soil environment, a suite of toxicity tests including: plant growth with Elymus lanceolatus (northern wheatgrass) and Trifolium pratense (red clover); collembolan survival and reproduction (Folsomia candida); and earthworm avoidance, survival and reproduction (Eisenia andrei) was conducted. The effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) was compared with the effect of ionic silver (as AgNO₃) in two agricultural field soils (a sandy loam and a silt loam). Lethal (LC50) or sub lethal (IC50) effect levels are presented for all endpoints and demonstrate that in most cases AgNO₃ (i.e. ionic silver) was found to be more toxic than the AgNP across test species. The difference in effects observed between the two forms of silver varied based on test species, endpoint and soil type. In tests that were conducted across different soil types, organisms in the sandier soil had a greater response to the Ag (ionic and nano) than those in soil with a high silt content. Earthworms (avoidance behavior and reproduction) were the most sensitive to both AgNP and AgNO₃, while plant emergence was the least sensitive endpoint to both forms of Ag. The use of a test battery approach using natural field soils demonstrates the need to better quantify the dissolution and transformation products of nanomaterials in order to understand the fate and effects of these materials in the soil environment.