84001对睾丸、附睾超微结构的影响——扫描电镜及透射电镜观察(84001抗精作用研究之三)

应用扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)相对观察的方法,对给予84001浸膏25天后小鼠的睾丸、附睾进行了超微结构的分析。结果发现部分曲细精管受损,其上皮排列紊乱、层次减少,精子细胞发生退变,变态期精子细胞顶体形成异常,胞质结构异形等;精母细胞偶有受累但较轻微;精原细胞、支持细胞、间质细胞及附睾上皮在形态上无明显改变。本文对以上超微结构变化的性质及其意义进行了讨论。     

不同病种的脾气虚证患者吸收细胞线粒体超微结构的观察

[摘要] 目的 探讨不同病种的脾气虚证患者十二指肠黏膜吸收细胞线粒体超微结构的改变情况。方法 分脾气虚证、湿热证和正常组3组，病种分为慢性浅表性胃炎和十二指肠球部溃疡，在十二指肠降部分别钳取黏膜, 在电镜下观察线粒体的结构。结果 同一种证型，慢性浅表性胃炎组与十二指肠球部溃疡组线粒体的改变差异明显，慢性浅表性胃炎组线粒体的改变较轻，十二指肠球部溃疡组线粒体的改变明显，吸收细胞细胞质内的线粒体等亚细胞结构模糊不清，脾气虚证十二指肠球部溃疡组的线粒体有明显的肿胀，变形，嵴减少或消失，有些线粒体有空泡形成，湿热证球部溃疡组线粒体也有肿胀、变形、嵴减少或消失等改变，还有些聚集在一起。结论 脾气虚证患者线粒体的结构有改变；同一证型（脾气虚证）不同病种（慢性浅表性胃炎和十二指肠球部溃疡）线粒体超微结构不相同。 [关键词] 脾气虚证；线粒体；超微结构；慢性浅表性胃炎；十二指肠球部溃疡     

输精管结扎对大鼠附睾超微结构的影响

作者对输精管结扎术后３、９个月的成年大鼠附睾进行超微结构观察，结合其组织学改变进行分析。结果发现，结扎后的附睾呈扩张性病理损害。超微结构显示：结扎后３个月，附睾上皮主细胞的吞噬与消化功能明显增强，结扎后９个月出现了细胞变性现象。结扎后附睾受损可能是复通后再孕率低的另一重要原因。     

儿童逼尿肌反射亢进的逼尿肌超微结构观察

目的：对逼尿肌反射亢进患儿的逼尿肌进行超微结构观察，探讨可能存在的结构改变特征和临床意义。方法：13例逼尿肌反射亢进患儿标本，括约肌活动协调型5例，不协调型8例；另设3例正常儿童膀胱组织作为对照。采用透射电镜观察。结果：逼尿肌反射亢进的逼尿肌超微结构特点为：(1)肌细胞扭曲变形，排列紊乱；(2)平滑肌线粒体内质网等细胞器出现肿胀变性，肌丝排列紊乱；(3)肌细胞间隙增宽，胶原纤维增多；(4)中间连接减少。括约肌活动不协调组另有以下特点：(1)细胞受损程度加重；(2)细胞间胶原纤维含量增加；(3)在部分患儿中出现异常细胞连接。结论：逼尿肌反射亢进患儿的逼尿肌超微结构有明显改变。这些改变都可以造成逼尿肌收缩能力受损，顺应性下降。不协调组的结构改变明显较协调组严重，异常细胞连接的出现，加速了逼尿肌反射亢进的病理生理过程。     

大鼠附睾的超微结构观察

应用常规电镜技术对10只大鼠的附睾进行了超微结构观察。附睾上皮各型细胞的超微结构除主细胞外均无明显的节段性区别。各段主细胞均具有分泌细胞和吸收细胞的超微结构特征。但近段附睾的主细胞偏重呈现吸收细胞的特点,而远段主细胞则偏重显示分泌细胞的特征。此外,发现在有的晕细胞外面包绕一个具长突的细胞。于附睾尾段少数亮细胞的基部见到类结晶体结构。管周组织内发现存在有窗孔毛细血管。本文对上述有关结构的意义作了简单的讨论。     

慢性镉中毒小鼠附睾管主要上皮细胞的超微结构观察和形态计量研究

用透射电镜观察并结合形态计量法研究了慢性镉中毒小鼠附睾管主要上皮细胞的超微结构，结果：主细胞明显受损，部分主细胞的细胞核体积缩小，线粒体肿胀，嵴断裂，粗面内质网扩张，溶酶体增多。少数严重受损的主细胞则坏死或溶解。近腔面处，相邻主细胞间紧密连接消失，血附睾屏障瓦解。通过超微结构的观察和定量分析，认为在慢性镉中毒时附睾管也是镉作用的靶器官,附睾管结构和功能的异常将影响雄性的生殖功能。     

人工诱导大鼠精索静脉曲张对睾丸和附睾超微结构的影响

通过左侧精索静脉主干结扎和左肾静脉部分结扎诱导SD大鼠精索静脉曲张成功后,利用透射电子显微镜对其睾丸,附睾的超微结构进行了研究。结果表明:精索静脉曲张所致睾丸、附睾超微结构的改变为双侧性。最常见的病变为支持细胞滑面内质网扩张或形成空泡;还常见到精子细胞核内基质空化,核膜破裂,线粒体鞘局部缺损。附睾柱状上皮细胞静纤毛稀少、局部缺乏。证实了支持细胞异常为导致生精细胞发育终止和过早释放的重要原因;也为附睾在精索静脉曲张源性不育中的作用提供了重要的形态学基础。     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯致大鼠隐睾睾丸和附睾病理组织学改变研究

目的：邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）孕晚期染毒诱导子代雄鼠隐睾的发生和探讨隐睾睾丸、附睾病理组织学的改变。方法：孕鼠40只，随机分组，在怀孕14-18天期间，每天分别灌胃给予大豆油（A组）、DBP100mg／kg（B组）、500mg／kg（C组）、800mg／kg（D组）。出生70天后观察雄仔鼠隐睾发生率及隐睾睾丸、附睾病理组织学改变。结果：C、D组雄仔鼠隐睾发生率为10．8％和63．5％；隐睾睾丸、附睾的脏器系数显著减轻；睾丸生精上皮萎缩，生精细胞层减少甚至消失，曲精小管体积减小；同时附睾管腔中精子缺如。电镜下隐睾睾丸中出现异常的支持细胞。结论：睾丸是DBP主要作用的靶器官；中、高剂量DBP孕晚期染毒可致雄仔鼠隐睾的发生、睾丸生精上皮的损害，从而影响其生育能力。     

糖尿病大鼠心肌超微结构改变及过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体gamma配体对其作用的研究

目的：明确糖尿病大鼠心肌超微结构改变及过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体（PPAR）gamma配体（罗格列酮）对之的作用。方法：建立6周和10周糖尿病大鼠组，其中10周糖尿病大鼠的1组用PPARgamma配体治疗，各组左心室心肌制作透射电镜标本。结果：STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠心肌细胞胞浆肌原纤维束减少并断裂、融合，肌原纤维束与线粒体结构排列紊乱，线粒体崩解，细胞核固缩，核仁消失。10周组糖尿病大鼠心肌超微结构破坏比6周组明显。与未治疗组比，罗格列酮治疗组心肌结构完整、清晰，基本和正常大鼠心肌超微结构相似。结论：高血糖引起心肌超微结构损伤明显，糖尿病病程越长病变越明显；PPARgamma配体具有心肌保护作用，而且不依赖于降血糖。     

家犬实验性附睾淤积症及其超声波治疗对附睾起始部超微结构的影响

实验性附睾淤积症引起家犬附睾起始部主细胞超微结构异常改变,但较附睾体部所见为轻;经超声波处理后(功率0.75W/cm~2,每日一次,每次8min,连续7日)则见其明显改变、或完全恢复,且未造成附睾起始部主细胞新的损伤。本实验结果在与附睾体部主细胞相应变化进行比较后,发现由于附睾淤积症对附睾管不同部位的影响是不同的,因而这种形态和功能均已不同程度改变了的附睾不同部位的主细胞对超声波作用的反应也各不相同,这除因主细胞功能状态不同外,尚与超声波声场的不均匀有关,提示探寻超声波治疗最适宜的量不仅必要,而且是有可能找到的。     

Graduate medical education in the United States

The annual surveys of residency programs on which this statistical report is based have had a 95% or higher rate of response for the past five years. The number of accredited programs increased in 1986, primarily as a result of the accreditation of subspecialty programs in internal medicine. The largest number of programs is found in general internal medicine, followed by family practice, general surgery, and obstetrics/gynecology. More than one fifth of the programs are located in the Middle Atlantic region of the United States, with the largest number in the state of New York. The number of positions offered by accredited programs has increased as a result of the increase in the number of specialties with accredited programs. The number of GY-1 positions projected in the fall to be offered the following July has not increased significantly over the past three years. The reader is cautioned that the "number of positions offered" is affected by many factors and is subject to frequent change throughout the year. The number of residents on duty in ACGME-accredited programs increased in 1986 as a result of the increase in number of programs. However, the number of GY-1 residents on duty has decreased by 7% since 1984. This decrease is largely accounted for by the number of FMGs in GY-1 positions, a 21% decrease since 1984. This is especially evident in number of US citizen FMGs in GY-1 positions, a 38% decrease in the same time period. The specific factors that have caused the decrease in number of GY-1 FMG residents are not known at this time. One explanation might be a hesitation on the part of program directors to appoint new FMGs. Another factor could be the lower pass rate of US citizen FMGs on the FMGEMS, one qualification for appointment to an ACGME-accredited program. The number and percentage of women in residency programs continues to increase as it has over the past several years. For example, in 1977 women accounted for only 15% of residents; in 1986 they were 27% of residents on duty. Although female residents are found in nearly all disciplines, two thirds of them are training in family practice, internal medicine, obstetrics/gynecology, pediatrics, or psychiatry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Graduate medical education in the United States

The annual surveys of residency programs on which this report is based have had a higher than 90% response rate for the past 5 years. The count of available residency positions is a fluid entity and seems to be dependent on many factors, including funding and the number of qualified candidates seen by program directors. The number of GY-1 positions has not changed significantly during the past 3 years. The number of reported unfilled positions, including GY-1 unfilled positions, has increased each year since 1985. The total number of residents on duty decreased slightly in 1988. This decrease may be due to a lower response rate. The number of new entry residents (GY-1) has been decreasing since 1985. Thirty-nine percent of residents were training in family practice, internal medicine, or pediatrics. The number and percent of women in residency programs have remained steady. The percentage of FMG residents decreased slightly to 15.3% in 1988. The number of black non-Hispanic residents decreased in 1988, and the percentage of all residents who are black decreased slightly. The number of graduates of osteopathic medical schools in ACGME programs has increased 39% since 1986. The number of institutions involved in graduate medical education has not changed significantly during the past 3 years, although the number of institutions that are not hospitals has increased since 1983. Ninety-five percent of all types of institutions have some type of affiliation with a US medical school.     

抗呆1号对脑缺血再灌注小鼠海马星形胶质细胞GFAP表达的影响

应用免疫组织化学方法探讨抗呆Ⅰ号对小鼠前脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马星形胶质细胞表达GFAP动态变化的影响,其与缺血性神经元的联系.结果显示:前脑缺血再灌注1 d只有少数星形胶质细胞表达GFAP,再灌注3 d表达GFAP的阳性细胞数增加,再灌注7～10 d表达GFAP的阳性细胞数达到高峰,同时,可见细胞反应性胶质化特征,前脑缺血再灌注15 d GFAP阳性反应细胞数仍维持在较高水平.用药组GFAP的表达细胞数较模型组明显减少.而正常对照组和假手术组只有少数星形胶质细胞表达GFAP.且星形胶质细胞表达GFAP的强弱与神经细胞的存亡有关.说明前脑缺血再灌注后海马反应性星形胶质细胞表达GFAP呈动态变化,抗呆Ⅰ号对缺血再灌注损伤星形胶质细胞和神经细胞有良好的保护作用.     

乙醇对发育期小鼠海马神经元数量的影响

目的:研究妊娠乙醇滥用对发育期海马神经元数量的影响。方法:采用C57BL/6 J小鼠,用胃饲乙醇方法建立妊娠乙醇滥用模型。对新生鼠(P0)、生后7 d(P7)、生后14 d(P14)小鼠海马进行N issl法染色,显微镜计数海马神经元的数量。结果:与对照组相比,低剂量组和高剂量组神经元明显减少(P<0.05);与低剂量组相比,高剂量组CA1区神经元明显减少(P<0.05);CA3区无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:妊娠乙醇滥用可使发育期海马神经元明显减少。     

新疆克拉玛依市医疗机构卫生人员需求预测分析

目的：探讨新疆克拉玛依市2006-2010年医疗机构提供医疗卫生服务以及社会发展情况,测算2011-2015年医疗机构的卫生技术人员数量和机构,为合理配置与规划医疗机构的发展提供有效的依据。方法根据2006-2010的卫生服务需求数据,利用等维灰数递补动态模型预测2011-2015年的卫生服务需求数据,再利用卫生服务需求法计算2011-2015年的医生数,最后利用相应的指标推算其他人员的数据量。结果根据卫生服务需求法测算2011年克市医疗卫生机构总人数应为3508名,其中医生926名、护士1111名,2015年为3663名,其中医生967名、护士1160名;截止2010年底卫生人员是2987名,与2011年测算的卫生人员总数相差521名,卫生技术人员2010年数量与2015年测算的卫生技术人员相差643名。结论克市医疗机构卫生人员总量不足,卫生人员结构不合理,工勤人员比例偏高,其他卫生技术人员比例偏低;2011-2015年克市卫生技术人才引进工作压力大。     

糖皮质激素受体水平与高眼压的关系

目的 探讨兔外周血淋巴细胞糖皮质激素受体（GR）数量对预测糖皮质激素性高眼压的价值。方法 隔日给兔球结膜下注射地塞米松1个月,制作糖皮质激素性高眼压模型。实验前后采用3^H地塞米松放射配体法测定兔外周血淋巴细胞GR数目,用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）测定外周血淋巴细胞GR的mRNA水平,比较GR数量和表达的变化并分析GR数量与高眼压的关系。结果 兔外周血淋巴细胞中GR数量和表达与地塞米松处理后眼压升高的程度呈正相关。同时,地塞米松对兔外周血淋巴细胞中GR有下调作用。结论 兔外周血淋巴细胞中GR数量和表达可以作为预测糖皮质激素性高眼压的一个指标。     

住院2型糖尿病患者抑郁的患病率及危险因素调查

目的研究2型糖尿病患者抑郁的患病率,分析2型糖尿病合并抑郁危险因素。方法选取86例住院2型糖尿病患者,进行Zung氏抑郁自评量表（SDS）测评,根据SDS得分,计算出抑郁严重度指数,严重度指数≥0.5者为抑郁。以抑郁严重度指数为因变量（Y=0,1）,分别以性别、年龄、文化程度、BMI、PG、PG2h、HbA1c、TG、CH、FIB、UAER、病程、并发症数目及有无使用胰岛素为自变量进行非条件Logistic回归分析抑郁的危险因素。结果 86例2型糖尿病患者中患抑郁40例。不同PG、HbA1c、病程、并发症数目、有无使用胰岛素组抑郁患病率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。不同病程组并发症数目差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。进入单因素非条件Logistic回归方程的变量有PG、HbA1c、并发症数目及有无使用胰岛素。进入多因素非条件Logistic回归方程的变量有并发症数目和有无使用胰岛素。结论 2型糖尿病患者抑郁的患病率为46.5%。并发症数目和有无使用胰岛素是2型糖尿病合并抑郁的独立危险因素。2型糖尿病患者并发症数目与病程相关。     

中药组方抑制lewis肺癌细胞转移及机理研究

目的：探讨以黄芪、补骨脂、云芝等组成的中药组方在稳定肺癌病灶、减少转移和提高生存质量等方面的意义及其分子机制。方法：复制小鼠lewis肺癌模型,检测中药组方、替加氟和生理盐水对各组肿瘤细胞PCNA表达的影响,并记数小鼠肺组织内肿瘤转移结节数量等数据,比较组间差异。结果：PNCA阳性表达率在生理盐水组显高于替加氟组和消积饮组（P＜0．01）,而后两则差异无显性（P＞0．05）;中药组和替加氟组转移瘤结节数量少于生理盐水组,差异有显性（P＜0．01）;中药组结节数量多于替加氟组,差异无显性（P＞0．05）。结论：该中药组方能有效降低小鼠lewis肺癌细胞PCNA的表达,抑制肿瘤细胞肺内转移灶的形成,表现为临床抑癌、抗癌的效果。     

Selected characteristics of graduate medical education in the United States

For the second year, the Department of Data Systems in the Medical Education Group of the American Medical Association gathered information on graduate medical education primarily by means of an electronic data collection system. Eighty-eight percent of 6622 programs surveyed responded, with 83% reporting detailed information on residents. Analysis of graduate medical education data shows that the number of residents increased by 34.9% from the academic years 1980-1981 to 1990-1991, while the number of graduate year 1 residents decreased by 2%. In the same decade, the proportion of women residents increased by 7.1%. The number of minorities in graduate medical education has grown, but their proportions within the total resident population have remained largely unchanged. The number of graduates from schools of osteopathic medicine has increased by 265% over the same 10-year period. Between 1989 and 1990, a 31.6% increase was recorded in the number of international medical graduates in graduate year 1 residency positions; most of this increase (63.4%) occurred among noncitizens of the United States.     

慢性特发性血小板减少性紫癜患者骨髓巨核祖细胞增殖及成熟状态的研究

目的:观察CITP患者骨髓巨核祖细胞增殖及成熟状态。方法:采用血浆凝块法进行培养,经SZ-21单抗和免疫组化染色后计数巨核祖细胞集落数,用电子计算机图像分析仪测定巨核细胞直径、面积。结果:CITP患者巨核祖细胞集落数与对照组无明显差异,但面积直径值低于对照组;分组比较,骨髓涂片巨核细胞数正常组巨核祖细胞集落数低于对照组。相关性分析,巨核祖细胞集落数与骨髓涂片巨核细胞数呈正相关,而与外周血小板计数、病程长短无相关。结论:(CITP患者巨核祖细胞存在成熟障碍,部分患者存在增殖障碍,集落数与骨髓涂片巨核细胞数多少呈正相关,与血小板计数、病程长短无相关。