慢性肝炎肝组织病理改变与血清总胆汁酸关系探讨

目的 研究空腹血清总胆汁酸(TBA)与血清纤维化指标的关系，阐明其临床意义。方法 收集慢性肝病患者73例，肝组织活检当天行血清TBA及HA检测，并分析其相关性。结果 慢性肝炎患者TBA水平与正常值相比明显升高，与肝组织炎症活动(G)、纤维化程度(S)及血清纤维化指标(HA)呈正相关，相关系数r分别为0．515、0．430、0．687。结论 TBA是反映肝脏炎性活动及肝纤维化的较敏感指标。     

慢性病毒性肝炎患者血清sICAM-1与肝组织病理变化的相关性研究

目的评价sICAM-1在慢性肝病诊治中的临床意义。方法对130例慢性肝炎患者血清sICAM-1、纤维化指标和肝活检病理改变等进行相关性研究。结果ICAM-1在慢性肝炎肝组织的表达与炎症活动度、肝纤维化程度均呈显著正相关。血清sICAM-1水平与肝组织ICAM-1表达呈显著正相关(r=0.64,P<0.01),并与慢性肝炎的临床及病理分度呈一致性改变。血清sICAM-1水平与HA、PCⅢ、CⅣ、LN亦有良好的相关性(P<0.01)。结论慢性肝炎患者肝组织及血清ICAM-1水平可一定程度反映肝脏炎症和纤维化程度。血清sICAM-1水平的监测可作为临床判断慢性肝炎病情严重程度和预后的重要免疫学指标之一。     

血清肝纤维化标志物水平与肝组织炎症活动度纤维化程度的相关性分析

研究血清纤维化指标透明质酸(HA)、层粘连蛋白(LN)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)及Ⅳ型胶原(Ⅳ-C)水平与肝组织病理分级、分期的相关性。用放射免疫法(RIA)检测600例乙型肝炎和肝炎肝硬化患者血清HA、LN、CⅣ、PCⅢ水平,同时进行肝组织活检,对肝组织进行炎症分级和纤维化分期检测。血清学指标水平与慢性肝炎发展阶段性一致,与肝组织炎症活动度及纤维化程度呈正相关。其中HA、CⅣ在病理分期中,从S1～S4期均依次大幅度升高,与S0相比(P<0.01),对早期肝纤维化诊断优于LN。而PCⅢ在反映肝纤维化时与S2期呈依次明显升高,可作为肝纤维化中、晚期辅助诊断。血清纤维化指标HA、LN、CⅣ、PCⅢ水平,对肝纤维化不同阶段做出相对准确的诊断,是目前了解肝纤维化程度检测指标之一。     

血清胆碱酯酶和总胆汁酸与慢性乙型肝炎患者肝脏病理损害的关系探讨

目的探讨血清胆碱酯酶（CHE）、总胆汁酸（TBA）与慢性乙型肝炎肝脏病理损害的关系。方法检测303例经肝穿刺活检病理证实的慢性乙型肝炎患者血清CHE和TBA，并对其与肝活检组织病理炎症分级和纤维化分期进行相关性分析。结果随着肝脏病理炎症分级和纤维化分期的加重，血清CHE逐渐下降，而血清TBA逐渐升高。血清CHE与肝脏病理分级和分期呈显著负相关（P〈0．01），血清TBA与肝脏病理分级和分期呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）。结论临床上联合测定血清CHE和TBA可在一定程度上反映慢性乙型肝炎肝组织病理损伤的程度。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者血清Ⅲ型前胶原、Ⅲ型胶原的前胶原氨端肽原的比较研究

比较慢性肝炎患者血清Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）与Ⅲ型胶原的前胶原氨端肽原（PⅢNP)对诊断肝纤维化的实用价值。对114例肝穿病理诊断的慢性肝炎轻、中、重度患者，同时进行血清PCⅢ及PⅢNP的检测，均用放射免疫法。肝穿刺标本病理组织学检查，作肝炎症活动度分级、肝纤维化程度分期及慢性肝炎病理组织学分度，探讨PCⅢ及PⅢNP与它们关系。114例轻、中、重度慢性肝炎患者，PCⅢ及PⅢNP之间均有显著差异（P＜0．01）。这2项指标均与肝脏炎活动度分级、肝纤维化程度分期及慢性肝炎的病理组织学分度有关。相关系数PCⅢ0．446、0．412和0．343；PⅢNP为0．463、0．403和0．308。PCⅢ及PⅢNP检测对慢性肝炎肝纤维化的诊断均有意义，PⅢNPO在早期肝纤维化方面比PCⅢ敏感。     

血清透明质酸Ⅲ型前胶原Ⅳ型胶原及脯氨酸肽酶对肝组织纤维化诊断的意义

探讨肝病患者血清透明质酸（HA）,Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）,型胶原（CⅣ）及脯氨酸肽酶（PLD）水平与肝纤维化程度的关系。用酶联免疫（ELISA）法及生化比色法检测225例各种肝病患者血清中HA、PCⅢ、CⅣ及PLD水平,并与肝活检病理炎症分级和纤维化分期相比较。四项指标与肝组织炎症坏死及纤维化程度均呈显著相关（P〈0．05）。HA、PCⅢ及CⅣ与肝纤维化相关性高于炎症,PLD与炎症的相关性高于纤维化。血清学指标与肝组织病理病变程度一致,联合检测肝病患者血清HA、PCⅢ、CⅣ及PLD水平,既可反映肝纤维化严重程度,又能了解肝坏死情况,为临床诊断治疗提供参考。     

血清CHE、TBA与慢性乙型肝炎肝组织病理损害关系的研究

对106例慢性乙型肝炎患者血清CHE、TBA水平变化与肝组织病理损害进行对比研究,结果显示CHE与肝组织炎症分级的相关系数为-0．248（P〈0．05）,与纤维化分期的相关系数-0．223（P〈0．05）;TBA与肝组织炎症分级的相关系数为0．415（P〈0．01）,与纤维化分期的相关系数为0．384（P〈0．01）。二者能够很好地反映肝损害的程度,尤以TBA明显。提示TBA是反映慢性乙型肝炎病理损害更为良好的血清学指标,临床定期监测血清TBA与CHE对判断慢性乙型肝炎肝组织病变程度与调整治疗方案有重要意义。     

血清铁蛋白与肝纤维化指标相关性的实验研究

研究慢性肝病患者血清铁蛋白(SF)与血清肝纤维化指标(透明质酸HA、层粘连蛋白LN、血清Ⅲ型前胶原肽PⅢP、Ⅳ型胶原CⅣ)及病理分期的相关性.采用酶联免疫及放射免疫法,对85例慢性肝病患者检测SF及肝纤维化四项指标,并对其中50例慢性肝炎患者行肝穿活检.慢性肝病患者SF、肝纤维化四项指标与正常对照组比较差异显著,SF随慢性肝炎及肝硬化临床分型及Child-Pugh分级的逐渐加重而升高.SF随病理分期依次增高,与SO期比较P＜0.01;SF与HA、LN、PⅢP、CⅣ具有相关性(r值为0.68,0.58,0.47,0.61).提示肝铁代谢异常与肝纤维化的发生发展密切相关.对于判断肝纤维化的程度有一定的临床意义.     

肝纤维化血清学指标诊断价值的验证研究

目的研究血清肝纤维化指标透明质酸(HA)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)、IV型胶原(IVC)及层粘连蛋白(LN)与肝纤维化程度的关系,验证其在肝病不同阶段的诊断价值。方法用放射免疫法测定267例慢性肝炎患者血清HA、PCⅢ、IVC及LN水平,同时做肝组织活检,对肝组织进行炎症分级和纤维化分期,分析上述血清学指标水平与肝组织分级和分期之间的关系。结果上述指标水平与慢性肝炎发展的阶段一致,与肝组织炎症坏死和纤维化程度均呈正相关。结论血清HA、LN、PCⅢ、IVC可以做为反映肝纤维化程度的指标;联合检测有助于肝纤维化的诊断。     

慢性肝炎患者血清纤维化指标的检测及其意义

目的：探讨慢性肝炎患者血清纤维化指标[血清透明质酸（HA）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）、Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ－C）、层黏蛋白（LN）]的临床实用价值。方法：对2600例慢性肝炎轻、中、重度患者,用放免法检测血清HA、PCⅢ、Ⅳ－C、LN,并对其中的280例进行肝穿刺标本病理组织学检查,作肝脏炎症活动度分级、肝纤维化程度分期及慢性肝炎病理组织学分度,探讨它们与纤维化指标之间关系。结果：2600例轻、中、重度慢性肝炎患者,4项指标之间均有明显差异（P＜0．001）。这4项指标均与肝脏炎症活动度分级、肝纤维化程度分期及慢性肝炎的分度有关。相关系数HA分别为0．554、0．548和0．468;PCⅢ为0．495、0．42和0．335;Ⅳ-C为0．406．0．404和0．412;LN为0．214、0．204和0．184。结论：血清学检测对慢性肝炎的诊断有较大的临床指导作用,但对某一患者评价这些指标的意义时,应结合肝功能检查．B超检查及临床表现,作全面分析。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.