银黄颗粒中黄芩苷含量测定方法研究

目的探讨银黄颗粒质量标准.方法采用高效液相色谱法对银黄颗粒中的黄芩苷进行含量测定,色谱柱为Kromasil C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),以甲醇-水-磷酸(47∶53∶0.2)为流动相;流速:1.0mL.min-1,检测波长274nm.结果黄芩苷的进样量在0.03～0.15mg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 5),平均加样回收率为99.99%,RSD为0.07%(n=6).结论方法简便、准确,可用于银黄颗粒中黄芩苷的含量测定.     

高效液相色谱法测定银黄片中黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立银黄片中黄芩苷的高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定法.方法:采用ZORBAX SB-C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),甲醇-水-冰醋酸(55∶45∶1)为流动相,检测波长为278 nm.结果:黄芩苷在11.6～116 mg*L-1的浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为97.95%(RSD=1.9%).结论:该方法简便、快速、准确,适用于银黄片的质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法测定银黄冲剂中绿原酸和黄芩苷的含量

建立银黄冲剂中绿原酸和黄芩苷含量的高效液相色谱测定方法.色谱柱:HYPERSIL C18,流动相:甲醇-0.2%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长为324nm,柱温:35 ℃,流速:0.8ml·min-1.绿原酸的线性范围为0.67～3.35μg, r=0.9997,回收率为98.60%,RSD 1.17%(n=5);黄芩苷的线性范围为0.33～1.63μg, r=0.9995,回收率为99.62 %,RSD 1.94%(n=5).本法操作简便,结果准确.     

HPLC法测定银黄胶囊中黄芩苷的含量

目的建立银黄胶囊中黄芩苷的含量测定方法。方法采用Lab Alliance公司Agilent Zorbax Extend-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm;5μm),以甲醇-水-磷酸(43∶57∶0.2)为流动相,流速:1.0 ml.min-1,检测波长:280 nm,柱温:40℃。结果黄芩苷线性范围为12.5~200 mg.L-1(r=0.9997),回收率为99.50%,RSD=0.60%(n=5)。结论该法灵敏、准确、专属性强、重现性好,可作为银黄胶囊的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法测定不同厂家银黄颗粒中黄芩苷的含量

目的建立RP—HPLC测定银黄颗粒制剂中黄芩苷含量的方法及测定不同厂家银黄颗粒制剂中黄芩苷的含量。方法采用HPLC法检测银黄颗粒制剂中黄芩苷的含量,色谱条件：Kromasil C18色谱柱,以乙腈-0．4％磷酸水溶液（含0．6％三乙胺,28：72）为流动相,流速1ml／min,检测波长275nm,柱温为室温。结果黄芩苷在0．504～16．128mg／L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0．99985）,平均回收率为97．25％,RSD=2．54％（n=6）。结论本文中所建立的色谱方法可以简便、准确测定银黄颗粒中黄芩苷的含量,重现性较好。各厂家生产的银黄颗粒中黄芩苷含量差别较大,有必要建立黄芩苷的定量控制方法。     

高效液相色谱程序可变波长法测定银黄颗粒中绿原酸和黄芩苷的含量

目的:测定银黄颗粒中绿原酸、黄芩苷的含量。方法:利用二极管阵列检测器的程序可变波长功能,在绿原酸、黄芩苷的最大吸收波长(λmax)同时测定银黄颗粒中绿原酸、黄芩苷含量。HiQsilC18色谱柱;柱温为30℃;流动相为甲醇(A)-0.2%磷酸(B);流速为1mL.min-1;梯度洗脱,0～5min,40%A;5～15min,40%A线性增加至80%A;15min后,80%A;检测波长程序设置为0～5min,327nm(绿原酸);5～15min,280nm(黄芩苷)。结果:绿原酸进样量在0.072～0.72μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),黄芩苷进样量在0.91～9.1μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),绿原酸、黄芩苷平均加样回收率为98.0%,97.6%,RSD分别为1.43%,1.87%。结论:该方法简便、准确,具有较好的重复性,可作为银黄颗粒制剂的质量控制方法。     

HPLC同时测定银黄颗粒中绿原酸和黄芩苷的含量

目的 建立同时测定银黄颗粒中绿原酸和黄芩苷含量的高效液相色谱方法。方法 Agilent Eclipse XDB-C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm ×150 mm, 5 μm);柱温为30 ℃;流动相为0.1%磷酸(A) -乙腈 (B);流速为1. 0 mL·min^-1;梯度洗脱;检测波长为327 nm。 结果 绿原酸在0.021 ~ 2.1 μg内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8);黄芩苷在0.038 ~ 3.800 μg内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6)。绿原酸、黄芩苷平均加样回收率为99.70%,99.06%,RSD分别为0.75%和1.02%。结论 所建立的方法简便、准确可以同时测定银黄颗粒中绿原酸和黄芩苷的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定银黄颗粒中黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立银黄颗粒中黄芩苷的含量测定方法.方法:采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC法),色谱柱为C18柱,甲醇-2%醋酸溶液(57:43)为流动相,检测波长为274 nm,流速为1.2 mL/min.结果:黄芩苷在0.014 22～0.142 2 mg/mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 6),平均回收率为97.52%,RSD＝1.05%.结论:HPLC法简便、快速、准确、重复性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

HPLC同时测定银黄颗粒中绿原酸和黄芩苷的含量

目的建立同时测定银黄颗粒中绿原酸和黄芩苷含量的高效液相色谱方法。方法Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱（4.6mm×150mm,5μm）;柱温为30℃;流动相为0.1%磷酸（A）-乙腈（B）;流速为1.0mL·min^-1;梯度洗脱;检测波长为327nm。结果绿原酸在0.021～2.1μg内线性关系良好（r=0.9998）;黄芩苷在0.038～3.800μg内线性关系良好（r=0.9996）。绿原酸、黄芩苷平均加样回收率为99.70%,99.06%,RSD分别为0.75%和1.02%。结论所建立的方法简便、准确可以同时测定银黄颗粒中绿原酸和黄芩苷的含量。     

HPLC测定复方银黄片中黄芩苷的含量

目的建立用HPLC测定复方银黄片中黄芩苷含量的方法.方法用Shim-pack CLC-ODS 6.0×150 mm柱,甲醇-水-磷酸(50∶50∶0.2)为流动相[1],检测波长为274 nm.结果进样量在7～63 μg范围内具有良好的线性关系;黄芩苷的平均回收率为 99.7%(n=5),RSD为0.2%.结论该方法快速、方便,能准确检出黄芩苷的含量.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.