16例Duffy血型不规则抗体血清学检测结果分析

目的探讨Duffy血型不规则抗体的血清学特征及其临床意义。方法采用微柱凝胶卡对16例Duffy血型不规则抗体筛选阳性患者的血标本进行ABO及Rh血型鉴定,采用盐水试管法和间接抗人球蛋白法进行不规则抗体特异性鉴定、抗体性质及其效价测定,采用抗Fy抗体血型定型试剂检测患者红细胞Duffy血型抗原。结果 16例患者血标本在不规则抗体筛选及交叉配血试验中出现1+～2+意外凝集,经血型血清学鉴定为Duffy血型不规则抗体,即抗Fya抗体1例(6. 3%)、抗Fyb抗体15例(93. 8%),其中抗Fyb抗体联合抗E抗体2例;男5例(31. 3%)、女11例(68. 8%)。Duffy血型抗原鉴定为Fya-b+1例(6. 3%)、Fya+b-15例(93. 8%)。患者自身对照试验阴性,直接抗人球蛋白试验阴性。抗体性质为Ig G类,抗体效价为1∶4～1∶16。结论患者Duffy血型抗原为Jka-b+或Jka+b-表现型的个体,由于反复输血或妊娠的免疫刺激而产生Ig G类抗Fya或Fyb抗体,该抗体可导致溶血性输血反应和新生儿溶血病的发生,在输血相容性检测中也可引起抗体筛选阳性及交叉配血不合。     

23例Kidd血型不规则抗体血清学检测及分析

目的探讨Kidd血型不规则抗体的血清学特征及其临床意义。方法采用微柱凝胶卡对23例Kidd血型不规则抗体筛选阳性患者的血标本进行ABO及Rh血型鉴定,采用试管盐水法和间接抗人球蛋白法进行不规则抗体特异性鉴定及效价测定,采用抗Jk抗体定型血清检测患者红细胞Kidd血型抗原。结果在23例Kidd血型不规则抗体中,男3例(13.0%),女20例(87.0%)。抗Jka抗体13例(56.5%),抗Jk~b抗体10例(43.5%)。ABO血型鉴定为A型血7例(30.4%),B型血8例(34.8%),O型血7例(30.4%),AB型血1例(4.3%)。Kidd血型抗原为Jk~(a-b+)13例,Jk~(a+b-)10例。23例患者血标本在不规则抗体筛选及交叉配血中出现1+~2+意外凝集,抗体性质为IgG型,抗体效价为1∶2~1∶8。结论患者Kidd血型抗原为Jk~(a-b+)或Jk~(a+b-),血型不相合的妊娠或多次输血可产生免疫性IgG型抗Jk抗体,导致溶血性输血反应和新生儿溶血病,输血相容性检测中也可引起抗体筛选阳性及交叉配血不合。     

不规则抗体的筛查和鉴定在临床输血中的意义

目的检查有输血史或妊娠史的患者血清（浆）中的不规则抗体，降低或避免溶血性输血反应的发生。方法用微柱凝胶coombs IgG卡对6486例有输血史或妊娠史患者的血标本进行不规则抗体筛查和鉴定，将不规则抗体阳性的标本用coombs IgG卡进行交叉配血。结果不规则抗体阳性24例，阳性率0．37％。其中，抗-D3例，抗-E4例，抗-C2例，抗-A1 1例，抗-M2例，抗-EC2例，抗-Cc 1例，抗-JKa 2例，抗-JK^b1例，抗-FY^a2例，抗-Le^a 1例，非特异性抗体3例。结论不规则抗体筛查能有效降低或避免溶血性输血反应的发生，保证输血安全，对有输血史和妊娠史的患者尤为重要。     

Rh血型系统相容性输血在血液科的应用探讨

目的:探讨实施恒河猴(Rhesus monkey,Rh)血型系统相容性输血在血液科的应用效果.方法:选取本院2019年6月至2020年11月105例需输血治疗患者的血液样本和210例献血者血液样本,将输血患者行交叉配血实验,常规按ABO和RhD配血纳入对照组,加行Rh血型系统C、E、c、e配血则纳入实验组,观察Rh抗原分布、Rh血型表型分布、不规则抗体阳性率及分布情况.结果:105例血液样本中RhD阳性91例,占86.67％,RhD阴性14例,占13.33％,其中RhD阳性患者中以C、e抗原占比最高,RhD阴性患者中则以c、e占比较高;在Rh血型抗原表型分布中以CCDee、CcDEe占比最高,分别为27.62％、20.95％;ccdEe最少,占0.95％;行交叉配血实验发现实验组不规则抗体阳性率明显低于对照组(P<0.05),在不规则抗体阳性类型中以抗-E占比最高,抗-C,抗-Ce、抗-Ec占比较少.结论:血液科实施Rh血型系统相容性输血可明显减少产生免疫抗体的风险,降低输血不良事件的发生,同时,有助于完善Rh血型系统相容性输血体系.     

76例Lewis血型抗体血清学特征及其对输血相容性检测的影响

目的探讨Lewis血型系统抗体的血清学特征及其对输血相容性检测结果的影响和处理方法。方法采用微柱凝胶法对临床送检的患者血标本进行ABO及Rh血型鉴定,采用Liss/Coombs卡进行不规则抗体筛选及交叉配血试验,对抗体筛选阳性及交叉配血不合的血标本采用微柱凝胶法和盐水试管法进行抗体特异性鉴定,对有特异性抗体者采用盐水试管法进行Lewis血型抗原检测。结果在76例Lewis血型抗体中,抗Lea抗体75例(98.7%),抗Leb抗体1例(1.3%);男26例(34.2%),女50例(65.8%),女性患者抗体阳性率明显高于男性。76例Lewis血型抗体在盐水试管法中出现凝集76例(100%),在Liss/Coombs卡中出现凝集72例(94.7%),Lewis血型抗原检测均为Lea-b-。76例Lewis血型抗体在抗体筛选及交叉配血中均出现凝集,13例在ABO血型反定型中出现凝集。盐水试管法凝集强度为1+以下～1+(22℃),Liss/Coombs卡凝集强度为混合外观凝集至1+以下(37℃),抗体类型为IgM型。结论产生Lewis血型抗体的血型抗原均为Lea-b-;Lewis血型抗体可干扰输血相容性检测结果,采用盐水试管法和Liss/Coombs卡联合检测可提高对Lewis血型抗体的检出率。     

献血员直接抗球蛋白试验及不规则抗体阳性引起交叉配血不合的分析

目的探讨献血员直接抗球蛋白试验(DAT)及不规则抗体阳性对交叉配血试验的影响。方法对排除受血者原因以外9例交叉配血不合的献血员血标本,采用微柱凝胶抗人球蛋白法进行DAT和不规则抗体筛选,对DAT及抗体筛选阳性的血标本再采用单特异性抗人球蛋白试剂和谱细胞进行免疫球蛋白分型及不规则抗体特异性鉴定。结果在9例交叉配血不合的献血员血标本中检出DAT阳性4例,其中多特异性抗体和IgG同时阳性3例,多特异性抗体和C3d同时阳性1例;不规则抗体阳性5例,其中抗E抗体3例,抗M抗体2例。结论献血员DAT及不规则抗体阳性可引起交叉配血不合或输血不良反应,对其进行检测既可方便再次输血前交叉配血试验又能减少输血不良反应的发生率。     

微柱凝胶法交叉配血试验及其影响因素的探讨

目的:探讨微柱凝胶法(MGT)用于交叉配血试验及其影响因素。方法:应用MGT法和试管生理盐水法,对1200例受血者和供血者的血标本进行交叉配血试验,对MGT法交叉配血试验阳性的标本,再用试管法间接抗人球蛋白试验做血型不规则抗体筛选和交叉配血试验,以便进行对照比较。结果:在1200例血标本中,MGT法交叉配血试验阴性者1173例(97.8%),阳性27例(2.3%)。在27例阳性标本中,由血型不规则抗体引起凝集者2例(7.4%),由非血型因素引起的非特异性凝集者25例(92.6%)。结论:应用MGT法进行交叉配血试验,能及时检出血型抗原抗体引起的特异性凝集反应和非血型因素引起的非特异性假凝集反应;而盐水法则不能检出上述真假凝集反应,因此不能有效地防止免疫性溶血性和非溶血性输血反应的发生。     

北京市某医院献血者不规则抗体筛查阳性结果分析

目的 通过交叉配血次侧不合发现不规则抗体筛查阳性的献血者并鉴定不规则抗体特异性,保障输血安全。方法通过交叉配血次侧均不相合且复查血型发现不规则抗体筛查阳性的献血者,并鉴定抗体特异性;将其中4袋不规则抗体筛查阳性的悬浮红细胞制备为洗涤红细胞,并跟踪其输注效果。结果 2016年11月至2017年12月期间,34297例献血者中发现11例为不规则抗体筛查阳性,其中抗-E5例、抗-M4例、自身抗体1例、非特异性抗体1例。两名患者输注抗筛阳性洗涤红细胞后,输注有效,无不良输血反应发生。结论 常规开展献血者不规则抗体筛查项目具有重要的临床意义,将抗筛阳性的悬浮红细胞制备为洗涤红细胞,可以保障输血安全,节约血液资源。     

35例MNS血型抗体特异性及对ABO血型鉴定与交叉配血的影响

目的探讨MNS血型系统同种抗体特异性及对ABO血型鉴定与交叉配血试验的影响。方法采用微柱凝胶法对被检血标本进行ABO血型正反定型及交叉配血试验,对35例正反定型不相符或交叉配血不合的血标本采用试管法进行复检、吸收放散试验、不规则抗体筛查及特异性鉴定,对检测出的特异性抗体进行免疫球蛋白类型及抗体效价检测。结果在35例MNS血型系统同种抗体中,抗M抗体31例(88.6%)、抗N抗体2例(5.7%)、抗S抗体1例(2.9%)、抗Mur抗体1例(2.9%)。免疫球蛋白类型:Ig M型26例(74.3%)、IgG型7例(20.0%)、Ig M+IgG型2例(5.7%)。抗体效价1∶4~1∶32。对血型鉴定与交叉配血的影响:在ABO血型反定型中出现意外凝集,在交叉配血试验中出现主侧凝集。结论当ABO血型正反定型不相符与交叉配血不合时,应采用盐水试管法进行不规则抗体筛查及特异性鉴定,并结合患者病情综合分析,以确保血型鉴定结果的准确性和临床输血安全有效。     

644例住院患者免疫血液学检测及其临床意义分析

目的 分析住院患者免疫血液学检测结果及其临床意义。方法 采用微柱凝胶法(MGT)对患者血标本进行ABO、 RhD血型鉴定及不规则抗体筛选。对抗体筛选阳性血标本再采用试管盐水法(NS)及间接抗球蛋白法(IAT)进行抗体特异性鉴定和抗体类型测定,检测患者红细胞上是否含有相应抗原和直接抗球蛋白试验(DAT)。对需输血患者筛选不含相应抗原的供血者红细胞与患者血清采用NS、手工凝聚胺法(MPT)及IAT进行交叉配血试验。结果 在644例患者中,男247例(38.35%),女397例(61.65%)。单特异性不规则抗体551例(85.56%),不规则抗体合并自身抗体39例(6.06%),自身抗体54例(8.39%),其中DAT阳性或弱阳性93例(14.44%)。在590例不规则抗体中,IgG型404例(62.73%), IgM型183例(28.12%), IgG型+IgM型3例(0.47%)。温自身抗体类型多为IgG型,冷自身抗体多为IgM型。不规则抗体效价为1∶4～1∶64,凝集强度为1+～4+。结论 不规则抗体绝大多数为IgG型抗体,少部分为IgM型或IgM型+IgG型抗体,该抗体可影响免疫血...     

Patient-specific component requirements: ‘right blood,right patient,right time,right place’

Although transfusion therapy may save the patient's life, it also carries the risk of severe complications and is therefore recommended only when all other forms of treatment have proved ineffective. The decision to transfuse should be preceeded by careful evaluation of the clinical condition of each individual patient and not be based exclusively on laboratory results (e.g. hemoglobin concentration). Whenever possible, only such components should be transfused, the lack of which is responsible for the disease symptoms. Most blood is separated into components prior to transfusion which offers several advantages: i) blood resources are conserved therefore several patients can benefit from one donated unit ii) each component is stored in optimal conditions iii) a specific component can be transfused in large amounts to those who are in need of it. Transfusion medicine in a hospital setting is focused on ensuring that ‘the right blood is given to the right patient in the right time and the right place’.     

输血加热器的研究进展

输血加热器在临床上已广泛使用多年，但由于各类仪器性能不稳定，严重影响患者生命抢救和临床用血的质量。为有利于生物医学工程和医学物理工作者研制更安全、有效的产品，救治患者生命。本文就既往各类输血加热器的原理、作用方法以及相关进展作一综述。     

Building a blood system: the view from Saudi Arabia

Despite the significant advances in the transfusion medicine field, maintaining an adequate and safe blood supply remains challenging for some areas of the world. Data from the World Health Organization reveal that many developing countries continue to have low rates of blood collections per capita, and many suffer from chronic shortage of blood and components. An effective way to improve access to affordable and quality assured blood and blood products, and their appropriate use is through the establishment of an effective, sustainable and appropriately regulated blood system. At the current time, Saudi Arabia continues to operate in an institution‐based model, with a blood collection and processing centre affiliated with almost all individual hospitals. Given the high number of sectors that hospitals belong to, challenges are faced in communication and collaboration among blood centres despite the possibility of being in geographic proximity. Building a national blood system is expected to result in positive outcomes in many aspects, including donor motivation strategies and planning, standardization of policies and processes, and effective utilization of resources and supplies. A hybrid model where motivation efforts, management of financial resources, creation of policies and standards are shared nationally, while blood collection and processing, testing and storage are performed in multiple sites may be the most suitable approach for the country. Steps are being taken towards achieving this goal in the Kingdom.     

Cord blood banking and transplantation

The availability of umbilical cord blood (UCB) as a source of haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) for transplantation has met an important niche in the field of HSC transplantation (HSCT) as patients unable to find a HLA-matched sibling or unrelated donor have been able to receive less well-matched UCB transplantation (UCBT) with equivalent outcomes. This has led to significant growth in this field resulting in more than 20 000 unrelated donor UCBTs performed to date with about 3000 more performed annually. Growth of UCBT has been further supported by the proliferation of public cord blood banks throughout the world which store UCB at no cost to the donor, making these available for patients all round the world through global search registries like the US National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP), NetCord and the Bone Marrow Donors Worldwide (BMDW). International organizations like the World Marrow Donor Association have also helped to steer these efforts through the formulation and distribution of guidelines and protocols for these cord blood banks and bone marrow registries. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has also stepped in to regulate publicly banked UCB as an Investigational New Drug (IND). The key limiting factor in UCBT is in the limited number of cells for transplantation (about 10-fold less than donated bone marrow) resulting in delayed engraftment and even non-engraftment, particularly for adult patients for whom UCB cell doses may be insufficient relative to the patient’s body size. Efforts to overcome this barrier include the use of concurrent infusion of two differing cord blood units in order to raise the cumulative cell dose. Interestingly, this does not lead to mutual rejection of the CBUs, but appears to result in an additive effect on enhancing engraftment. Other efforts to overcome cell dose constraints of cord blood include direct bone marrow injection, use of homing molecules and ex vivo cord blood expansion. Cell dose is also an important consideration for cord blood banking as donated UCB that is collected with cell count <800 million nucleated cells has very low chance of utilization by many transplant centres which demand the best cell doses for their patients. As such, not all UCB collected is banked, although many of the low volume cords can still be reassigned to research. Strategies to increase the number of cells collected from each delivery include the use of ex utero devices which apply suction, perfusion or pressure to delivered placenta and umbilical cord in order to maximize HSC collection. Devices which enhance cell recovery during cord blood processing also help to minimize cell loss. Other strategies which might influence obstetric practice are not advised. As the worldwide experience in UCBT and UCB banking grows, patient outcomes have continued to improve such that UCBT now has a firm place in the HSCT spectrum of care with even greater potential for growth in the years to come. The challenge is for these advances to stay cost-effective so that the majority of patients can still have access to them.     

Regional redistribution of blood in unanesthetized rats after blood loss

Relative changes in local blood volume in 46 vascular regions of the body after moderate and severe blood loss are described. Moderate blood loss caused a redistribution of blood from the skin of the chest and hind limbs, most organs of the abdomen and pelvis, the muscular and bony tissues of the abdomen, pelvis, and limbs to the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, stomach and to the muscles of the head and neck. After severe blood loss the changes were similar but the blood volume in the kidneys and stomach was reduced; a relative increase in the blood volume in the muscular and bony tissues of the thorax also was observed. The intensity of the redistributive response to severe blood loss was less than to a moderate blood loss.Central Research Laboratory, S. M. Kirov Leningrad Postgraduate Medical Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR P. N. Veselkin.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 82, No. 9, pp. 1045–1047, September, 1976.     

2010-2012年广州市无偿献血血液报废情况分析

目的对近年广州市无偿献血血液报废情况进行分析,探讨降低血液报废率的措施,以减少血液浪费。方法收集广州血液中心2010-2012年所有血液采集制备信息和血液报废的信息,使用统计软件进行整理分析。结果共采集制备血液2827955U,报废179794U,报废率为6.35%;感染性不合格血液导致的报废占总报废量的64.79%,是血液报废的主要原因。感染性不合格血液报废率由高到低依次为ALT（2.12%）〉HBV（0.85%）〉梅毒（0.53%）〉HCV（0.49%）〉HIV（0.12%）;非感染性不合格原因的报废占总报废量的35.20%,报废率由高到低依次为乳糜血（1.63%）〉过期血（0.27%）〉血袋破裂和渗漏（0.16%）〉其他（0.08%）〉溶血（0.06%）〉血凝块（0.01%）〉纤维蛋白析出（0.005%）。结论血液报废的主要原因是感染性标志物阳性导致的血液不合格。做好献血前的征询和宣传,进行ALT初筛,加强献血知识普及和献血前注意事项的告知,对降低血液报废率,加强血液安全有重要意义。     

母血与脐血血清游离氨基酸谱的比较

本实验取在分娩过程中的50对健康足月妊娠母亲的静脉血与其分娩的胎儿脐带血分别测定其血清中游离氨基酸的浓度,发现:(1)脐血中绝大多数氨基酸的浓度都显著高于母血。(2)分娩中产妇血清游离氨基酸总浓度高于非妊娠育龄妇女。(3)男性胎儿和女性胎儿的脐血氨基酸浓度除胱氨酸以外均无显著性差异。