高原烧伤合并吸入性损伤38例

烧伤合并吸入性损伤时有明显的低氧血症。高原地区具有低氧、低温、低湿度、高气流、强紫外线辐射等特点，伤者更易发生高原肺水肿、脑水肿，其治疗难度明显高于内地。1993年1月～2005年1月，我们共收治烧伤合并吸入性损伤38例。现报告如下。     

治疗性高炭酸血症与器官保护

传统观点认为允许性高碳酸血症的治疗中,二氧化碳(CO2)本身对机体无保护性作用,甚至认为其有害.而最近研究表明,升高的CO2引起的高碳酸血症(即治疗性高碳酸血症)在各种原因引起的器官损伤都具有一定的保护作用,保护机制可能为改善氧合,减轻炎症和维护组织细胞功能等.合理的、安全的治疗性高碳酸血症在临床工作中有较广泛的应用前景.     

成批大面积烧伤合并吸入性损伤患者的休克期治疗

目的总结成批收治严重大面积烧伤合并中、重度吸入性损伤病人休克期的临床救治经验。方法我科在成都＂6.5＂公交车燃烧事件后,一次性收治严重大面积烧伤患者15例,其中合并中、重度吸入性损伤病人13例。入院后立即行抗休克、气管切开,对于呼吸功能障碍或衰竭者行呼吸机辅助通气治疗,常规抗感染、维护重要脏器功能及CRRT治疗,创面给予简单清创治疗。结果 15例中除1例因烧伤后因多脏器功能衰竭死亡外,其余14例均平稳度过休克期,为后续成功救治奠定了基础。结论大面积烧伤、特别是合并中重度吸入性损伤,抗休克治疗除常规计算补液量外,要增加输液量,同时监测中心静脉压、血压、肺动脉压等,对正确指导抗休克十分重要。早期确诊并行气管切开及相应的综合治疗对平稳度过休克也很重要。     

允许性高碳酸血症通气治疗西宁地区新生儿呼吸衰竭

目的：探讨允许性高碳酸血症通气治疗西宁地区新生儿呼吸衰竭的优越性及临床应用价值。方法：46例呼吸衰竭患儿应用高碳酸血症通气治疗,与我科曾统计的64例常规机械通气治疗比较,两组通气方式均为IPPV＋PEEP,呼吸机条件初设值相同,治疗组采用PHV法通气,降低吸气分压及吸气末正压,允许PaCO2在45mmHg～50mmHg之间,对照组采用常规通气方式,以较高通气条件维持血气PaCO2在（35～45）mmHg,比较两组患儿治疗过程中血气平均值,比较两组患儿平均上机时间、治愈率、死亡率及并发症的多少。结果：两组患儿治疗过程中血气平均值比较PHV组PCO2高于对照组,PaO2/FiO2、PaO2两组无差异,pH值在PHV组较对照组低,对照组气漏发生2例,发生率3.12%,死亡6例,病死率9.36%,PHV组无气漏发生,死亡4例,病死率8.67%,治愈率从78.12%提高至80.43%,平均上机时间缩短。结论：应用允许性高碳酸血症通气法,能有利于尽早恢复正常呼吸功能,缩短机械通气时间,提高治愈率,减少并发症的发生。     

纤维支气管镜诊治中重度吸入性损伤34例疗效观察

吸入性损伤是烧伤患者死亡的主要原因之一,严重吸入性损伤的病死率高达80％以上,因此,及时正确地诊断和积极有效地处理是成功救治吸入性损伤的关键。自2003年以来,我科应用纤维支气管镜诊治烧伤合并中、重度吸入性损伤病人共34例,取得满意效果。报告如下。     

吸入性损伤的临床分析

目的：回顾我科1996年—2001年6年中收治1058例烧伤患者，分析吸入性损伤病例，总结临床治疗的经验。方法：采用统计学的方法，将病例按烧伤面积分成五个组别，对吸入性损伤的发生率、病死率与烧伤面积的关系分别进行分析。结果：吸入性损伤的发生率随烧伤面积的增大而上升，吸入性损伤的病死率改变与烧伤面积的变化不明显，烧伤合并吸入性损伤的病死率明显高于单纯皮肤烧伤患者的病死率，各烧伤面积组病死率随烧伤面积的增加而上升。结论：近年来我科吸入性损伤的救治水平有了明显的提高，通过伤后吸入高浓度的氧甚至纯氧；预防性气管切死伤后早期进行小量反复的气道灌洗；早期应用带湿化的PEEP机械性通气；调整休克期补液量和防治感染等治疗，使吸入性损伤的病死率大幅度降低。     

改良式翻身护理对烧伤合并重度吸入性损伤患者肺部感染转归的影响

目的研究探讨改良式翻身护理对烧伤合并重度吸入性损伤患者肺部感染转归的影响。方法选取2016年5月至2019年5月长沙医学院附属株洲市人民医院重症医学科收治的35例烧伤合并重度吸入性损伤患者作为研究对象,并按照随机数表法将其随机分为治疗组(18例)与对照组(17例),其中治疗组患者采用改良式翻身法予以护理,对照组患者采用左右侧卧位交替翻身法予以护理,对比观察两组患者机械通气时间以及治疗前与治疗第3、5、7、14天时的血清降钙素原(PCT)水平、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平、白细胞(WBC)计数及临床肺部感染评分(clinical pulmonary infection score,CPIS)。结果治疗组患者的机械通气时间为(7.35±1.38)d,明显短于对照组患者的机械通气时间(8.88±1.87)d,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.485,P=0.020)。治疗第3天,两组患者PCT水平、CRP水平、WBC计数及CPIS对比,差异均无统计学意义(t=1.925、0.171、0.957、0.595,P=0.065、0.866、0.348、0.557);治疗第5天,治疗组患者除WBC计数与对照组无明显差异(t=1.063,P=0.298)外,PCT水平、CRP水平及CPIS均明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.135、2.145、2.231,P=0.042、0.042、0.035);治疗第7天,治疗组患者除PCT水平与对照组无明显差异(t=0.729,P=0.472)外,CRP水平、WBC计数及CPIS均明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.285、2.222、2.067,P=0.031、0.035、0.049);治疗第14天,治疗组患者除CPIS明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.082,P=0.047)外,PCT水平、CRP水平及WBC计数均与对照组无明显差异(t=0.454、0.965、1.844,P=0.654、0.343、0.077)。结论与左右侧卧位交替翻身护理相比,改良式翻身护理可有效减轻烧伤合并重度吸入性损伤患者的肺部感染症状,缩短机械通气时间,促进肺部感染痊愈,值得临床推广应用。     

烧伤伴吸入性损伤行气管切开的抢救资料分析

 目的 探讨烧伤合并吸入性损伤患者行气管切开术的时机及并发症的预防和处理.方法 对96例烧伤合并吸入性损伤病患行气管切开观察其预后.结果 96例气管切开成功抢救91例,死亡5例,发生并发症18例(18.75%).烧伤后6 h内气管切开并发症发生率(14.3%)明显低于其他时间段,按照烧伤程度由重到轻的并发症发生率分别为25.0%、17.3%、15.0%.结论 头颈部烧伤合并吸入性损伤患者尽早行气管切开是抢救生命的重要而有效的手段.     

早期气道开放机械通气下纤维支气管镜救治重型颅脑损伤并误吸的体会

目的总结早期气道开放机械通气下纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）在重型颅脑损伤并误吸救治中的经验及安全性。方法对26例重型颅脑损伤并误吸患者实施早期气道开放持续机械通气支持下纤支镜治疗,观察治疗过程中患者的心率（HR）、血压（BP））、血氧饱和度（SaO2）等生命体征的变化。结果 26例患者进行32次纤支镜治疗,操作过程顺利,生命体征平稳,未发生并发症;观察3～5天未发生吸入性肺炎及阻塞性肺不张。结论机械通气下纤支镜治疗,对重型颅脑损伤合并误吸患者在保障呼吸道通畅、纠正低氧血症、防止吸入性肺炎及阻塞性肺不张等方面有重要价值,并具有良好的安全性。     

高海拔地区烧伤合并吸入性损伤的治疗体会

烧伤合并吸入性损伤并发症多、死亡率高,尤其在高海拔地区独特的气候环境和人群特点下,救治难度较大,我科自1990年至2003年间共收治258例烧伤合并吸入性损伤患者,现报告如下。     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.