室内不同供暖方式与儿童健康效应

为探讨供暖方式与人体健康效应的关系 ,改善生活环境 ,促进健康 ,提高生活质量 ,我们在保定市选择在北方有代表性的集中式供暖、土暖气供暖和室内直接燃煤炉供暖 3种方式进行了调查。1　材料与方法1 1　调查对象选择保定市区集中式供暖和燃煤炉供暖各 2所小学 ,对 8岁组学生进行调查 ,调查表由家长填写。共调查 932名儿童 ,收回调查表 930份。剔除新建住宅、家庭室内装修以及家庭有新购家具不足 1年、厨房同室、家庭烹调用燃料不同、被动吸烟等干扰因素 ,共 6 4 2份。按性别、学校供暖方式和家庭供暖方式分组。1 2　测定指标与方法1 2 …     

潍坊市1 538例意外伤害儿童伤害原因分析

目的了解潍坊市儿童意外伤害发生的现状。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法，回顾调查1538名一年内发生过意外伤害的儿童，对其伤害的原因进行分析。结果调查期间伤害发生率男生高于女生（P〈0．01）；伤害类型中，男生跌伤占首位，女生切轧伤占首位；严重伤害男女生均为跌伤占首位，分别占总数的34．8％和32．8％。结论儿童意外伤害现状不容忽视，应采取综合措施减少儿童意外伤害的发生。     

某区2002～2004年小学生健康状况分析

目的：分析深圳龙岗区小学生健康状况的变化。方法：对该区3所监测点小学2002～2004年学生体检资料进行对比分析。结果：男女生体检无异常率差异无统计学意义；男女生营养不良、体重正常、肥胖构成比差异有统计学意义（女生营养不良高于男生，男生肥胖高于女生）；女生视力不良明显高于男生；男女生沙眼感染率差异无统计学意义；男生龋齿率明显高于女生；2004年体检无异常率、视力不良率均显著高于2002年；3年间学生营养不良、正常、肥胖构成比差异有统计学意义；2004年沙眼感染率明显低于2002年。结论：该区小学生健康问题仍较严重，特别是视力不良、肥胖有逐年上升的趋势，小学生的健康教育有待加强。     

儿少卫生

。60372无锡市中小学生现时营养状况分析评价/沈惠芬…//中国学校卫生一1994,15(5)一373 用身高标准体重等级评价法对该市1991年学生体质调研资料进行了分析。在调查的学生中,营养正常者、不良者分别占57.16%、38.66%。营养不良检出率高于全省平均水平,女生高于男生,中学生高于小学生。究其原因,学生偏食、挑食,家庭膳食搭配不合理等原因所致。图。表l参。 (子丰)检测。营养不良率男女生分别为4.5%和7.5%,女生高于男生,以轻度不良为主;肥胖率男女生分别为12.0%和9.4%,男生高于女生,以轻度肥胖为主。男女生营养不良率均随着年龄增大而渐增。…     

天津市初中生心理卫生问题与学习时间的关系

目的了解天津市初中生课业学习时间情况及课业时间对儿童少年的心理影响。方法采用随机抽样方法对天津市的15所中学2032名初中生进行心理卫生状况和课业学习时间的测查。结果天津市初中学生心理卫生问题发生率为23.7%,女生高于男生达27.4%。女生在症状自评量表(SCL-90)量表总分,阳性项目数,躯体化,强迫症状,人际关系敏感,抑郁,焦虑,敌对及恐怖的得分均高于男生。上课时数增加时,男女生的强迫症状、人际关系敏感、敌对、偏执和精神病性得分增高;作业时间增加时,男女生SCL-90量表的9因子得分均增高。结论在青少年阶段,课业负担过重也会加剧心理负担,学校、社会和家庭应共同努力,为青少年营造宽松健康的生活环境。     

广州市某中学学生生活质量调查

目的了解中学生生活质量情况，为加强学生心理健康教育，构建具有良好的学校，家庭和社会环境的新型学校提供依据。方法采用华中科技大学同济医学院儿少卫生学教研室编制的少年儿童生活质量量表，通过分层整群抽样法，分别从初一到高三年级中抽出786名学生（其中男生344人，女生44．2人）进行问卷调查。结果男生在“精力与睡眠”、“亲子关系”、“同伴关系”得分高于女生，女生在“作业态度”、“活动机会性”得分高于男生；学生总体生活质量不良检出率为3．18％，环境状况不良检出率高于健学生共同参与学生心理健康教育，康状况和心理状况检出率，但男女生差异无统计学意义。结论只有学校、教师、家长和才能真正提高学生心理健康水平。     

遗传和环境因素对双生子学龄儿童行为的影响

目的：探讨遗传和环境因素对双生子行为影响及相互作用的特点。方法：运用Achenbach儿童行为评定量表对87对同性别同卵和异卵双生子进行行为、社会能力及家庭背景状况调查。结果：行为问题遗传度为0．479。男生活动情况、社交情况遗传度分别为0．478、0．437，学校情况为0．805；女生活动情况、社交情况、学校情况分别为0．719、0．889和0．966。在遗传基因完全相同的MZ（同卵双生子）中，家庭关系不和睦、经济收入少、早期由别人抚养、早期教育方式不良以及父亲的吸烟、饮酒等不利环境因素易使孩子出现不良行为表现，社会适应能力低。结论：儿童行为受遗传和环境的双重影响，但环境因素大于遗传因素。男女生行为的影响因素不同，在进行儿童行为的研究中应考虑到性别因素的干扰。     

2005年临沂市部分城乡中小学生脉搏、血压调查

[目的]了解儿童少年脉搏、血压发育现状。[方法]2005年4～6月，在临沂市抽取部分中小学生进行脉搏、血压的测定。[结果]检测5760人，其中城区男生、城区女生、乡村男生和乡村女生各1440人，脉搏均随着年龄的增长而逐渐下降（P〈0．01）；各年龄段女生均高于男生。男女生收缩压和舒张压均随年龄的增长而升高。[结论]中小学生脉搏、血压的发育规律与国内有关报道一致。     

教室CO污染对学生COHb和免疫功能的影响

选择不同采暖方式的２所学校进行教室ＣＯ污染和学生ＣＯＨｂ及唾液溶菌酶和ＳＩｇＧ含量的检测。结果表明：燃煤组教室ＣＯ浓度显著高于暖气组；其学生血中ＣＯＨｂ含量也明显高于暖气组。而唾液溶菌酶和ＳＩｇＧ的含量则明显的低于暖气组。表明室内空气质量与健康关系密切，小学生作为敏感人群容易受到危害     

深圳市中学生性心理的发展、性知识及性态度现况调查

目的 了解深圳市中学生性心理的发展及性知识、性态度状况，为开展青春期性健康教育提供依据。方法 采取整群随机抽样的方法，对深圳市4个区的4所中学，共1666名初中二年级学生进行性心理、性知识、性态度的问卷调查。结果 随年龄增长渴望与异性交往的学生比例增加，59．20％的男生渴望与异性交往，37．90％女生渴望与异性交往；有异性表示好感，40．80％的女生会拒绝，18．80％的男生会拒绝，以上两个方面，男女生间（均P〈0．01）存在显著性差异。遇上喜欢的异性，男生多采取主动的态度，女生多埋藏在心里；对待中学生的性行为，20．80％的男生表示理解，11．80％的女生表示理解；渴望性接触、有拥抱接吻、有爱抚行为及有性行为的男生分别为：31．40％、7．40％、4．00％、2．00％，均高于女生；男生从色情书刊获取的性知识多于女生；女生从家庭获取的性知识多于男生；目前学校性健康教育形式比较单一，内容相对简单。结论针对男女生性心理、性知识和性态度的差异，制定相应的性健康教育措施，同时，要注重性道德、性病防治知识方面的教育。     

探讨农村改炉改灶的途径

目的通过模拟实验，提出农村改进炉灶的途径。方法在模拟房间测定了室内空气污染物浓度和回风炉热工性能，室内空气污染物浓度、换气次数、炉灶热工性能测试分别按国家标准规定进行。结果①炉灶烟囱从下到上全部为负压，居室内安装有烟囱的炉灶可使室内空气质量达到卫生标准；②提高烟囱高度可造成较大负压，提高排烟量，促进燃烧，但排烟热损失和燃料消耗也随之增加；③实验的炊事、取暖回风炉的平均火力强度、炊事热效率、取暖热效率、烟气热损失等数据表明其结构较合理；④砖砌燃煤燃柴台灶的烟气热损失、取暖热效率表明燃烧热量没有得到较好利用，木柴燃烧速度快，需要空气量大，应选用较大断面烟囱。结论居室内安装有烟囱的炉灶可有效控制燃煤燃柴造成的室内空气污染；提出了包括合理的炉灶结构、适宜的烟囱高度和断面、增设炕烟道取暖、热水器等多种控制污染和节能的改进炉灶途径。     

Exposure-response relationships between lifetime exposure to residential coal smoke and respiratory symptoms and illnesses in Chinese children

Data collected in a large epidemiologic study were analyzed to examine respiratory health effects of residential coal use in 7058 school children living in the four Chinese cities of Chongqing, Guangzhou, Lanzhou, and Wuhan. A Scenario Evaluation Approach was used to develop two exposure variables, heating coal smoke and cooking coal smoke. Estimated lifetime exposures to heating coal smoke and cooking coal smoke were both classified into four-level ordinal scales, as follows: no reported exposure (control); lightly exposed; moderately exposed; and heavily exposed. Zero-one dummy variables were constructed for each exposure level other than the control level (total six variables). These variables were entered into the analytical model. We tested for exposure-response relationships using logistic regression models, while controlling for other relevant covariates, including an indicator variable of ambient air pollution levels. We observed monotonic and positive exposure-response relationships of exposure to heating coal smoke with modeled odds ratios (ORs) of phlegm, cough with phlegm, and bronchitis. Other health outcomes were not associated with such exposure in a monotonic exposure-response pattern. However, ORs for cough, wheeze, and asthma were all higher in the exposed groups than in the control group. We observed no consistent associations between cooking coal smoke and the examined health outcomes. We conclude that exposure to heating coal smoke could have adverse effects on children's respiratory symptoms and illnesses in these four Chinese cities.     

School performance and school behaviour of children affected by acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in China

It is generally recognized that the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic will have a negative effect on orphans' school education. However, few studies have been carried out to examine the school performance and school behaviour of AIDS orphans and vulnerable children [children living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected parents]. Using both self-report and teacher evaluation data of 1625 children from rural central China, we examined the impact of parental HIV/AIDS on children's school performances (academic marks, educational expectation and student leadership) and school behaviours (e.g. aggression, shyness/anxiety and assertive social skills). Results indicate that AIDS orphans and vulnerable children had disadvantages in school performance in comparison to their peers from the same community who did not experience AIDS-related death and illness in their family (comparison children). AIDS orphans had the lowest academic marks based on the reports of both children and teachers. From a teacher's perspective, educational expectation was significantly lower among AIDS orphans and vulnerable children than comparison children. AIDS orphans were significantly more likely to demonstrate aggressive, impulsive and anxious behaviours than non-orphans. Moreover, orphans have more learning difficulties. Vulnerable children were also at a disadvantage on most measures. The data suggest that greater attention is needed to school performance and behaviour of children affected by AIDS. The findings also indicate that AIDS relief and assistance programmes for children should go beyond school attendance and efforts should be made to improve their school performance and educational aspirations.     

室内燃煤对学龄儿童健康的影响

在室外大气质量基本一致的情况下,在南通市区选择7～8岁学龄儿童598人,调查他们呼吸系统疾病患病率、二周症状阳性率和非特异免疫功能的改变。结果显示二周内咳嗽阳性率在燃煤家庭儿童显著高于燃煤气家庭儿童;唾液溶菌酶和SIgA前者显著低于后者。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童与普通儿童家庭教养方式及学校教育方式对比研究

【目的】 对比注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)儿童与普通儿童的家庭教养方式及学校教育方式。 【方法】 应用Vanderbilt ADHD家长及教师评定量表及自制的一般情况调查表确诊门诊ADHD儿童224例,其中男205例,女19例。同时随机抽取广州市一所普通小学部分1~6年级学生,完整填写上述量表及调查表,入选的非ADHD普通儿童共计326例,其中男217例,女109例,分别获取其家庭教养方式及学校教育方式信息。家庭教养方式及学校教育方式均分为正性和负性两种,然后分别对ADHD和非ADHD儿童的家庭教养方式及学校教育方式进行比较。 【结果】 非ADHD组接受正性家庭教养方式的比例为93.3%,ADHD儿童接受正性家庭教养方式的比例为47.3%,非ADHD儿童接受正性家庭教养的比率高于ADHD儿童(χ²=122.399,P<0.05);非ADHD组接受正性学校教育方式的比例为87.4%,ADHD儿童接受正性学校教育方式的比例为33.9%,非ADHD组接受正性的学校教育方式的比率高于ADHD组儿童,差异具有统计学意义(χ²=168.454,P＜0.05),二者均具有明显的统计学意义。 【结论】 ADHD儿童接受正性家庭教养方式及正性学校教育方式的比率明显低于非ADHD的普通儿童。     

An epidemiological study on the familial aggregation and the sequential changes of serum lipids and apolipoproteins in school children in a rural area of Awaji Island

An epidemiological survey on serum lipids and apolipoproteins in school children in Goshiki-cho, Awaji-Island was carried out from 1985 to 1988 and their relations to blood pressure, anthropometric values, nutritional intake and a family history of hypertension were investigated. Parent-child and sibling-sibling correlations of the values were also analyzed. The results obtained were as follows: 1. During a 3-year follow-up from 11 to 14 years of age, serum levels of apo AI, apo AII, apo B and LDL cholesterol decreased at 12 years of age in both males and females. A tracking phenomenon was observed in serum levels of lipids and apolipoproteins. 2. Males at 10-14 years of age with a family history of hypertension (FH+) showed significantly higher systolic blood pressure and erythrocyte Na/K ratios than those without such a family history (FH-). The FH+ group (both males and females) had lower serum HDL cholesterol and higher levels of apo B, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride. 3. Significantly positive correlations were observed between apo AI levels of mother-son pairs and between those of elder and younger brother pairs. A positive correlation was observed between apo B levels of elder brother-younger sister pairs. Serum levels of total, HDL and LDL cholesterol in school children were closely correlated with the levels of the respective cholesterols in parents. Similar correlations were observed between sibling-sibling pairs.     

Acute Lower Respiratory Infection in Childhood and Household Fuel Use in Bhaktapur,Nepal

Background: Globally, solid fuels are used by about 3 billion people for cooking. These fuels have been associated with many health effects, including acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in young children. Nepal has a high prevalence of use of biomass for cooking and heating.Objective: This case–control study was conducted among a population in the Bhaktapur municipality, Nepal, to investigate the relationship of cookfuel type to ALRI in young children.Methods: Cases with ALRI and age-matched controls were enrolled from an open cohort of children 2–35 months old, under active monthly surveillance for ALRI. A questionnaire was used to obtain information on family characteristics, including household cooking and heating appliances and fuels. The main analysis was carried out using conditional logistic regression. Population-attributable fractions (PAF) for stove types were calculated.Results: A total of 917 children (452 cases and 465 controls) were recruited into the study. Relative to use of electricity for cooking, ALRI was increased in association with any use of biomass stoves [odds ratio (OR) = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.24, 2.98], kerosene stoves (OR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.24, 2.83), and gas stoves (OR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.50). Use of wood, kerosene, or coal heating was also associated with ALRI (OR = 1.45; 95% CI: 0.97, 2.14), compared with no heating or electricity or gas heating. PAFs for ALRI were 18.0% (95% CI: 8.1, 26.9%) and 18.7% (95% CI: 8.4%–27.8%), for biomass and kerosene stoves, respectively.Conclusions: The study supports previous reports indicating that use of biomass as a household fuel is a risk factor for ALRI, and provides new evidence that use of kerosene for cooking may also be a risk factor for ALRI in young children.     

小儿幽门螺杆菌感染调查

１９９３年６月－１９９４年６月期间，采用ＥＬＩＳＡ检测血清中抗幽门螺杆菌尿素酶抗体，对３９４名小儿各年龄组自然人群感染率进行了调查。总体平均阳性率为１５．７％，具有随年龄增加而增加的总趋势，至１２岁组时阳性率达３０％。其中１－３岁及７岁组阳性率相对较高，可能与家庭及学校内密切接触有关。此外，反复发生腹痛者其阳性率较无症状者明显增高。     

Factor analysis of household factors: are they associated with respiratory conditions in Chinese children?

BACKGROUND: We explored methods to develop uncorrelated variables for epidemiological analysis models. They were used to examine associations between respiratory health outcomes and multiple household risk factors. METHODS: We analysed data collected in the Four Chinese Cities Study (FCCS) to examine health effects on prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms and illnesses in 7058 school children living in the four Chinese cities: Lanzhou, Chongqing, Wuhan, and Guangzhou. We used factor analysis approaches to reduce the number of the children's lifestyle/household variables and to develop new uncorrelated 'factor' variables. We used unconditional logistic regression models to examine associations between the factor variables and the respiratory health outcomes, while controlling for other covariates. RESULTS: Five factor variables were derived from 21 original variables: heating coal smoke, cooking coal smoke, socioeconomic status, ventilation, and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and parental asthma. We found that higher exposure to heating coal smoke was associated with higher reporting of cough with phlegm, wheeze, and asthma. Cooking coal smoke was not associated with any of the outcomes. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with lower reporting of persistent cough and bronchitis. Higher household ventilation was associated with lower reporting of persistent cough, persistent phlegm, cough with phlegm, bronchitis, and wheeze. Higher exposure to ETS and the presence of parental asthma were associated with higher reporting of persistent cough, persistent phlegm, cough with phlegm, bronchitis, wheeze, and asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that independent respiratory effects of exposure to indoor air pollution, heating coal smoke, and ETS may exist for the studied children.     

燃煤污染型氟中毒病区型煤固氟技术的研究及应用

目的筛选固氟效率高、燃烧效果好、取材方便、价格低廉的型煤固氟配方,为进一步降低病区氟污染提供技术支持。方法采用模拟实验方法对A组配方(原煤70%、石灰10%、黏土20%)、B组配方(原煤70%、石灰岩15%、黏土15%)、C组配方(原煤65%、石灰20%、黏土15%)、D组配方(原煤70%、石灰岩15%、黏土15%)、E组配方(原煤65%、石灰岩20%、黏土15%)进行筛选,以F组配方(原煤70%、黏土30%)为对照;对筛选出的最佳配方进行现场验证。结果 D与F组发热量最高(分别为18.51、18.59 M J/kg),A、B、C组处于同一水平(分别为15.77、15.31、15.62 M J/kg);D组固氟率最高(83.07%),其次为B、C、A组(分别为61.38%、77.48%、74.62%),F组最低(47.27%);E组配方因石灰岩比例过高不能正常燃烧退出实验;D与F组配方生产的蜂窝型煤,用户均反映燃烧效果好,日均用煤量无显著差异(P0.10),市场核算售价均为0.3元/块,用户均能接受。结论以D组配方作为固氟剂,发热量最高、固氟效果最佳,且取材方便,加工成本与普通型煤一致。建议在氟病区规模实施改灶降氟工程时,同步推广该配方加工固氟蜂窝型煤。