环境友好型卫生杀虫剂的研究进展

随着社会进步和经济发展,人们的健康意识及环保意识逐渐增强,对卫生杀虫剂的要求越来越高。与此同时,化学合成农药的缺点日益突出,植物源、微生物源和昆虫调节剂渐为今后卫生用药的发展趋势和迫切需要。根据国内外这3类杀虫剂在主要媒介昆虫防治研究中所取得的成果,系统介绍了它们的活性成分、靶标害虫、作用方式及在我国病媒生物防制中已登记用药等方面的研究进展,提出我国卫生杀虫剂的发展方向。     

6种植物精油对天然除虫菊素的增效活性研究

目的研究天然冬青油、冷榨桔子油、蒸馏桔子油、柠檬草油、蓝桉油、艾叶油共6种植物精油对天然除虫菊素的增效活性,为开发植物源卫生杀虫剂提供参考。方法微量点滴法。结果在10μg/只的剂量下,6种精油对家蝇无明显毒杀活性,家蝇的24 h死亡率均不超过10%;与天然除虫菊素以10∶1（w∶w）混配后,6种植物精油均能使天然除虫菊素对家蝇的24 h死亡率提高10%以上,显示出一定的增效活性,其中柠檬草油的增效活性最好,家蝇的24 h死亡率提高了29%;柠檬草油与天然除虫菊素的较优配比为8∶1（w∶w）,增效比值为1.567。结论柠檬草油可作为增效剂与天然除虫菊素混配使用,提高其杀虫效果。     

5种植物精油物质对德国小蠊毒杀活性的研究

目的研究5种植物精油物质对德国小蠊的毒杀活性,为开发新型高效植物源杀虫剂提供科学依据。方法采用点滴法测定比较5种植物精油对德国小蠊的毒力;采用共毒系数法确定混配剂的联合毒力。结果5种植物精油的LD50分别是肉桂醛0.083μg/只,松油烯-4-醇0.510μg/只,柠檬醛1.102μg/只,百里香0.572μg/只,薄荷油4.059μg/只;百里香和肉桂醛及柠檬醛与薄荷油两个组合的共毒系数分别为239.8和172.2,其中,肉桂醛和百里香油组合的毒力200,显示增效作用。结论肉桂醛是对德国小蠊毒力最高的单体化合物,百里香对肉桂醛有明显增效作用,需要进一步探寻百里香和肉桂醛的协同增效规律,为新型无公害植物源杀虫剂的开发提供实验数据。     

植物精油对吸血节肢动物的驱避活性

当前,化学合成药剂对昆虫和节肢动物的防治已引起环境的污染和威胁人类健康,而天然源产物具有良好的杀虫活性和环境安全性.作为一种有价值的天然源,从不同植物中提取的精油已广泛用于驱避试验,在有开发前景的精油作为驱避剂的植物中,香茅属、罗勒属和桉树属应用最为广泛.该文着重从植物精油对吸血节肢动物的驱避活性,植物精油中的成分和驱避活性之间的相关性及植物精油对驱避的增效作用等方面做一综述.     

植物源卫生杀虫剂开发利用与前景展望

随着人们环保意识的增强和对自然资源的认识,植物源杀虫剂以其安全、低毒、低残留的优势得到了消费者和研究者的青睐。本文综述了国内外植物源卫生杀虫剂研究进展,对该类杀虫剂的自然资源、作用方式、开发利用等情况进行了详细论述,并对其前景进行了展望。     

28种植物粗提物对家蝇毒杀活性的初步筛选

目的对28种植物提取物的杀蝇活性进行初步筛选,为寻找和开发高效的植物源杀蝇剂奠定基础。方法采用点滴法测定了28种植物的乙醇提取物对家蝇的毒杀活性。结果通过试验发现蛇莓、牵牛子、白头翁3种的乙醇提取物质具有明显的家蝇毒杀活性,在0.856 g/只的供试剂量下,处理2、6、12、24 h后对家蝇的毒杀死亡率均大于85%。结论蛇莓、白头翁、牵牛子的乙醇粗提物对家蝇具有很好的毒杀活性,可作为植物源农药开发研究。     

香茅精油微乳剂的制备及驱蚊效果评价

目的研究香茅精油微乳剂对蚊虫的驱避作用,为开发新型高效植物源蚊虫驱避制剂提供科学依据。方法采用相关国家标准规定的测定方法,对香茅精油微乳剂的蚊虫驱避活性和稳定性试验进行了测试,以确定其产品的驱蚊效果和稳定情况。结果香茅精油微乳剂经热贮稳定性和低温稳定性试验后,外观为无色澄清透明,密度为0. 98 g/ml,p H值是6. 6,并无破乳分层现象,产品稳定性好,但驱避试验的有效保护时间只有3 h。结论香茅精油微乳剂对蚊虫具有一定的驱避作用,是一种较为理想的天然植物环保型驱蚊产品,但仍需要进一步探寻植物精油进行复配增效规律,为新型高效植物源卫生杀虫剂提供实验数据。     

驱蚊植物的民族植物学研究进展

蚊虫传播疾病日益严重,植物源驱避剂再次受到研究者青睐,但市场上仍缺少新颖、效果显著的植物源驱蚊产品。民族植物学在新型资源开发方面为人类科学研究和产品的开发提供了有效选择途径。该文对国内外驱蚊植物的民族植物学研究进展进行综述,整理驱蚊植物的民族植物学编目,总结驱蚊植物常用的筛选和评价方法,分析国内外民族民间利用植物传统驱避蚊虫的方式、方法和特征,提出未来开展驱蚊植物工作的重点和方向,为发现新资源、开发新产品提供方法和参考。     

植物源杀虫剂在白蚁防治中的研究进展

长期以来,我国白蚁防控以化学防治为主,大量施用化学农药不仅威胁人畜健康,还破坏了环境和生态平衡,对经济社会发展带来不利影响。在白蚁防治中进行植物源杀虫剂的研发和应用,可显著减少对化学农药的依赖,促进白蚁防治的绿色发展。本文综述了植物源杀虫剂在白蚁防治中应用的必要性、研究概况及其在应用中存在的问题和发展前景。     

植物精油在卫生杀虫中的应用与挑战

本文介绍了植物精油在卫生杀虫领域的应用价值及使用现状,如在环保型溶剂、增效剂、新型杀虫剂、害虫行为控制技术等方面的应用情况,并分析了植物精油开发应用面临的挑战,如化学组分一致性以及有效成分之间的协同作用、毒性问题、精油混配的拮抗性、精油与杀虫剂的交互抗性、储存稳定性以及经济成本等,展望了植物精油开发应用的一些途径,如作为环保型溶剂与增效剂的应用,在新型杀虫剂及害虫行为控制技术中的应用等。     

Effects of Technical-Grade Active Ingredient vs. Commercial Formulation of Seven Pesticides in the Presence or Absence of UV Radiation on Survival of Green Frog Tadpoles

Commercial formulations of pesticides contain both active and other ingredients. In some instances, the other ingredients have detrimental effects on nontarget species. Other factors such as UV radiation and predator cues have been shown to modify the toxicity of pesticides. In a laboratory study we compared the effects of technical-grade active ingredients to commercial formulations of seven common pesticides in the presence or absence of UV radiation on the survival of Rana clamitans (green frog) tadpoles over 96 h. We found a significant difference in the survival of tadpoles in technical-grade active ingredients versus commercial formulations in all of the pesticides tested. We also found that either the presence or the absence of UV radiation affected the survival of tadpoles in five of the seven pesticides tested. These results suggest that there is a need to test the effects of both active ingredients and commercial formulations of pesticides and, also, to include relevant abiotic factors like UV radiation treatments in the testing of pesticides because they can have a dramatic impact on the toxicity of some chemicals.     

The greening of pesticide-environment interactions: some personal observations

Background: Pesticide–environment interactions are bidirectional. The environment alters pesticides by metabolism and photodegradation, and pesticides in turn change the environment through nontarget or secondary effects.Objectives: Approximately 900 currently used commercial pesticides of widely diverse structures act by nearly a hundred mechanisms to control insects, weeds, and fungi, usually with minimal disruption of nature’s equilibrium. Here I consider some aspects of the discovery, development, and use of ecofriendly or green pesticides (i.e., pesticides that are safe, effective, and biodegradable with minimal adverse secondary effects on the environment). Emphasis is given to research in my laboratory.Discussion: The need for understanding and improving pesticide–environment interactions began with production of the first major insecticide approximately 150 years ago: The arsenical poison Paris Green was green in color but definitely not ecofriendly. Development and use of other pesticides has led to a variety of problems. Topics considered here include the need for high purity [e.g., hexachlorocyclohexane and polychloroborane isomers and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)], environmental degradation and the bioactivity of resulting photoproducts and metabolites, pesticide photochemistry (including the use of structural optimization, photostabilizers, and photosensitizers to achieve suitable persistence), the presence of multiple active ingredients in botanical insecticides, the need to consider compounds with common mechanisms of action, issues related to primary and secondary targets, and chemically induced or genetically modified changes in plant biochemistry. Many insecticides are bird, fish, and honeybee toxicants, whereas herbicides and fungicides pose fewer environmental problems.Conclusion: Six factors have contributed to the greening of pesticide–environment interactions: advances in pesticide chemistry and toxicology, banning of many chlorinated hydrocarbons, the development of new biochemical targets, increased reliance on genetically modified crops that reduce the amount and variety of pesticides applied, emphasis on biodegradability and environmental protection, and integrated pest- and pesticide-management systems.     

Unidentified inert ingredients in pesticides: implications for human and environmental health

BACKGROUND: By statute or regulation in the United States and elsewhere, pesticide ingredients are divided into two categories: active and inert (sometimes referred to as other ingredients, adjuvants, or coformulants). Despite their name, inert ingredients may be biologically or chemically active and are labeled inert only because of their function in the formulated product. Most of the tests required to register a pesticide are performed with the active ingredient alone, not the full pesticide formulation. Inert ingredients are generally not identified on product labels and are often claimed to be confidential business information. OBJECTIVES: In this commentary, we describe the shortcomings of the current procedures for assessing the hazards of pesticide formulations and demonstrate that inert ingredients can increase the toxicity of and potential exposure to pesticide formulations. DISCUSSION: Inert ingredients can increase the ability of pesticide formulations to affect significant toxicologic end points, including developmental neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and disruption of hormone function. They can also increase exposure by increasing dermal absorption, decreasing the efficacy of protective clothing, and increasing environmental mobility and persistence. Inert ingredients can increase the phytotoxicity of pesticide formulations as well as the toxicity to fish, amphibians, and microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS: Pesticide registration should require full assessment of formulations. Evaluations of pesticides under the National Environmental Policy Act, the Endangered Species Act, and similar statutes should include impact assessment of formulations. Environmental monitoring for pesticides should include inert ingredients. To enable independent research and risk assessment, inert ingredients should be identified on product labels.     

Impact of legislation on registration of acutely toxic pesticides in Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the application of the "Pesticides Law" (Law no. 7,802/89) on the toxicological classification profile of registered pesticides in Brazil, from 1990 to 2000. METHODS: Data on registered commercial products in the years 1990 and 2000 were analyzed according to toxicological class, date of registration of the active ingredient (before or after the Law) and usage class (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and others). Relative Identified Distribution Analysis was utilized for verifying statistical differences between distributions according to toxicological classes. RESULTS: Among the 863 registered commercial products in 2000, 46.6% were already registered before the Pesticide Law. Among the 461 commercial products registered after the Law, 59.2% were derivatives of active ingredients registered before the Law, and 41.4% were classified as highly hazardous (classes I and II of the Brazilian toxicological classification). No significant differences in toxicological classification profile were identified between the group of pesticides derived from active ingredients registered before the Law and the group derived from active ingredients registered after the Law (p<0.0859). CONCLUSIONS: Ten years after the Pesticide Law came into effect, no significant improvement had been observed in the toxicological classification profile of registered pesticides. This was due especially to the continuing presence of products registered before the Law and the registration of new commercial products derived from "old" active ingredients. There was still a high proportion of registrations in the most hazardous classes. It is recommended that compulsory periodic reevaluation of all registered pesticides should be reestablished.     

Natural products as drugs

Higher plants, many of which are threatened with extinction, are used as sources of pharmaceuticals and as ingredients of traditional medicines and are of value in new drug discovery. Artemisinin, taxol and camptothecin are examples of natural products which are undergoing clinical and commercial development. Several natural products isolated from plants used in traditional medicine have potent antiplasmodial action in vitro and represent potential sources of new antimalarial drugs. Plant biotechnology offers the possibility of improved production methods of cultivated medicinal plants as well as alternative approaches to the production of natural products for the preparation of pharmaceuticals.     

Various principles of the formation of toxic gaseous pesticide degradation products in the soil

The intensity of gaseous products of pesticides degradation in soil depends on the natural and antropogenic factors: type of soil, hydrothermal conditions, dose of the pesticide, presence in soil of other agrochemicals which can inhibit and also potentiate this process. The optimal conditions for the formation of volatile products of decay of chlororganic pesticides are created in dark chestnut and gray soils, derivatives of carbamine acids--in dark grey soil at humidity of 60-80% from the complete moisture capacity. Mineral fertilizers--ammoniacal nitrate and ammoniacal water, herbicides ronite and betanol--potentiate the decay of chlororganic pesticides, which can be used in the development of measures on soil purification from persistent pesticides.     

我国白蚁防治药剂应用现状及发展趋势探讨

近十年是我国白蚁防治药剂发展的黄金时期。在《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》的推动下,白蚁防治行业迅速淘汰了长期占据市场的持久性有机污染物氯丹和灭蚁灵。新的、环保型替代产品迅速被开发、登记,基本上实现了与国际接轨。我们以2001年和2011年在农业部登记的产品为依据,从有效成分、农药剂型方面的发展进行了详细分析,并对未来白蚁防治药剂的发展趋势进行了探讨。     

Effects of the components of pesticides on the toxicity of their formulations

In addition to active ingredients, the currently available pesticides comprise solvents and emulsifiers, and dispersants whose content may be as high as 85 and 30%, respectively. These components can have a substantially high effect on the toxicity and toxic kinetics of formulations, which shows a potentiating effect in many cases. From the hygienic, toxicological, and ecological points of view, it is necessary to continue studies into the combined effect of the components and active ingredients of formulations on the body and into their effect on the behavior of the latter in the environmental objects.     

The Importance of Method Selection in Determining Product Integrity for Nutrition Research

The American Herbal Products Association estimates that there as many as 3000 plant species in commerce. The FDA estimates that there are about 85,000 dietary supplement products in the marketplace. The pace of product innovation far exceeds that of analytical methods development and validation, with new ingredients, matrixes, and combinations resulting in an analytical community that has been unable to keep up. This has led to a lack of validated analytical methods for dietary supplements and to inappropriate method selection where methods do exist. Only after rigorous validation procedures to ensure that methods are fit for purpose should they be used in a routine setting to verify product authenticity and quality. By following systematic procedures and establishing performance requirements for analytical methods before method development and validation, methods can be developed that are both valid and fit for purpose. This review summarizes advances in method selection, development, and validation regarding herbal supplement analysis and provides several documented examples of inappropriate method selection and application.     

Innovations in food technology for health

Modern nutritional science is providing ever more information on the functions and mechanisms of specific food components in health promotion and/or disease prevention. In response to demands from increasingly health conscious consumers, the global trend is for food industries to translate nutritional information into consumer reality by developing food products that provide not only superior sensory appeal but also nutritional and health benefits. Today's busy life styles are also driving the development of healthy convenience foods. Recent innovations in food technologies have led to the use of many traditional technologies, such as fermentation, extraction, encapsulation, fat replacement, and enzyme technology, to produce new health food ingredients, reduce or remove undesirable food components, add specific nutrient or functional ingredients, modify food compositions, mask undesirable flavors or stabilize ingredients. Modern biotechnology has even revolutionized the way foods are created. Recent discoveries in gene science are making it possible to manipulate the components in natural foods. In combination with biofermentation, desirable natural compounds can now be produced in large amounts at a low cost and with little environmental impact. Nanotechnology is also beginning to find potential applications in the area of food and agriculture. Although the use of new technologies in the production of health foods is often a cause for concern, the possibility that innovative food technology will allow us to produce a wide variety of food with enhanced flavor and texture, while at the same time conferring multiple health benefits on the consumer, is very exciting.