P53在宫颈上皮内瘤变与宫颈鳞癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨抑癌基因P53在宫颈上皮内瘤变和宫颈鳞癌中的表达及临床意义。方法:对69例宫颈上皮内瘤变和67例宫颈鳞癌组织采用免疫组化SP法进行P53检测,以13例正常宫颈组织作对照。结果:P53在宫颈上皮内瘤变、宫颈鳞癌和对照组间的表达均有显著性差异(P<0.01);P53表达随宫颈上皮内瘤变等级增高而上调,但其阳性表达无显著性差异(P>0.05);P53在宫颈上皮内瘤变伴湿疣样病变组中的表达比无湿疣样病变组中的表达高,但其阳性表达未达显著性差异(P>0.05);P53在宫颈鳞癌病理Ⅰ级中的表达明显高于在病理Ⅱ、Ⅲ级中的表达(P<0.05);P53在宫颈鳞癌临床分期中的表达无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:P53蛋白与宫颈鳞癌的发生发展相关。     

FISH检测宫颈脱落细胞中hTERC基因的意义

目的 探讨在宫颈脱落细胞中检测不同级别宫颈病变人端粒酶基因(hTERC)的扩增情况及其临床意义.方法 用荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)检测22例正常宫颈脱落细胞、38例低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)、43例高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)及36例宫颈鳞状细胞癌脱落细胞中hTERC的表达情况.结果 hTERC基因在正常宫颈脱落细胞、LSIL、HSIL及宫颈癌中的阳性表达率分别为4.55%、23.68%、86.05%和91.67%.各组hTERC基因阳性率与正常对照组相比均差异显著(P＜0.05);高度鳞状上皮内病变及宫颈癌组与低度鳞状上皮内病变组相比差异极显著(P＜0.01).结论 hTERC基因高表达在宫颈癌发生、发展中可能起重要作用,经细胞学检测hTERC基因有望作为宫颈癌筛查及宫颈病变预后预测的辅助指标.     

hTERC基因扩增在宫颈癌及宫颈癌前病变中的临床意义

目的检测hTERC基因在宫颈癌前病变及宫颈癌中的扩增情况,探讨其在宫颈癌筛查中的价值。方法采用双色荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)检测30例正常者、90例宫颈上皮内瘤变及30例宫颈癌宫颈脱落细胞hTERC基因的表达情况,以对照组的检测结果建立正常阈值。结果正常组、CIN1组、CIN2组、CIN3组和宫颈鳞癌hTERC基因阳性表达率分别为0%(0/30)、16.67%(5/30)、53.33%(16/30)、80%(24/30)、100%(30/30),随着宫颈病变级别增高,其异常表达百分率亦随之增高。结论 CIN1、CIN2、CIN3及宫颈鳞癌均有hTERC基因扩增,其拷贝数随CIN分级增加而增加。检测宫颈脱落细胞hTERC基因扩增对宫颈癌筛查及宫颈病变进展预测具有良好的临床应用空间。     

HPV检测结合病理学检查在宫颈疾病诊治中的应用

目的探讨人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)检测结合病理学检查在宫颈疾病诊治中的应用。方法应用第二代杂交捕获法(HC-Ⅱ)和薄层液基细胞学技术(TCT),对2 426例受检者的宫颈脱落细胞标本同时行高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HR-HPV)-DNA检测和TCT检查,HR-HPV-DNA检测结果为阳性、细胞学检测未确定意义的非典型鳞状细胞(ASCUS)及以上者,均在阴道镜下取病理活检。结果 HPV阳性检出率为30.3%,细胞学检查发现未确定意义的AS-CUS 211例,低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)85例,高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)46例。病理学检查证实宫颈上皮内瘤样变(CIN)Ⅰ级136例,CINⅡ级28例,CINⅢ级24例,宫颈鳞状细胞癌6例。HR-HPV在不同宫颈病变中的阳性率分别是:宫颈癌100.0%(6/6),CINⅡ～Ⅲ级94.2%(49/52),CINⅠ级87.5%(119/136)。结论 HR-HPV是诱发宫颈癌及癌前期病变的重要病因学因素,检测HR-HPV感染并结合病理学检查,对宫颈癌的防治具有重要意义。     

TCT联合高危型HPV DNA检测在宫颈病变筛查中的诊断价值

目的 探讨液基薄层细胞学技术(TCT)联合高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HR-HPV) DNA检测对宫颈病变的诊断价值.方法 对948例患者进行宫颈癌及癌前病变筛查,同时进行TCT、HR-HPV DNA检测以及阴道镜下病理活检,以病理检查结果为确诊标准,比较前二者之间的关系.结果 经病理诊断为无上皮内病变或恶性病变(NILM)者901例,宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CIN)Ⅰ者16例,CINⅡ/Ⅲ者29例,宫颈癌2例.TCT检测结果为正常范围(WNL)735例,意义不明的非典型鳞状上皮细胞(ASC-US)138例,低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)50例,高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)[包括鳞癌(SCC)2例]25例.HR-HPV DNA检测阳性213例.TCT用于评价宫颈高度病变(≥ClNⅡ)的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为96.77%、95.09%、40.00%、99.89%.HR-HPV DNA检测分别为90.32%、79.83%、13.15%、99.60%.TCT联合HR-HPV DNA检测分别为100.00%、78.84%、13.78%、100.00%.结论 TCT联合HR-HPV DNA检测可明显提高宫颈癌前病变的阳性检出率,降低漏诊率,是进行宫颈病变筛查的先进、高效方法.     

胰岛素样生长因子2 mRNA结合蛋白3在CIN及宫颈癌患者中的表达及其在宫颈病变筛查中的意义

目的分析宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)和宫颈癌患者胰岛素样生长因子2 mRNA结合蛋白3(IMP3)的表达情况及其在宫颈病变筛查中的意义。方法采用回顾性研究,收延安市宝塔区人民医院120例患者的宫颈组织标本,包括慢性宫颈炎18例,CINⅠ级31例,CINⅡ级20例,CINⅢ级24例,宫颈癌27例。以CIN I为低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)组,CINⅡ、CINⅢ为高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)组。检测低危型人乳头状瘤病毒(LR-HPV)与高危型人乳头状瘤病毒(HR-HPV)分型,通过免疫组织化学法检测宫颈组织中IMP3蛋白表达水平。结果 120例患者中,LR-HPV与HR-HPV检出率分别为4. 17%(5/120)、68. 33%(82/120)。慢性宫颈炎组、LSIL组、HSIL组、宫颈癌组HR-HPV检出率逐渐增高,其中LSIL组、HSIL组、宫颈癌组HR-HPV检出率均显著高于慢性宫颈炎组(P <0. 01),而HSIL组与LSIL组、宫颈癌组HR-HPV检出率的比较,差异均无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。120例患者中,IMP3蛋白表达阳性率为69. 17%(83/120)。LSIL组IMP3阳性率明显高于慢性宫颈炎组,宫颈癌组和HSIL组IMP3阳性率均明显高于LSIL组和慢性宫颈炎组(P <0. 05);宫颈癌组与HSIL组IMP3阳性率比较,无显著差异(P> 0. 05)。LR-HPV感染与IMP3阳性表达无密切关系(P>0. 05);HR-HPV感染与IMP3带状表达具有正相关关系(P <0. 05),而与IMP3阴性表达、点状表达均无密切相关性(P>0. 05)。结论随着宫颈病变程度的增高,IMP3蛋白表达阳性率亦随之升高,提示其对宫颈病变进展情况具有一定的预测价值,且IMP3带状表达与HR-HPV感染的发生密切相关,因此二者联合检测可作为临床早期筛查宫颈病变的一种可行方法。     

β-连环蛋白和腺瘤样的结肠息肉病蛋白在宫颈上皮内瘤样变及宫颈鳞癌中的表达及意义

目的探讨β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)和腺瘤样的结肠息肉病(APC)蛋白在宫颈上皮内瘤样变及宫颈鳞癌中的表达及意义。方法采用免疫组化二步法检测β-catenin和APC蛋白在30例宫颈鳞癌、50例宫颈上皮内瘤样变及24例正常宫颈组织中的表达。结果①β-catenin和APC蛋白阳性表达率在正常宫颈组织,宫颈上皮内瘤样变及宫颈浸润鳞癌3组间均有显著差异(P<0.05)。②β-catenin和APC蛋白阴性表达率在CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ三组之间比较无统计学差异(P>0.05),β-catenin在CINⅠ组与CINⅡ-CINⅢ组二者之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③β-catenin阴性表达与APC蛋白阴性表达呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。结论联合检测β-catenin与APC蛋白的表达情况可能有助于宫颈癌的诊断和治疗。     

p16、Ki-67蛋白表达及HPV检测在宫颈上皮内瘤变中的诊断意义

目的 探讨p16、Ki-67联合应用在宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)诊断及分级中的意义及人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染与CIN的关系.方法 分别对160例宫颈各类病变采用免疫组化方法检测p16、Ki-67蛋白表达情况,并行人乳头状瘤病毒分型检测.结果 ①宫颈上皮内低度瘤变(CINⅠ)中,p16阳性率为85.7%,Ki-67阳性率为67.8%,较宫颈良性病变的阳性率明显增加(P<0.01);宫颈上皮内高度瘤变(CINⅡ-Ⅲ)中,p16阳性率为100%,Ki-67阳性率为98.3%,两者相比差异极显著(P<0.01).在CINⅡ-Ⅲ中,p16、 Ki-67表达呈正相关.②高危型HPV在宫颈良性病变、CINⅠ和CINⅡ-Ⅲ病变组感染者分别为30.6%、75.7%和93.3%,宫颈CINI和CINⅡ-Ⅲ明显高于良性病变组,差异极显著(P<0.01).随着宫颈上皮内瘤变程度加重,HPV感染与p16表达呈正相关.结论 p16、Ki-67联合应用可作为宫颈良性病变与CINⅠ以及CINⅠ与CINⅡ-Ⅲ鉴别的重要标记物;高危型HPV感染与宫颈上皮内瘤变密切相关,在高危人员筛查与判断预后上有重要意义.     

S100A9在宫颈鳞癌癌变过程中的表达及意义

目的:检测S100A9在正常宫颈组织、宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)和宫颈癌中的表达,分析其在宫颈癌癌变过程中的表达变化以及和宫颈癌临床病理资料的相关性,探讨其在宫颈癌癌变中的可能作用.方法:采用免疫组化SP法,检测40例宫颈鳞癌患者、50例CIN患者和30例正常宫颈组织患者鳞状上皮组织中S100A9蛋白的表达情况,分析其与临床病理特征的相关性.结果:(1)S100A9在正常宫颈组织、CIN、宫颈鳞癌中的表达逐渐增高;在CIN Ⅰ、CIN Ⅱ、CIN Ⅲ中的表达也逐渐增高;(2)S100A9的表达与宫颈鳞癌的组织分化程度密切相关,依次为高分化>中分化>低分化;(3)S100A9的表达与宫颈鳞癌的临床分期、淋巴转移、血管侵犯无关.结论:S100A9在宫颈鳞癌的癌变过程中起了重要的作用,与宫颈鳞癌的组织分化密切相关.     

宫颈病变中心体异常扩增与高危人乳头状瘤病毒感染相关性

目的探讨宫颈病变中中心体异常扩增与高危人乳头状瘤病毒(high-risk human papillomavirus,HR-HPV)感染的关系。方法对46例宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)(CIN组)、43例宫颈鳞状细胞癌患者(宫颈鳞癌组)及20例正常宫颈组织者(对照组)进行宫颈脱落细胞的HR-HPV基因型检测,另采用间接免疫荧光染色技术检测中心体。结果对照组、CIN组及宫颈鳞癌组HR-HPV感染阳性率依次增高,分别为5.00%、78.26%、93.02%,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);CIN组与宫颈鳞癌组细胞中心体异常细胞率分别为(1.76±1.74)%、(4.46±2.08)%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);双变量相关分析显示宫颈病变中,中心体异常细胞率和HR-HPV感染呈正相关(r=0.452,P=0.000)。结论宫颈鳞癌发生、发展过程中,中心体异常扩增与HR-HPV感染密切相关;HR-HPV感染可能通过引起中心体的异常扩增诱发宫颈癌变。     

现代残疾康复理念、政策与社区康复体系研究

本研究分析了当代残疾康复的理念和理论架构,构建了以国际公约、决议和政策、国内法律和政策以及操作性工具3个层次的康复理论体系;运用包容性发展,分析探讨了当代社区康复的体系和特点;就发展康复事业、为残疾人提供全面系统的康复服务提出相关的政策建议。     

国内外唇腭裂专科护理发展现状的文献研究及分析

目的了解和分析国内唇腭裂专科护理工作发展的现状。方法检索并分析万方医学网、中国知网、Springer Link及PubMed英文数据库近6年有关唇腭裂手术的围术期护理、患儿的喂养、手术安全管理、围术期疼痛研究以及心理护理的相关文献。结果共检索出国内文献89篇(核心期刊20篇)、国外文献22篇,其中围术期护理38篇、患儿的喂养16篇、手术安全管理10篇、围术期疼痛研究10篇、心理护理15篇。结论与国外文献相比,国内论文总结和回顾性居多,应增加研究探讨性论文,从而促进唇腭裂临床护理工作专科化的发展。     

城乡学童个性行为特征调查

目的探讨农村与城市儿童的个性行为特征。方法将97名农村学龄儿童设为农村组,97名城市学龄儿童设为城市组,采用艾森克个性问卷一儿童版和Achenbach’s 行为量表一儿童版进行评定分析。结果两组学龄儿童艾森克个性问卷各维度评分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）,且与全国常模相一致（P均〉0．05）;农村组男学童Achenbach’s行为量表违纪行为、攻击行为及外向型因子分均显著高于城市组,女学童退缩、社交问题因子分均显著高于城市组（P〈0．05或0．01）,其他因子分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）。结论农村与城市儿童个性无显著差异,而农村儿童存在较多的行为问题,可能与其所受教养和生活方式有关。     

我院文职护士管理和培训的实践与体会

目的构建文职护士培训、使用及管理的科学方法。方法通过规范管理、科学施训、作为骨干大胆任用等多种管理方式,使文职护士得到充分的发展。结果文职护士群体成长为医院优秀骨干,首批满3年的文职护士顺利通过续聘考核。结论科学的管理培训是文职护士成长的重要基石,对医院护理管理有着重要作用。     

Comparison of short-term and long-term protocols for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA of Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium

Molecular tools continue to be important in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases. However, using these techniques directly in the field remains a major challenge. Therefore, the preservation of clinical samples collected from endemic field areas for later analysis remains an important preanalytical process. This study aimed at identifying a suitable protocol for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA in bioclinical specimens for Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium research. Both spiked and unspiked blood samples were preserved in 7 protocols (different media; storage temperatures). Samples were evaluated for possible degradation of DNA and RNA along the storage duration up to the 10th week. Nucleic acid targets were assessed as follows: (i) Trypanosoma and Plasmodium RNA analysis was done using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) for 18S rRNA and for stage-specific Pfs25 mRNA, respectively; (ii) Trypanosoma DNA assessment analysis was conducted by using a conventional PCR for 18S rDNA; (iii) Leishmania RNA analysis was performed with a quantitative NASBA for 18S rRNA and Leishmania DNA assessment with an RT-PCR for 18S rDNA. Findings suggested that a newly developed L3™ buffer proved to be reliable and suitable for both short- and long-term preservation of parasite nucleic acid material. This buffer is envisaged to be suitable for utilization in field situations where resources are limited.     

History of violence and subjective health of mother and child

Objective: To study the self-reported prevalence of experienced violence among a cohort of women about two years after giving birth, their health during pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes and their experience of their child’s health.

Setting and subjects: In 2011, a total of 657 women participated in phase III of the Childbirth and Health Cohort Study in Icelandic Primary Health Care, 18 to 24 months after delivery. The women had previously participated in phase I around pregnancy week 16 and phase II 5–6 months after delivery. Data were collected by postal questionnaires.

Main outcome measures: Women’s reported history of experienced violence, sociodemographic and obstetric background, self-perceived health, the use of medications and their child’s perceived health.

Results: In phase III, 16% of women reported experiencing violence. These women felt less support from their current partner (p?p?p?p?p?p?=?0.008).

Conclusions: Our study confirms that a history of violence is common among women. A history of violence is associated with various maternal health problems during and after pregnancy, a higher rate of caesarean sections and maternal reports of health problems in their child 18–24 months after birth.

• KEY POINTS

• Violence is a major concern worldwide. Understanding the impact of violence on human health and developing effective preventive measures are important elements of any public health agenda.

• ??The reported prevalence of experiencing violence was 16% among women attending antenatal care in the primary health care setting in Iceland.

• ??Women with a history of violence reported worse health in general during pregnancy and delivered more often by caesarean section, compared to women with no such history.

• ??Mothers with a history of violence also evaluated the general health of their child as worse than women with no such history.

• ??The findings of this study support the importance of recognizing and addressing experienced violence among women in primary care.

     

Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention

In 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated from the world; the last known natural case had occurred in Somalia in 1977, and the United States had stopped routinely vaccinating its citizens in 1972. However, with increasing concerns regarding domestic and international terrorism, smallpox has resurfaced as a potential threat to global health. We review the direct and indirect modes of smallpox transmission and how patterns of transmission vary substantially, depending on the severity of circulating disease, vaccination status, environmental and socioeconomic factors, and the setting of an outbreak. We examine mechanisms for controlling outbreaks of disease and preventing further transmission in the event of an outbreak, with an emphasis on smallpox vaccination.     

通用设计原则与产品研发策略

本文介绍了通用设计的概念和设计原则,并阐述了根据此原则实施通用设计的产品研发策略。通用设计惠及的不仅是残疾人,也惠及了包括普通公众在内的广泛人群,以及企业。应将通用设计的原理应融入政府相关政策和未来发展的规划中,为残疾人以及更多人群提供合理便利的通用设计产品。     

Prevalence and severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and effect of vitamin supplementation.

OBJECTIVE: Although nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is the most common medical condition during pregnancy, there are many unanswered questions regarding its cause, epidemiologic features and optimal management. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of nausea and vomiting in a sample of Canadian women, to characterize the distribution of their severity and to investigate the role of vitamin B6 deficiency in their etiology. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Antenatal counselling service for pregnant women. PATIENTS: Three cohorts of women: a prospective, population-based cohort of 193 women, to estimate the rate and severity of nausea and vomiting (cohort A); a cohort of 555 women who sought advice for nausea with or without vomiting, to study the correlation between the maximal daily number of episodes of vomiting and maximal weight loss (cohort B); and a prospective cohort of 301 women who reported vomiting, to correlate vitamin supplementation with vomiting (cohort C). INTERVENTIONS: All 3 cohorts were interviewed during the counselling session, and cohort B was followed up prospectively. OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of nausea and vomiting, weight loss, maximal number of daily episodes of vomiting, rate of multivitamin supplementation. RESULTS: Overall, 67% of the women in cohort A reported experiencing nausea or vomiting, or both; 22% reported vomiting, and 9% experienced weight loss. In cohort B there was a significant correlation between the maximal number of daily episodes of vomiting and maximal weight loss, although there was wide variation (r2 = 0.25, p < 0.001). There was a highly significant correlation between the number of daily vomiting episodes and mean weight loss (r2 = 0.99). In cohort C, vomiting was significantly associated with lack of supplementation with multivitamins before 6 weeks' gestation (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The relation between number of daily vomiting episodes and mean weight loss may serve as a clinical tool to assess the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and the success of anti-emetics and rehydration regimens. Further study is needed to elucidate the biologic basis of the observed association between vomiting and lack of multivitamin supplementation in early pregnancy.     

胃癌DNA含量与E-cad、EGFR表达的关系及其意义

目的　探讨胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR表达的关系 ,评价其在浸润、转移潜能及预后判断中的作用。方法　应用图像分析仪及SP免疫组化法检测 30例正常胃黏膜上皮、30例不典型增生和 5 0例胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR蛋白表达情况。结果　①正常胃黏膜上皮、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌组的DI、PI、S %、>5c %逐渐增高 ,与胃癌分期、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。②E cad在正常胃黏膜上皮阳性表达率 10 0 % ,EGFR呈阴性表达 ;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌E cad阳性表达率逐渐降低 ,EGFR的阳性表达率逐渐升高 ,且差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;E cad表达减弱、EGFR表达升高与胃癌分化差、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。③E cad表达阴性的胃癌DNA指数及EGFR表达水平显著高于E cad阳性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　检测DNA含量及E cad、EGFR蛋白表达有助于胃癌的早期诊断及转移潜能和预后的判断。