术前患者血液4种传染病标志物检测在院感染优化中的临床价值

目的分析各种手术前患者血液乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)、丙型肝炎病毒抗体(抗HCV)、人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(抗HIV)及梅毒螺旋体抗体(抗TP)传染病的感染情况。方法选择本院2017年5月至2018年5月共1525例接受手术的患者,对乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)、丙型肝炎病毒抗体(抗HCV)、人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(抗HIV)及梅毒螺旋体抗体(抗TP)检测结果进行回顾性分析。结果患者术前血液的传染性疾病相关指标检测,总阳性率为12.39%,其中HBsAg阳性者133例,阳性率为8.72%,阳性率最高;抗HCV阳性者25例;阳性率为1.64%;抗HIV阳性者4例,其阳性率为0.26%;梅毒抗体阳性者27例,阳性率为1. 77%;男性患者各项指标阳性率为11.20%,女性患者各项指标阳性率为13.49%,二者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);各个临床科室检测指标阳性率分布的比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于手术患者在操作前进行HBsAg、抗HCV、抗HIV及抗TP四项指标检测,用于了解患者是否存在相关感染,可明确患者健康状况,避免在治疗过程中与其他患者发生交叉感染,也可减少医院感染,降低医疗意外发生率,保护医患双方的利益。     

受血者输血前相关传染性指标检测在医院感染控制中的意义

目的 探讨患者输血前传染性疾病相关指标检测在医院感染控制中的意义.方法 采用回顾性研究,对44968例输血前的患者进行乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、丙型肝炎病毒抗体(抗-HCV)、人免疫缺陷病毒抗体(抗-HIV)以及梅毒螺旋体血清抗体(抗-TP)检测.结果 总阳性率为22.41％,HBsAg阳性率20.67％ (9294/44 968),抗-HCV阳性率为0.33％(148/44 968),抗-TP阳性率1.65％(9741/44 968),抗-HIV阳性39例；39例抗-HIV阳性患者23例其他三项指标至少有一项阳性,其中合并感染梅毒最多有14例；乙肝、丙肝和(或)梅毒重叠感染者共117例,同时感染乙肝加丙肝或同时感染乙肝加梅毒较常见；消化科为乙肝的高发科室(x2≥83.0,P＜0.01).结论 部分受血者在入院前就已感染了传染性疾病,输血前检测传染性指标可事先知悉患者的感染情况,对医院感染控制、日后减少医患纠纷具有重要的意义.     

15688名献血员抗-HIV、抗-HCV、HBsAg、梅毒检测结果研究

目的了解我市HIV、HCV、HBsAg、梅毒在一般献血人群的感染情况，确保输血安全。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测抗-HIV、抗-HCV、HBsAg、RPR和TRUST试验检测梅毒。结果在献血人群中HBsAg阳性率为5．36％；抗-HCV阳性率为1．35％；梅毒阳性率为0．42％。结论多次献血者HBsAg检测阳性率较低；有献血浆史的献血者抗-HCV检测阳性显著高于一般人群。     

7648例孕妇血液传播性疾病检测及其必要性探讨

目的 了解孕妇血液传播性疾病的感染情况并作必要性探讨.方法 HBsAg、抗HCV、抗HIV检测用ELISA法,梅毒抗体检测用梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集试验（TPPA）法.结果 7648例孕妇HBsAg阳性率为7.26%,抗HCV为0.03%,抗HIV为0.00%,梅毒抗体阳性率为1.28%.结论 通过对孕妇进行产前血液传播性疾病检测,为临床防止母婴传播及指导优生提供科学依据.     

1816例孕妇孕期HBeAg、HCV、HIV、梅毒抗体筛查检测结果分析

目的孕妇孕期感染乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎、艾滋病、梅毒均可引起母婴垂直传播,其危害可伴随终生,尤其是孕期感染梅毒并在活动期还可引起早产、死胎等。方法为了解本地区孕妇上述疾病的感染情况,我们对2010年1月至12月间在我院正常孕期体检的1816例孕妇（检测组）及同期健康体检的1500例育龄妇女（对照组）的HBVM,抗HCV抗体;抗HIV抗体;梅毒抗体进行筛查检测。结果检测组与对照组乙肝HBsAg阳性（2.64%;3.53%）、抗HCV抗体阳性率（0.06%;0）、抗HIV抗体阳性率（0.11%;0）之间无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;而梅毒抗体检测结果分别为1.9%与0.27%,统计学有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论孕妇孕期四项感染性疾病的筛查可及时发现孕妇的感染情况并可采取相应的措施,对降低新生儿感染、减少和避免医务人员职业暴露风险有重要意义。     

受血者输血前血清学4项检测及其临床意义

目的总结受血者输血前血清学4项检测的体会,探讨对受血前患者的相关病毒检测的意义.方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA) 法检测丙肝抗体(抗一HCV)、艾滋抗体(抗一HIV)、梅毒(TPPA) 和乙肝表面抗原(HBSAG).结果对3600病例检测,丙肝(HCV)阳性35例(0.97%);梅毒(TPPA)阳性68例(1.888%);艾滋病(HIV)阳性2例(0.05%);乙肝(HBV)阳性520例(14.4%).结论通过对受血患者输血前做4项检测,明确病人的健康状况,杜绝医源性经血传播疾病而引起的医疗纠纷,对医患双方利益具有较大的保护意义.     

2450例患者输血前感染性指标检测结果分析

目的 检测与分析患者输血前的感染性指标水平,为临床血液传染病的预防控制提供参考.方法 选取2013年6月至2016年1月期间我院收治的2450例拟接受输血的患者作为研究对象,采用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)测定患者输血前的感染性指标检测,包括乙型肝炎五项标志物、抗丙型肝炎病毒抗体(hepatitis c virus antibody,抗-HCV)、抗人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(human immunodeficiency virus antibody,抗-HIV)以及抗梅毒螺旋体抗体(treponema pallidum antibody,抗-TP),结果 2450例患者输血前感染性指标检测中,乙肝表面抗体(hepatitis B surface antibody,HBsAb)的阳性率最高,为23.18%,其次为乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg),阳性率为11.27%;患者存在2~3重感染模式,其中以乙型肝炎E抗体(hepatitis B e antibody,HBeAb)+HBsAb模式的阳性率最高,为1.18%,其次是HBsAg+HBsAb+乙肝表面核心抗体(hepatitis B core antibody,HBcAb)模式的,为1.06%;男性患者乙型肝炎e抗原(hepatitis B e antigen,HBeAg)、HBeAb、HBsAg、HBsAb、HBcAb、抗-HCV、抗-HIV和抗-TP阳性率均高于女性患者的,但差异无统计学意义;年龄>60岁患者的HBeAg、HBeAb、HBsAg、抗-HCV和抗-TP阳性率明显低于年龄<30岁和年龄为30~60岁患者(P<0.05).而各年龄段间的HBsAb、HBcAb和抗-HIV阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 输血患者输血前感染性指标的检测均具有一定比例的阳性检出率.加强输血前感染性指标的检测,可保证临床用血安全,减少医疗纠纷.     

68例梅毒孕妇肝炎及艾滋病标志物检测与分析

目的对梅毒孕妇的病毒性肝炎艾滋病感染状况进行调查。方法用酶联免疫吸附试验对68例梅毒孕妇乙肝表面抗原（HbsAg）,丙型肝炎抗体（抗-HCV）和艾滋病抗体（抗-HIV）进行检测。结果68例被检对象中,乙肝表面抗原（HbsAg）阳性率为32．35％,丙型肝炎抗体（抗-HCV）阳性率为11．76％,艾滋病抗体（抗-HIV）阳性率为1．47％。结论梅毒孕妇患HBV,HCV,HIV感染率高于普通孕妇人群。     

CMIA法在输血前感染性指标检测中的应用研究

目的对化学发光微粒子免疫测定(CMIA)技术定量检测输血前感染性指标的临床应用进行评价。方法用CMIA技术对22235例患者进行输血前乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、抗丙型肝炎病毒抗体(Anti-HCV)、抗梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体(Anti-TP)及抗人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(Anti-HIV)定量检测,所有阳性标本用相应的酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)进行定性检测,Anti-TP阳性标本用梅毒螺旋体抗体明胶颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)进行确诊,Anti-HIV阳性标本送市疾控中心进行抗体确认,并对几种方法的检测结果进行分析。结果 HBsAg、Anti-HCV、Anti-TP、Anti-HIV定量检测阳性例数分别为3028、336、684、63;定量阳性标本经ELISA检测,定性阳性例数分别为2472,269,668,58;684例Anti-TP定量阳性样本中,用TPPA确认,阳性603例;63例Anti-HIV定量阳性样本送南充市疾控中心进行确认,48例确定为阳性,5例不确定,10例为阴性。结论 CMIA法定量检测输血前感染性指标可及早发现感染"窗口期"患者,降低漏检率,有利于患者的早期诊断和治疗,有利于医护人员自我防护及减少医疗纠纷。     

3363例输血前或手术前患者HBV、HCV、HIV和梅毒抗体检测结果与临床分析

为执行卫生部临床输血技术规范,有效控制医源性感染的发生和避免医疗纠纷,我院对输血前或手术前患者进行血液HBV、HCV、HIV和梅毒抗体检测,结果报道如下:     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.