腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的防治

腹膜透析(PD)相关性腹膜炎是腹膜透析患者的严重并发症,降低腹膜透析相关感染的风险应该是每个PD中心的重要工作目标。对于出现感染者,应在早期进行经验性治疗,并高质量留取标本,进行有效的微生物学诊断和药敏试验,以保证抗感染治疗的准确性和有效性。腹膜透析中心应积极开展团队质量改进,包括持续进行感染监测、分析感染发生的根本原因。建立全面的腹膜炎风险评估机制,尤其要重点加强主动预防理念,在开始腹膜透析治疗的同时,对高龄、糖尿病患者等高危人群进行重点预防,有意识地加强操作正规培训和再培训、积极防止腹泻和(或)便秘以及加强隧道和出口处护理等主动预防措施,尽可能降低腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的发生概率。     

腹膜透析相关腹膜炎的防治策略

腹膜透析(腹透)是终末期肾病的有效替代治疗方法之一。然而腹膜炎仍然是腹透最常见的并发症,是导致腹透患者技术失败的主要原因。本文阐述了中国腹透相关腹膜炎流行病学特点;参照国际腹膜透析学会指南并结合作者所在腹透中心的经验,讨论了腹透相关腹膜炎的预防和治疗策略。     

Tuberculous peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis: a 35-year experience from a large medical center in Northern Taiwan

IntroductionTuberculous peritonitis (TBP) is a rare but fatal complication in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). In this study, we aimed to determine the demographic features, clinical features, laboratory parameters, and clinical outcomes of PD patients with TBP and to clarify possible risk factors for mortality.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed 2084 PD patients from January 1985 to December 2019. The diagnosis of TBP was established by positive peritoneal fluid culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Results18 patients were diagnosed with TBP. The incidence was 2.029 episodes per 1000 patient-years. The most common symptom was fever (94.4%), followed by cloudy effluent (83.3%) and abdominal pain (83.3%). The average peritoneal dialysis effluent (PDE) white blood cell (WBC) count was 172.7 cells/μL. Nine patients (50%) had WBC counts lower than 100 cells/μL and 13 patients (72.2%) had neutrophilic predominant WBC counts. Acid fast stain (AFS) was positive in 7 patients (38.9%). Only 2 patients (11.1%) continued with PD after TB infection, while 10 patients (55.6%) changed to hemodialysis. Seven patients (38.9%) died within 1 year. Significant differences were observed in sex (p = 0.040), the presence of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.024), and PD catheter removal (p < 0.001) between TBP patients with and without mortality. However, none of them was a significant factor for 1-year mortality in multivariate Cox regression model.ConclusionPhysicians should pay attention to the unusual presentations of peritonitis, especially if symptoms include fever or an initial low PDE WBC count. Catheter removal is not mandatory if early diagnosis and appropriate therapy are available.     

The clinical course of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis caused by Corynebacterium species.

BACKGROUND: Corynebacterium species are part of the normal skin flora. The incidence of nosocomial infections caused by Corynebacterium species have increased substantially over the past two decades. However, the clinical course of Corynebacterium peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis remains unclear. METHOD: We reviewed all the Corynebacterium peritonitis in our dialysis unit from 1995 to 2002. During this period, there were 1485 episodes of peritonitis recorded; 27 (1.8%) of which were caused by Corynebacterium species. RESULTS: The underlying renal diagnosis and prevalence of comorbid conditions of the 27 patients were similar to our whole dialysis population. The bacteria isolated were resistant to penicillin in 8 cases (29.6%). Three cases (11.1%) had concomitant exit-site infection. The overall primary response rate was 74.1%; the complete cure rate was 37.0%. Episodes that received vancomycin as initial antibiotic had a marginally higher primary response rate (9 in 10 vs 11 in 17 episodes, P = 0.2) and complete cure rates (7 in 10 vs 3 in 17 episodes, P = 0.12) than the episodes that received cephalosporins, although neither of the differences was statistically significant. Thirteen cases (48.1%) had recurrent peritonitis after antibiotic therapy, 8 of which had the recurrent episode at least 30 days after stopping antibiotics (median 54 days, range 43-60 days). Eight recurrent cases (61.5%) were successfully cured by another 3 week course of intra-peritoneal vancomycin. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent Corynebacterium peritonitis is common after a 2 week course of antibiotics. Recurrent Corynebacterium peritonitis may be delayed up to 2 months after the antibiotic is stopped. Recurrent peritonitis can usually be cured with a 3 week course of intra-peritoneal vancomycin, which is probably the preferred antibiotic regimen for Corynebacterium peritonitis.     

Risk factors for peritoneal dialysis withdrawal due to peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis

BackgroundPeritoneal dialysis has become commonly used for renal replacement therapy; however, some patients withdraw from peritoneal dialysis due to complications, including peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis, resulting in the low number of patients on peritoneal dialysis. Risk factors for peritoneal dialysis withdrawal due to peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis are less certain. This retrospective study aimed to investigate these risk factors.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed clinical characteristics, laboratory data, and causative microorganisms of 204 episodes of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis between 2007 and 2018 at our institution.ResultsOf the 204 episodes, 38 resulted in withdrawal from peritoneal dialysis due to peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. The number of peritonitis episodes per patient-year and the incidence of cardiovascular disease were significantly higher in the withdrawal group. Similarly, this group had low levels of serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, serum albumin, alanine aminotransferase, cholinesterase and high C-reactive protein, and second dialysate cell counts after antibiotic administration. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that serum albumin (odds ratio: 0.465; 95% confidence interval: 0.249–0.868; P = 0.016) and cardiovascular disease (odds ratio: 2.508; 95% confidence interval: 1.184–5.315; P = 0.016) exhibited significant differences.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that hypoalbuminemia and the presence of cardiovascular disease were independent risk factors for withdrawal from peritoneal dialysis due to peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis.     

Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis in a child secondary to peritoneal dialysis

Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis, or “abdominal cocoon,” is a rare but serious complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. It is characterized by the diffuse appearance of marked sclerotic thickening of the peritoneal membrane resulting in intestinal obstruction.A 14-year-old adolescent boy with a history of end-stage renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis presented with symptoms of acute intestinal obstruction. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed distended small bowel loops clustered and displaced to the right upper quadrant. The overlying peritoneum was markedly thickened and calcified. Laparotomy confirmed the diagnosis of sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis and the patient was treated with excision of the fibrocollagenous membrane. Postoperatively, he had prolonged ileus requiring parenteral nutritional support and peritoneal dialysis was restarted on postoperative day 10.A high degree of cognizance is needed to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of this uncommon and potentially life-threatening condition.     

腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎经验用药分析

目的 研究华山医院及宝山分院腹膜透析（腹透）相关性腹膜炎的致病菌、耐药性及患者转归,为临床经验用药提供依据。 方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2010年1月上述两医院腹透中心收治的93例腹透相关性腹膜炎的临床表现、致病菌、耐药性及转归。 结果 75例腹透液培养阳性,阳性率为80.2％,其中革兰阳性球菌45例,革兰阴性杆菌21例,真菌2例,革兰阳性杆菌1例,革兰阴性球菌1例,多种菌混合感染5例。革兰阳性球菌主要以凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌为主,所有革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素均敏感,但对头孢唑林耐药率高达60.0%,而且耐药率有明显的逐年增加趋势。革兰阴性菌对头孢他啶的耐药率达到46.1％,所有革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南均敏感。因腹膜炎而退出腹膜透析有16例,退出率为17.2％（16/93）。腹腔使用万古霉素对残肾功能无显著影响。 结论 两院腹透中心腹透相关腹膜炎致病菌以革兰阳性球菌为多数。头孢唑啉耐药性逐年增高,目前不再适合作为初始治疗的经验用药。腹腔使用万古霉素可推荐作为革兰阳性菌致腹膜炎的初始经验用药。     

频发腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的临床特征及危险因素的探讨

目的探讨频发腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的临床特征及危险因素。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2014年12月安徽医科大学附属省立医院腹膜透析置管后行持续性非卧床腹膜透析的尿毒症患者,选择1年内发生腹膜炎≥2次者定义为频发组,1年内仅发生1次腹膜炎者定义为单发组,比较2组临床及实验数据差异,并分析频发腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的危险因素。结果频发组13例,发生感染性腹膜炎30例次,单发组57例,发生感染性腹膜炎57例次。频发组与单发组相比,患者血压和体质量指数明显升高(P0.05),未及时治疗者[7例(53.85%)比13例(22.81%)]及抗感染疗程不足者[5例(38.46%)比8例(14.04%)]增多(P0.05),无效拔管率[5例(38.46%)比7例(12.28%)]增加(P0.05),血红蛋白、血白蛋白显著降低(P0.05),全段甲状旁腺素水平升高(P0.05)。病原学检查分析频发组革兰阴性菌感染率(33.33%)及真菌感染率(10.00%)均较高,但以革兰阴性菌增加的趋势最明显(P=0.035)。2组间置管时年龄、性别、透析时间、文化程度、腹膜炎诱因、病死率、残余肾功能、外周血白细胞、血钙、血磷、C反应蛋白、血总胆固醇、三酰甘油、首次腹透液白细胞数比较差异均无统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示高体质量指数、严重高血压、低血红蛋白、低血白蛋白为频发腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的危险因素。结论营养不良、体质量指数过高、严重高血压为腹膜透析者频发腹膜炎的危险因素,积极纠正低蛋白血症、控制血压、保持标准体质量指数,积极按时规范治疗腹腔内源性感染有助于该病的预防和控制。     

Comparison of peritonitis rates and patient survival in automated and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a 10-year single center experience

Peritonitis is a common complication in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and automated peritoneal dialysis (APD). In this retrospective study, peritonitis rates and patient survival of 180 patients on CAPD and 128 patients on APD were compared in the period from January 2005 to December 2014 at Al-Nafisi Center in Kuwait. All patients had prophylactic topical mupirocin at catheter exit site. Patients on CAPD had twin bag system with Y transfer set. The peritonitis rates were 1 in 29 months in CAPD and 1 in 38 months in APD (p?<?0.05). Percentage of peritonitis free patients over 10-year period in CAPD and APD were 49 and 60%, respectively (p?<?0.05). Time to develop peritonitis was 10.25?±?3.1 months in CAPD compared to 16.1?±?4 months in APD (p?<?0.001). Relapse and recurrence rates were similar in both groups. Median patient survival in CAPD and APD groups with peritonitis was 13.1?±?1 and 14?±?1.4 months respectively (p?=?0.3) whereas in peritonitis free patients it was 15?±?1.4 months in CAPD and 23?±?3.1 months in APD (p?=?0.025). APD had lower incidence rate of peritonitis than CAPD. Patient survival was better in APD than CAPD in peritonitis free patients but was similar in patients who had peritonitis.     

腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎抗生素初始治疗方案探讨

目的 探讨头孢唑啉联合头孢他啶与万古霉素联合头孢他啶作为腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎初始治疗的效果。 方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2009年5月在北京大学第三医院收治的合并腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的患者90例。其中37例次采用头孢唑啉+头孢他啶治疗,97例次采用万古霉素+头孢他啶治疗。比较其初始治疗的有效率、最终转归、细菌培养和药物敏感试验情况。 结果 头孢唑啉+头孢他啶组患者腹膜炎的初始治疗有效率为81.1%,万古霉素+头孢他啶组为86.2%,两组间差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;两组患者的G+细菌感染分别为56.8%和50.5%,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;两组患者在发病3周后治愈率分别为91.9%和97.9%,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。 结论 头孢唑啉联合头孢他啶与万古霉素联合头孢他啶均可以作为腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的初始治疗方案,且疗效相当。     

Fungal peritonitis caused by Curvularia species in a child undergoing peritoneal dialysis

We report the first case of peritonitis caused by Curvularia species in a child undergoing peritoneal dialysis. He presented with gray-black proteinaceous material obstructing the lumen of his Tenckhoff catheter. Although the peritoneal fluid was cloudy, the patient suffered neither significant abdominal tenderness nor systemic symptoms. Catheter removal and treatment with amphotericin B allowed complete recovery and return to peritoneal dialysis within 7 days. Outdoor play in a wooded environment may have allowed contact of this saprophytic fungus with the child’s indwelling catheter transfer set. Received: 6 March 2000 / Revised: 7 June 2000 / Accepted: 11 August 2000     

单中心327例次腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎致病菌及药敏结果分析

目的 探讨持续性非卧床腹膜透析(continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis,CAPD)相关性腹膜炎的致病菌及其耐药性.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2013年5月在我中心就诊的180例327例次CAPD相关性腹膜炎的致病菌及其耐药性.结果 202例次培养阳性,培养阳性率为61.77％.革兰阳性球菌154例次,其中金黄色葡萄球菌及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌123例次,占病原微生物培养阳性的60.89％;革兰阴性杆菌38例次,其中大肠埃希菌11例次,占病原微生物培养阳性的5.45％;真菌10例次,其中假丝酵母菌7例次,占病原微生物培养阳性的3.47％.革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素耐药率最低,为3.25％,其次为莫西沙星,为5.19％,对利福平、庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星耐药率分别为12.99％、35.71％、45.45％,对青霉素的耐药率最高,达84.42％.革兰阴性菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率最低,为10.53％,其次为头孢他啶,为23.68％,对左氧氟沙星、头孢匹美、庆大霉素耐药率分别为26.32％、28.21％、36.84％,对氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率最高,达50.00％.重复感染54例,共114例次,72例次培养阳性,阳性率为63.16％,其中革兰阳性球菌63例次,占87.50％,革兰阴性杆菌9例次,占12.50％,革兰阳性球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,革兰阴性杆菌以大肠埃希菌为主.结论 本中心CAPD相关性腹膜炎致病菌以革兰阳性球菌为多,接触污染是导致腹膜炎的主要原因.革兰阳性球菌对青霉素耐药率最高,革兰阴性杆菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦耐药率最高.     

Effect of national holidays on health outcomes of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis in a single center over a ten-year period

BackgroundNational holidays are associated with high mortality in some diseases, but little is known about patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). The research aimed to investigate the impact of national holidays on the health outcomes of PD patients.MethodsOver ten years, all episodes of unplanned hospitalization, death, and peritonitis in PD patients were collected in our center. Seven national holidays in China were chosen, and non-holiday days were selected as the control period. The effect of national holidays was observed by comparing the hospitalization, death, and peritonitis rates between holiday and non-holiday groups.ResultsThere were 297 events in all holiday periods and 1247 in non-holiday periods. There is no significant difference in hospitalization rate between holiday and non-holiday groups (32.4% ± 6.4% vs. 29.2% ± 3.4%, p = 0.175). So is the death rate [6.3% (4.8–12.3%) vs.5.0% (4.2–8.9%), p = 0.324] and peritonitis rate [0.19 (0.13–0.53) vs. 0.22 (0.18–0.27), p = 0.445] between the two groups. Significant differences were observed in the distribution of peritonitis causes between the two groups (p = 0.017). The rate of secondary to other infections in the holiday group was significantly higher than in the non-holiday group (25.0 vs. 10.3%, p = 0.015).ConclusionOur study suggested no national holiday effect on health outcomes of PD patients based on ten-year data in our center.     

提高腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎致病菌培养阳性率的方法学研究

目的探讨改进腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎透出液致病菌的培养方法,提高病原菌的培养阳性率。方法收集27例患者45例次腹膜炎透出液标本。腹膜炎患者透出液同时按以下6组方法分别进行致病菌培养：传统平板法、离心平板法、BacT/Alert培养瓶法（PF瓶法、SA瓶法、SN瓶法）和冻融法。结果离心平板组阳性率高于传统平板组,差异具统计学意义（60．0％比44．4％,P＜0．05）;与离心平板组相比,PF瓶组（84．4％）、SA瓶组（82．2％）和SN瓶组（82．2％）阳性率均提高（P均＜0．01）。在检测致病菌生长所需时间（TDG）方面,与离心平板组[（24．31±9．80）h]相比,PF瓶组[（14．25±9．13）h]、SA瓶组[（12．75±7．47） h]和SN瓶组[（9．79±4．14）h]的TDG均缩短（P均＜0．01）;SN瓶组的TDG比PF瓶组和SA瓶组更显著缩短（P均＜0．01）。结论离心法能显著提高培养阳性率。BacT/Alert培养系统与普通平板技术相比,能显著提高培养阳性率并缩短检测致病菌生长所需时间。SN培养瓶法检测致病菌生长所需时间最短。     

腹膜透析患者基线血清中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值与首次腹膜炎的关联性

目的 回顾性分析腹膜透析(peritoneal dialysis,PD)患者基线高水平血清中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)是否与首次腹膜炎发生风险相关.方法 选取2013年8月至2018年7月在安徽医科大学第二附属医院肾脏内科行PD置管术并能长期规律随访的...     

Fungal peritonitis in children treated with peritoneal dialysis and gastrostomy feeding

Feeding gastrostomies were placed in three children treated with chronic peritoneal dialysis at our center because of persistent, severe malnutrition and inadequate growth. Two had frequent fungal infections of the gastrostomy site and all three developedCandida peritonitis which occurred at 1 month, 2 months and 2 years after insertion of gastrostomy. Complications included multiple intra-abdominal adhesions, abscess formation and loss of peritoneal function necessitating transfer to hemodialysis. The presence of a gastrostomy may predispose to the development of fungal peritonitis with its high morbidity and should be avoided in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis.     

老年腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的致病菌与预后特点分析

目的分析老年腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎致病菌的分布和预后特点,以指导临床采取有效预防措施。 方法回顾性分析2009年1月1日至2017年12月31日期间南京医科大学附属苏州医院肾内科收治的72例次腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者的临床资料;根据年龄分为老年组(≥65岁)和中青年组(<65岁),将老年组患者的基本临床特点、致病菌分布以及预后情况与中青年组相比较。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算患者生存率和技术生存率。 结果43例患者(老年组22例,中青年组21例)发生72例次腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎(老年组38例次,中青年组34例次),共培养出58株致病菌,老年组31株(包括G^＋菌19株,G^－菌11株,真菌1株);中青年组27株(包括G^＋菌19株,G^－菌5株,真菌3株)。老年组的主要致病菌为G^＋菌(61.29%)。老年组的表皮葡萄球菌的发生率显著高于中青年组(29.03%与3.70%,P＝0.028)。老年组G^－菌和真菌的发生率与中青年组相比,差异无统计学意义。老年组腹膜炎的治疗转归(治愈率、拔管率、死亡率)与中青年组差异无统计学意义(P＝0.265,P＝0.066,P＝0.279)。Kaplan-Meier分析显示老年组的总体生存率并不低于中青年组(P＝0.282),而老年组的技术生存率显著高于中青年组(P＝0.007)。 结论老年腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者的致病菌分布与中青年患者有所不同,与他们更容易出现接触污染有关。老年腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者的总体预后并不比中青年患者差。     

腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎169例次临床分析及转归

目的探讨腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的致病菌和耐药性,及其与转归之间的关系。方法回顾性分析169例次腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的临床资料、致病菌与耐药性,探讨其与转归的联系。结果116例次培养阳性,培养总阳性率达68．6％,近5年高达87．7％。致病菌中G^＋球菌占58例次（50％）,G^-杆菌45例次（38．8％）,真菌6例次（5．2％）,G^＋杆菌、G^-球菌及混合感染7例（6％）。G^＋球菌中最常见为葡萄球菌（56．8％）;G^-杆菌中大肠杆菌阳性率最高（62．2％）。从耐药性看,G^-杆菌对氨苄西林的耐药率最高（76．7%）,对阿米卡星和哌拉西林／他唑巴坦的耐药率较低（2．9%、3．4％）。G^＋球菌对万古霉素均敏感,对利福平和哌拉西林／他唑巴坦的耐药率较低（2．1％、7．9％）。腹膜炎致持续非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）退出率为10．1％（17／169）,以真菌腹膜炎为主。结论近5年本中心培养阳性率较高,及时采用血培养瓶留取标本很关键。G^-杆菌对阿米卡星和哌拉西林／他唑巴坦较敏感,而万古霉素、利福平和哌拉西林／他唑巴坦宜作为抗G^＋球菌的经验用药。真菌性腹膜炎是导致腹膜透析退出的主要原因。     

Peritoneal nitric oxide is a marker of peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Nitric oxide plays an important role in mediating the inflammatoryprocess. The aim of this study was to evaluate if nitric oxideproduction was increased during peritonitis in patients receivingcontinuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and the associationwith the prognosis. The study population comprised 21 patientswith 22 episodes of peritonitis. Fifteen patients without peritonitiswere controls. Nitrate was measured by HPLC and nitrite by theGriess method, to reflect nitric oxide production. Peritonealdialysate effluent and plasma were collected from six patientsduring peritonitis and 1 week after treatment to study changesin dialysate:plasma ratio. In 15 patients, nitrite was measuredduring peritonitis and every 3 days for 2 weeks or until normalizedfor evolutional changes. The dialysate plasma ratios of nitrateand nitrite during peritonitis were reduced 26% and 41.5%, respectively,after 1 week of treatment, indicating the peritoneal productionof nitric oxide during peritonitis. In the evolutional study,a 5.1-fold increase of peak nitrite levels in bacterial peritonitis(n=13) and a 2.5-fold increase in fungal peritonitis (n=3) wereobserved compared to controls. Nitrite gradually declined tocontrol levels (9.3±7.2 days) after effective antibiotictreatment, but took longer than to normalize leukocyte countin the peritoneal dialysate effluent (3.9±1.9 days).In four patients with refractory peritonitis (Candida infectionin three, Acinetobacter infection in one), the nitrite levelsremained elevated 2-fold despite treatment, and the catheterswere removed. It is concluded that nitrite levels in peritonealdialysate effluent may serve as a marker to assess treatmentefficacy in CAPD patients with peritonitis.