淹溺后双肺变化的斑片磨玻璃影

老年男性患者, 因淹溺伴意识丧失入院, 影像学主要表现为双肺多发的斑片磨玻璃影, 最初沿重力分布, 短期内演变为沿支气管血管束分布, 支气管肺泡灌洗液呈先浅后深的血性液体, 诊断考虑淹溺后的吸入性肺炎, 继发肺水肿伴肺泡出血。经验性抗感染治疗、有创机械通气、糖皮质激素抗炎后患者病情好转, 顺利出院, 复查胸部CT可见双肺斑片及磨玻璃影大部吸收。     

硬金属致巨细胞间质性肺炎一例并文献复习

目的 提高对硬金属粉尘致巨细胞间质性肺炎的临床、胸部影像学和病理表现的认识.方法 对1例经胸腔镜肺活检证实的巨细胞间质性肺炎患者的硬金属粉尘职业史、临床、胸部x线、CT、病理资料并结合有关文献进行回顾性分析.结果 患者女,30岁,钨棒磨削工,接触含钴和钨等硬金属粉尘3年,咳嗽和活动后喘息40 d.肺功能检查示混合性通气功能障碍,弥散功能明显下降(D<,L>CO占预计值%为39%),X线胸片和高分辨率CT示两肺弥漫性分布的磨玻璃影和边界不清的小结节影.肺活检病理表现为巨细胞间质性肺炎,肺泡腔内可见巨噬细胞和大量的多核巨细胞聚集,位于肺泡腔内的多核巨细胞内可见被吞噬的炎症细胞;细支气管及周围肺泡腔可见慢性炎症细胞浸润和肺间质纤维化.结合患者的职业史及特征性病理改变,诊断为硬金属致巨细胞间质性肺炎和硬金属肺疾病.患者脱离接触金属粉尘工作后,经糖皮质激素治疗临床症状缓解,胸部异常阴影明显吸收.结论 巨细胞间质性肺炎是硬金属肺疾病的特征性病理改变.在间质性肺疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断中需重视患者的职业暴露史.     

外源性变应性肺泡炎的临床病理特征和影像学表现

目的探讨外源性变应性肺泡炎(EAA)的临床病理特征和影像学表现。方法分析5例外源性变应性肺泡炎病例的临床特点、影像学表现、肺活检的病理特征。结果 EAA常见的临床表现为咳嗽、呼吸困难、咳痰、发热;主要阳性体征为轻度紫绀、肺部听诊湿啰音或Velcro啰音;肺功能检查显示限制性通气功能障碍和弥散功能障碍。HRCT表现为磨玻璃影、小叶间隔增厚、小叶中心性结节、网格影和蜂窝肺等。支气管肺泡灌洗液显示淋巴细胞增多。肺活检组织病理学示淋巴细胞性间质性肺炎,细支气管周围可见小的不典型肉芽肿和多核巨细胞。患者对糖皮质激素治疗有效。结论临床表现结合影像学特点可提示EAA临床诊断,肺活检是诊断EAA有效的检查方法。     

肺炎型细支气管肺泡癌6例临床分析

目的提高对肺炎型细支气管肺泡细胞癌(bronchioloalveolar carcinoma,BAC)的临床及影像学特点的认识。方法对2006年1月至2011年7月在巢湖市第一人民医院确诊的6例肺炎型BAC患者的临床症状、影像学特点、误诊情况等资料进行分析。结果 6例BAC患者男女各3例,年龄为47～78岁。6例中5例以咳嗽、咳痰为首发表现,其中咳大量泡沫痰2例,合并咯血1例,合并胸闷、呼吸困难2例。影像学检查主要表现为肺部实变及磨玻璃样影,位于周边部。2例经手术后标本病理确诊,4例经皮肺穿刺活检病理确诊。结论肺炎型BAC易误诊,咳嗽、咳痰为其主要症状,影像学检查以肺部实变影为主。经皮肺穿刺活检对肺炎型BAC诊断帮助较大。     

非特异性间质性肺炎患者的高分辨率CT表现及其病理学特点

目的探讨非特异性间质性肺炎（NSIP）的高分辨率CT（HRCT）影像学特点及其病理学改变。方法对9例经开胸肺活组织检查（简称肺活检）证实为NSIP患者的HRCT与病理表现进行回顾性分析。结果9例NSIP患者HRCT主要表现为两侧斑片状磨玻璃影、实变影、伴或不伴不规则线影和牵拉性支气管和细支气管扩张，分布在中、下肺的外周，但未见蜂窝影。HRCT表现为磨玻璃影伴或不伴不规则线影和牵拉性支气管和细支气管扩张的区域，其相应的病理改变为不同程度的炎性细胞浸润和纤维化引起的肺间质增厚，病变时相基本一致；在HRCT表现为实变影的区域，其病理改变表现为间质纤维化病变程度重于间质炎症；也可表现为闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎样改变，肺泡腔内泡沫状细胞聚集，镜下可见蜂窝肺内有黏液潴留等病理改变。结论NSIP患者的HRCT表现有一定的特征性；根据病理特点并结合临床资料及HRCT表现可初步诊断为NSIP。     

大容量全肺灌洗术治疗肺泡蛋白沉积症三例临床分析

肺泡蛋白沉积症（PAP）是1种病因未明的弥漫性肺部疾病,以肺泡腔及终末呼吸性细支气管腔内沉积大量过碘酸雪夫（PAS）染色阳性的不可溶性富磷脂蛋白质物质为特征.临床症状缺乏特异性,主要表现为咳嗽、进行性呼吸困难、低氧血症,肺功能可表现为限制性通气功能障碍及弥散功能降低,胸部CT主要表现为弥漫性分布的片状不规则磨玻璃影、实变影或网格影,常被误诊为特发性肺间质纤维化、支气管肺泡癌等难治性疾病,延误治疗时机.大容量全肺灌洗术（WLL）是目前治疗PAP最经济有效的方法.现对我院2012年收治的3例PAP患者的临床资料进行分析,探讨WLL在PAP治疗中的临床应用价值.     

1例脑挫伤术后白色念珠菌肺炎、纹带棒状杆菌肺部感染合并单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎的诊断及治疗

目的 总结1例脑挫伤术后白色念珠菌肺炎、纹带棒状杆菌肺部感染合并单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎的诊治方法，提高临床医生对此类感染的认识。方法 回顾性分析1例脑挫伤术后白色念珠菌肺炎、纹带棒状杆菌感染肺炎合并单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎患者的临床资料。结果 患者男性，85岁，脑挫伤术后并伴有肾上腺皮质功能不全。2020年8月28日，患者发热加重，胸部CT示双肺多发条片状高密度影，右下肺条片状高密度影。痰真菌培养加药物敏感试验示白色念珠菌，诊断为可疑白色念珠菌肺炎，给予氟康唑注射液静滴。2020年8月30日，口腔分泌物涂片示真菌感染。纤维支气管镜检查可见白色菌斑，支气管肺泡灌洗液病原学检查示纹带棒杆菌和白色念珠菌，胸部CT示双肺多发条片状高密度影，右下肺实变肺组织内见支气管充气征，较2020年8月28日胸部CT片加重，确诊为白色念珠菌肺炎、纹带棒状杆菌肺部感染，口服伏立康唑，头孢哌酮/舒巴坦注射液联合万古霉素静滴。2020年9月2日，口周疱疹，口周单纯性病毒性疱疹，脑膜刺激征阳性。颅脑CT示双侧额颞部颅骨骨板下可见少量液性低密度影。腰椎穿刺示淡红色脑脊液，颅内压190 mmhg。脑脊液常规及生化示红色混浊，红细...     

肺炎型细支气管肺泡细胞癌1例并文献复习

目的探讨肺炎型细支气管肺泡细胞癌的临床特征及诊断。方法 1例肺炎型细支气管肺泡细胞癌同时结合国内外文献复习。结果肺炎型细支气管肺泡细胞癌,首发症状以咳嗽、咯血及进行性呼吸困难为多见,实变肺密度低、蜂窝肺征、血管造影征尤其是血管高密度征、枯树枝征及多发腺泡结节是其胸部CT的主要表现特点。结论肺炎型细支气管肺泡细胞癌临床及影像学表现多样,易误诊误治,经支气管镜肺活检及支气管肺泡灌洗找脱落细胞是诊断肺炎型细支气管肺泡细胞癌的可靠方法。     

伴肺炎与低氧血症的新型甲型H1N1流感二例报告

目的 分析2例重症新型甲型H1N1流感(简称甲型流感)合并肺炎患者的临床表现、影像学特点和治疗经过,提高对本病的认识.方法 回顾性分析2009年9月入住南京市第二医院南山分院的2例确诊为甲型流感合并肺炎患者的临床表现、胸部CT特点及治疗经过.结果 2例患者中1例为女性,54岁,无基础疾病;1例为男性,31岁,有支气管哮喘史.主要症状和体征为发热、咳嗽,肺部可闻及湿性哕音.2例患者胸部CT主要表现为实变影及磨玻璃影,以双下肺和胸膜下分布为主,累及多个肺叶、肺段,实变影内可见支气管充气征.2例患者咽拭子甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸阳性,确诊为甲型流感.2例患者入院时均存在低氧血症,白细胞计数和淋巴细胞计数下降,血乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平和肌酸激酶(CK)水平明显升高.2例患者均接受奥司他韦、糖皮质激素以及吸氧等对症支持治疗,其中1例间断接受无创通气.治疗后,临床症状缓解,胸部CT示实变影和磨玻璃影较入院时明显吸收.白细胞计数、LDH及CK水平恢复正常,复查咽拭子甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸阴性,康复出院.结论 部分甲型流感患者可合并肺炎,临床表现无特异性,胸部CT主要表现为双肺弥漫性分布的实变影及磨玻璃影;及时动态复查胸部CT对诊断和了解病情进展非常必要;糖皮质激素可缓解甲型流感合并肺炎患者咳嗽及气喘等症状,有助于肺部病变的吸收.     

肺结节病46例病理及胸部CT特征

目的探讨肺结节病的病理和影像学特征，提高临床诊断水平。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2005年8月在北京协和医院住院的46例肺结节病患者的病理和影像学资料。结果46例肺内结节病患者支气管肺泡灌洗液中淋巴细胞为0．47±0．18，CD4／CD8为6．63±4．51，血清血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）水平为（47±16）U／L。12例胸部CT表现为纵隔肺门淋巴结对称性肿大。16例表现为肺内结节影，沿支气管纹理分布或散在随机分布，呈粟粒状。多发斑片状（实变影）为13例。双肺磨玻璃样变为5例；13例经开胸、胸腔镜和纵隔镜取病理，33例行经皮肺活检、经支气管镜黏膜或肺活检。镜下可见病变内无干酪坏死上皮样结节。结节间可见无细胞成分的玻璃样变物质。结节围绕血管、淋巴管及支气管黏膜下分布，部分病例可见肉芽肿性血管炎。结论肺结节病胸部CT表现多样，确诊需要临床、支气管肺泡灌洗液检测结果和病理学表现并结合糖皮质激素疗效综合判断。     

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma masked by gravity-dependent gradient on computed tomography

A 78-year-old woman was found to have a small bronchioloalveolar carcinoma with ground-glass attenuation in the gravity-dependent gradient in the left lower lobe during a preoperative chest computed tomography (CT) evaluation, which was performed for previously-diagnosed adenocarcinoma of the right upper lobe. To remove the gravitational effect of the CT, the patient underwent a thin section CT in the prone position. Then, a ground-glass attenuation was revealed clearly in the left lower lobe. Postoperative pathological diagnosis was synchronous multiple bronchioloalveolar carcinomas, stage IA. This case suggests that focal areas of ground-glass attenuations on a thin-section CT in patients with BAC would be considered to be multicentric development of BAC. CT with the patient in the prone position helps to exclude the gravitational effect and narrow the differential diagnosis of ground-glass opacity, including localized forms of BAC.     

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung Spreading Along the Alveolar Walls With a Bubblelike Appearance on HRCT

On health examination, a nodular opacity of size of 25 mm was detected in a 54-year-old man. High-resolution computed tomography scans showed irregular-shaped ground glass opacity with bubble-like appearance in the right lung. The low-magnified histological findings after right upper lobectomy demonstrated squamous cell carcinoma that progressed along the alveolar septum and resembled the growing pattern of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. As the mechanism of the formation of air density on computed tomography, the presence of check valve phenomenon was estimated. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung that multiplies along alveolar walls shows localized ground glass opacity including air density areas similar to those in bronchioloalveolar carcinoma on high-resolution computed tomography.     

A case of a slow-growing, non-mucin-producing bronchioloalveolar carcinoma with a 9-year clinical history before thoracoscopic surgery]

A 73-year-old woman was followed up with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) from 2000 through 2002 because an area of ground-glass opacity in area S1 + 2 of the left upper lobe was found on HRCT in August 2000. The opacity was present on ordinary CT scans obtained in 1993, but had not been recognized. Thoracoscopic partial resection of the left lung was performed on October 8, 2002. Pathologic examination of the resected specimen showed localized bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (Noguchi's type B). Tumor doubling time was 1718 days from 1993 to August 2000 and 273 days from August 2000 through 2002. This case of adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar growth was characterized by initial slow growth followed by accelerated growth, no mucin production, and a long interval from the detection of opacity to surgery.     

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma complicated by a lesion resembling bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia in the opposite lung]

A 50-year-old woman with abnormal shadows in her chest radiograph was admitted for a more detailed examination in April 2000. A chest CT scan showed infiltrates surrounded by ground-glass opacities in the right upper lobe, and ground-glass opacities with partial infiltrative changes in the left lower lobe. A diagnosis of adenocarcinoma like bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) was made for the lesion in the right upper lobe by means of a transbronchial biopsy. However, the specimen from the left lower lobe showed nonspecific changes, and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) or a metastatic lesion from the BAC was suspected. We prescribed steroids for the short term. Since the lesion in the left lobe disappeared, we performed a right upper lobectomy. In cases of primary lung carcinoma, BOOP in the opposite lung is rare and it was difficult to decide on the operability. We concluded that steroid therapy is useful for distinguishing between inflammatory and tumorous lesions in cases in which a detailed examination is difficult.     

Ground-glass opacity nodules: histopathology, imaging evaluation, and clinical implications

Ground-glass opacity (GGO) nodules noted at thin-section computed tomography (CT) scan have been shown to have a histopathologic relationship with atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC, or adenocarcinoma in situ), and adenocarcinoma with a predominant BAC component (minimally invasive adenocarcinoma). Patients harboring GGO nodules of BAC or adenocarcinoma with a predominant BAC component demonstrate negative results for malignancy at positron emission tomography. In peripheral adenocarcinoma of a part-solid (mixed GGO and solid attenuation) nodular nature, both the degree of disappearance of GGO area, when the lung window is changed to a mediastinal window image at CT scanning, and the maximum standardized uptake value at positron emission tomography correlate well with histopathologic BAC and non-BAC ratios. However, a high non-BAC ratio appears to be the only independent prognosis-determining factor. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations are positively correlated with the GGO ratio at a thin-section CT scan in lung adenocarcinomas. As patients with a GGO nodule of BAC or adenocarcinoma with a predominant BAC component have a good prognosis, a wedge resection is recommended as a treatment option, in preference to lobectomy. Even for multiple malignant pure GGO nodules, minimally invasive surgery (including multiple resections) with the preservation of lung volume and adequate imaging follow-up studies are the recommended diagnostic and therapeutic measures.     

False-negative PET scan with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma: an important diagnostic caveat

Positron emission tomography (PET) is becoming widely accepted as a powerful diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of lung cancer, but it has very poor sensitivity for the detection of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) and adenocarcinoma with BAC pattern, the less common form of pulmonary neoplasia. We present a case of a patient with a negative PET scan who might have been followed by observation but was found to have bronchioloalveolar carcinoma at thoracotomy. PET has a reported sensitivity of over 98% in most series but misses almost two-thirds of BAC lesions, which might delay invasive testing and early diagnosis of this potentially lethal cancer. Although this diagnostic limitation has been well reported in the radiology literature, the high reported sensitivity and sensitivity can give clinicians a false sense of security with negative PET scans of lung nodules. The usual risk factors for bronchogenic carcinoma are less reliable for these subtypes of non-small-cell lung cancer; thus, clinicians need to have a high index of suspicion for BAC and exercise caution when making decisions on the basis of PET.     

A case of suspected lung metastasis of pancreatic carcinoma with bronchorrhea similar to bronchioloalveolar carcinoma]

There have been only a few reports of bronchorrhea in patients with metastatic pulmonary carcinoma. We report a case of suspected lung metastasis of pancreatic carcinoma with bronchorrhea, which was radiologically similar to bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. A 67-year-old man who had previously undergone surgical resection of pancreatic carcinoma was admitted because of a progressive cough producing copious amounts of serous sputum. A chest radiograph on admission revealed an infiltrative shadow with air bronchograms and ground glass opacities in the left middle and lower lung fields. A chest CT scan revealed a consolidative shadow with air bronchograms and bubble-like lucencies similar to bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in the left lower lobe. The histopathological features of the specimen obtained by transbronchial biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma with a pattern identical to that of the pancreatic carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-SP-A antibody was entirely negative but those with anti-CA 19-9, Dupan 2 and CA 50 were positive in both lung and pancreatic tumors. These results strongly suggest that the pulmonary carcinoma was a metastasis of cystic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. In summary, for a definitive diagnosis of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, extrapulmonary adenocarcinoma as a primary site should first be ruled out.     

Differential diagnosis of ground-glass opacity nodules: CT number analysis by three-dimensional computerized quantification

OBJECTIVES: To differentiate among atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), and adenocarcinoma showing ground-glass opacity (GGO) on CT scans, we conducted a study to determine the optimal parameter on CT number analysis using three-dimensional (3D) computerized quantification. METHODS: From the CT numbers of GGO lesions obtained by 3D computerized quantification, CT number histogram pattern, peak CT number on the histogram, mean CT number, and the 5th to 95th percentile CT numbers were analyzed to determine the optimal parameter for differentiation among AAH (n = 10), BAC (n = 21), and adenocarcinoma (n = 12). RESULTS: While the CT number histogram showed one peak in all 10 of the AAH lesions (100%), it showed two peaks in 8 of 21 BAC lesions (38%), and in 5 of 12 adenocarcinoma lesions (42%). For differentiation between AAH and BAC, the 75th percentile CT number with a cutoff value of -584 Hounsfield units (HU) was optimal, with a sensitivity of 0.90 and a specificity of 0.81. For differentiation between BAC and adenocarcinoma, a mean CT number with a cutoff value of -472 HU was optimal, with a sensitivity of 0.75 and a specificity of 0.81. CONCLUSIONS: From the analysis of CT numbers of GGO lesions obtained by 3D computerized quantification, we conclude the following: (1) two peaks on the CT number histogram can rule out AAH; (2) the 75th percentile is the optimal CT number for differentiating between AAH and BAC; and (3) the mean CT number is the optimal CT number for differentiating between BAC and adenocarcinoma.     

Computed tomography halo sign in pulmonary nodules: frequency and diagnostic value

On computed tomography (CT) scanning, a ground-glass opacity zone surrounding a pulmonary nodule has been named the computed tomography (CT) halo sign. To investigate the frequency and diagnostic value of the CT halo sign, the authors reviewed the CT examinations of 305 patients with proven diseases producing solitary or multiple nodules. The CT halo sign was seen in 22 patients (7%). Eleven patients had a solitary nodule; five patients had multiple nodules; and six patients had nodules associated with areas of pulmonary consolidation, or ground-glass opacity, or both. Solitary nodules were the result of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (n = 5), tuberculoma (n = 2), squamous cell carcinoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, myxovirus infection, and metastasis (n = 1 each). Multiple nodules were the result of metastasis (n = 2), Kaposi sarcoma (n = 2), and Wegener granulomatosis (n = 1). Nodules associated with areas of consolidation or ground-glass opacity were the result of metastasis (n = 2), bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, eosinophilic pneumonia, and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (n = 1 each). The data showed that the CT halo sign is a nonspecific finding. It is known that in immunocompromised patients the CT halo sign should suggest invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, Kaposi sarcoma, and lymphoproliferative pulmonary disorders. However, in immunocompetent patients, the authors found that a solitary nodule with the CT halo sign and pseudocavitations has a high likelihood of being a bronchioloalveolar carcinoma.