自酸蚀与全酸蚀粘接剂对牙釉质和牙本质的剪切粘接强度比较

目的 比较自酸蚀与伞酸蚀粘接剂对牙釉质和牙本质剪切粘接强度,以期为临床提供参考.方法 选择因牙周病拔除的上颌中切牙20颗,使用两种自酸蚀粘接剂[A(ClearfilTM Protect Bond)、B(AdporTM PromptTM)]和两种全酸蚀粘接剂[C(SwissTEC SL Bond)、D(Single Bond)]按照厂家推荐步骤对牙釉质和牙本质进行粘接,并测试牙釉质和牙本质粘接样本的剪切粘接强度.结果 4种粘接剂对牙釉质和牙本质粘接强度分别为:粘接剂A(25.33±2.84)、(26.07±5.56)MPa;粘接剂B(17.08±5.13)、(17.93±4.70)MPa;粘接剂C(33.14±6.05)、(41.92±6.25)MPa;粘接剂D(22.51±6.25)、(21.45±7.34)MPa.粘接剂C对牙釉质和牙本质剪切粘接强度显著高于其他3种粘接剂(P<0.05);粘接剂B的剪切粘接强度显著低于其他3种粘接剂(P<0.05).结论 本研究所选用的自酸蚀两步法粘接剂的剪切粘接强度与部分伞酸蚀粘接剂相当,高于自酸蚀一步法粘接剂.     

脱矿牙本质与四种粘接剂的粘接强度测试及粘接界面观察

目的比较脱矿牙本质与4种全酸蚀或自酸蚀粘接剂的粘接强度及粘接界面超微结构的差异,以期对临床治疗有所指导。方法选择20颗面龋坏的离体磨牙,在龋显示剂的指示下去除牙本质龋的感染层,保留脱矿牙本质。平齐龋洞洞底平面,去除冠向牙体组织,作为粘接面。选择临床常用的2种全酸蚀粘接剂:材料A(All Bond2)、材料B(Prime&BondNT)和2种自酸蚀粘接剂:材料C(ClearfilSEBond)、材料D(XenoⅢ),分别按说明书要求粘接。用慢速锯将样本牙切为粘接面积约0.9mm×0.9mm的长方体试件。体视显微镜下将试件分为正常牙本质组和脱矿牙本质组,用微拉伸测试仪检测粘接强度。扫描电镜观察各组试件粘接界面的超微形态。结果方差分析提示牙本质类型和粘接剂对微拉伸粘接强度的影响均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对正常牙本质,不同粘接剂的微拉伸粘接强度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对于脱矿牙本质,材料D的微拉伸粘接强度较其他粘接剂明显降低(P<0.05)。扫描电镜下观察脱矿牙本质的混合层多孔稀疏,树脂突短少,无侧枝形成。结论对脱矿牙本质,本项实验中全酸蚀粘接剂的粘接强度优于自酸蚀粘接剂。     

三种自酸蚀粘接剂使用方法对牙本质粘接的影响

目的 观察不同的酸蚀处理时间和使用方式对3种自酸蚀粘接剂牙本质粘接强度的影响. 方法 将3种自酸蚀粘接剂[粘接剂1(Adper Prompt,3M-Espe,U S A)、粘接剂2(XenoⅢ,Dentsply,Konstanz,Germany)、粘接剂3(Clearfil SE Bond,Kuraray,Japan)]按照酸蚀处理时间和使用方式分组,每种粘接剂均分为标准组(厂家推荐操作组)、缩短处理时间组(缩短组)、延长处理时间组(延长组)及改变使用方式组,每组均选择15个粘接样本,分别测定牙本质微拉伸粘接强度,扫描电镜下观察粘接界面. 结果 缩短、标准及延长酸蚀时间时,粘接强度分别为粘接剂1:(16.30±2.59)、(23.13±2.56)、(22.28±2.83)MPa;粘接剂2:(15.17±6.07)、(34.50±3.64)、(24.87±7.01)MPa;粘接剂3:(29.92±3.32)、(42.21±6.28)、(41.07±3.93)MPa(P<0.01).粘接剂1、2、3改变使用方式组的粘接强度分别为(12.53±3.73)、(23.98±3.86)、(48.37±4.95)MPa,分别与同种粘接剂的标准组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01). 结论 缩短酸蚀处理时间可显著降低自酸蚀粘接剂的粘接效果;延长酸蚀处理时间并未提高自酸蚀粘接剂的粘接效果;涂擦使用时,不同粘接剂的牙本质粘接效果不同;使用粘接剂应严格参照厂家推荐的操作步骤.     

酸蚀时间对牙本质粘接界面纳米渗漏和粘接强度的影响

目的:研究、比较不同酸蚀时间对4种全酸蚀粘接剂[OptiBond Solo(OB)、Single Bond(SB)、One-Step(OS)、Prime & Bond NT(PB)]牙本质粘接界面纳米渗漏和粘接强度的影响.方法:选取80颗无龋损人磨牙,用600目碳化硅砂纸在流水冲洗下预备出统一的牙本质粘接面玷污层,分别选用4种粘接剂在不同酸蚀时间条件下进行粘接处理;每颗牙齿垂直于粘接面切割出8个1.0 mm×1.0 mm×4.0 mm粘接试件,分别在TEM下观察其粘接界面纳米渗漏以及进行微抗拉强度(μBS)测试.结果:4种粘接剂的牙本质粘接强度OB为(25.36±4.18)MPa、SB为(24.25±3.97)MPa、OS为(28.65±4.93)MPa和PB为(27.12±4.13)MPa,在酸蚀粘接面15 s时均取得高的牙本质粘接强度(P＜0.01),并且牙本质粘接界面纳米渗漏均随粘接面酸蚀时间的延长而增加,呈正相关关系(F OB=0.842,F SB=0.888,F OS=0.877,F PB=0.865;P＜0.01).结论:通过合理控制粘接面酸蚀时间,可以在保证牙本质粘接强度的前提下,减少牙本质粘接界面纳米渗漏.     

小型猪牙髓对牙本质自酸蚀和全酸蚀粘接系统的组织病理学反应

目的 观察小型猪牙髓对牙本质自酸蚀和全酸蚀粘接系统的组织病理学反应,研究不同牙本质粘接剂对牙髓组织的刺激.方法 在小型猪磨牙及前磨牙上备洞,分别涂布4种牙本质粘接剂,玻璃离子充填,术后1d、3d、7d取牙髓组织进行组织病理学观察.结果 术后1d各组均表现为成牙本质细胞排列紊乱、毛细血管扩张;术后3d、7d自酸蚀组牙髓逐渐恢复正常,全酸蚀组仍可见炎症性病理变化.结论 自酸蚀粘接系统对牙髓组织刺激轻微,全酸蚀粘接系统对牙髓组织的刺激较重.     

不同酸蚀模式对通用型粘接剂粘接效果的影响

通用型粘接剂是一类既可使用酸蚀冲洗模式,又可以使用自酸蚀模式的粘接剂,临床应用简单便捷,因此受到了口腔医生的青睐。然而,不同酸蚀模式的原理、临床应用条件及粘接效果可能存在差异。本文就通用型粘接剂在不同酸蚀模式下的粘接效果进行综述,结果发现针对不同牙体组织界面应采取不同的酸蚀模式。对于釉质粘接,使用酸蚀-冲洗模式的粘接效果更好;对于牙本质粘接,超温和型通用型粘接剂更适合选择酸蚀-冲洗模式,温和型通用型粘接剂更适合自酸蚀模式;对于特殊的牙齿组织例如氟牙症和硬化牙本质,酸蚀-冲洗模式能够更加有效的粘接,而龋病影响的牙本质在不同酸蚀模式下粘接强度没有差异。     

三种粘接剂粘接不同牙本质的微拉伸粘接强度比较

目的采用微拉伸粘接强度实验测定3种牙本质粘接剂粘接楔状缺损处硬化牙本质的粘接强度。方法选择有典型楔状缺损并因牙周病拔除的上颌前磨牙30颗作为实验组，正常上颌前磨牙30颗作为对照组，使用粘接剂A（全酸蚀粘接剂Scotchbond Multi—Purpose）、B（一步法自酸蚀粘接剂Adper Prompt L-Pop）和C（两步法自酸蚀粘接剂Contax）处理硬化牙本质和正常牙本质表面，相应树脂修复。测试两组试件的微拉伸粘接强度。结果粘接剂A、B、C粘接硬化牙本质的微拉伸粘接强度分别为46．805MPa、39．045MPa、29．852MPa。粘接剂A和C与硬化牙本质的微拉伸粘接强度低于正常牙本质，而粘接剂B与之相反，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论牙颈部楔状缺损处硬化牙本质由于结构上的特殊性可造成粘接困难。酸性强有利于粘接剂与硬化牙本质的粘接。     

评价新型粘接剂在不同粘接模式下的牙本质粘接性能

目的评价1种新型单瓶型多模式粘接剂在不同粘接模式下与牙本质的粘接强度和粘接耐久性。方法制作3组牙本质/复合树脂粘接试件,其中每组牙本质在粘接前接受不同的表面调节。包括不处理(空白对照),Singlebond Universal粘接剂自酸蚀模式下调节牙本质,Singlebond Universal粘接剂在酸蚀冲洗模式下调节牙本质。测量各组粘接试件水储24 h和180 d的微拉伸粘接强度值并进行统计分析。以扫描电子显微镜观察各组试件的粘接界面。结果不论老化前还是老化后,3组间的粘接强度均存在显著性差异,其中空白组的粘接强度值最低,另两组间则无显著性差异。人工老化使空白组的粘接强度值显著下降,而对另两组则并无显著影响。结论 Singlebond Universal粘接剂在自酸蚀粘接模式和酸蚀冲洗粘接模式下均能够形成与牙本质良好的粘接。     

羟基磷灰石脱敏剂对通用型粘接剂粘接性能的影响

目的探讨含羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HA)的脱敏剂对不同粘接模式下通用型粘接剂粘接性能的影响,为脱敏处理后粘接剂的使用提供依据。方法选取因阻生而拔除的第三磨牙60颗(西安交通大学口腔医院口腔颌面外科提供)。将4颗牙制备为1 mm厚牙本质片,1%柠檬酸处理建立牙本质敏感模型,分为对照组(无任何处理)、脱敏牙膏A和B组(分别用含HA的脱敏牙膏Biorepair和Dontodent Sensitive处理)、脱敏糊剂组(HA糊剂处理)(每组2片),扫描电镜观察各组牙本质表面形貌。剩余牙暴露冠中部牙本质并建立牙本质敏感模型,分入上述4组进行相应处理。每组再分为2个亚组,使用中强酸型通用型粘接剂(G-Premio Bond)分别在酸蚀-冲洗模式或自酸蚀模式下进行粘接,堆塑树脂,制备树脂-牙本质片状试件(每亚组4个)、微拉伸试件(每亚组20个)和片状试件(每亚组6个),分别进行粘接界面微观结构和纳米渗漏情况扫描电镜观察、微拉伸强度(粘接强度)测试及断裂模式记录、粘接界面水渗透情况激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察。结果扫描电镜显示,脱敏牙膏和脱敏糊剂处理均可部分或完全封闭多数牙本质小管。对于酸蚀-冲洗模式,脱敏牙膏A、B组和脱敏糊剂组粘接强度[分别为(40.98±4.60)、(40.89±4.64)和(41.48±3.65)MPa]均显著大于对照组[(38.58±4.28)MPa](F=3.89,P<0.05);对于自酸蚀模式,4组粘接强度差异均无统计学意义(F=0.48,P>0.05);各组自酸蚀粘接模式粘接强度均显著大于同组酸蚀-冲洗粘接模式(P<0.05)。4组总体断裂模式主要为混合破坏和界面破坏。扫描电镜观察显示,酸蚀-冲洗模式下粘接界面银染颗粒沿混合层底部呈斑点状分布,自酸蚀模式几乎不存在银染颗粒沉积。激光扫描共聚焦显微镜显示酸蚀-冲洗模式混合层内存在连续线状渗透,自酸蚀模式混合层内呈不连续线状渗透。结论含HA的脱敏剂处理对中强酸型通用型粘接剂的粘接性能无不利影响,搭配自酸蚀粘接模式可获得良好的粘接效果。     

自酸蚀粘接剂混合后延迟应用对粘接强度的影响

目的:评价"二瓶装、一步法"自酸蚀粘接剂混合后延迟应用对粘接强度的影响.方法:去除磨牙面釉质,等分暴露的牙本质面,其中一个半面用即刻混合的"二瓶装、一步法" 自酸蚀粘接剂(Adper Prompt、Xeno Ⅲ)进行粘接,另一个半面用混合后放置一段时间(0.5、1、2、3、4、5、6 h) 的自酸蚀粘接剂进行粘接.然后制备用于粘接强度测定及粘接界面观察用的条状试样并进行测定.结果:Adper Prompt混合后5 h以内应用,粘接强度无明显变化;Xeno Ⅲ混合后3 h以内应用,粘接强度无明显变化.结论:"二瓶装、一步法"自酸蚀粘接剂混合后的可使用时间是有限的,不同粘接剂的可使用时间是不同的.     

Effect of dentin conditioning time on nanoleakage

OBJECTIVES: To study the nanoleakage pattern in the dentin hybrid layer by using different dentin adhesives. The null hypotheses tested in this study were: 1) dentin conditioning time does not affect nanoleakage within the hybrid layer; 2) the type of dentin adhesive used does not affect nanoleakage. METHODS: Standardized Class V cavities were prepared in 30 intact human molars on the buccal and lingual surfaces. The specimens were randomly assigned to 2 total-etch dentin adhesives (OptiBond SOLO Plus [OPS, Kerr] and One-Step [ONS, BISCO Inc]) and 2 self-etch dentin adhesives (Clearfil SE Bond [CSE, Kuraray] and Adper Prompt L-Pop [APL, 3M ESPE]). The specimens were etched or conditioned for 15 seconds, 30 seconds or 60 seconds. Upon restoration of the Class V cavities with the proprietary resin composite, the specimens were isolated with nail polish except for a 2.0-mm rim around the restoration, and they were immersed in 50 wt% ammoniacal silver nitrate solution (pH=9.5) for 24 hours followed by 8 hours of immersion in photo-developing solution to reduce the silver ions to metallic silver. The specimens were fixed, dehydrated and processed for FESEM and TEM. Silver penetration was measured along the cervical wall, and data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric tests at a significance level of 95%. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences among the experimental groups for the factor "conditioning time" (p>0.926). There were significant differences for the variable "dentin adhesive" (p<0.0001). The least amount of nanoleakage within the hybrid layer occurred with CSE, while ONS resulted in the greatest penetration of silver ions. The adhesives OPS and APL ranked in the intermediary subset. Under TEM, all adhesives resulted in some degree of nanoleakage within the hybrid layer. Both spotted/reticular and water-tree nanoleakage patterns were observed. SIGNIFICANCE: Longer conditioning times did not increase nanoleakage within the hybrid layer. Nanoleakage varied with the type of adhesive used.     

Effects of dentin characteristics on interfacial nanoleakage

Water emanating from dentinal tubules during air-drying and light-curing of adhesives leads to entrapment of droplets at the resin-dentin interface and contributes to nanoleakage. This study tested the null hypothesis that characteristics of substrate dentin and type of adhesive used for bonding would not affect the occurrence of nanoleakage. Three self-etch adhesives were used to bond to 4 types of dentin with different characteristics in 12 groups. After silver challenge, nanoleakage percentage was measured within the hybrid layer of each sample. The deep dentin cut perpendicular to tubules always showed a significantly higher nanoleakage percentage compared with that of the other 3 types of dentin. The percentages of nanoleakage within the hybrid layers were not statistically different among adhesives. However, when bonding to deep perpendicular dentin, both all-in-one adhesives revealed more distinct nanoleakage within the adhesive layer compared with that achieved with Clearfil SE Bond, a two-step self-etch adhesive. The results did not support the null hypothesis.     

Nanoleakage patterns of four dentin bonding systems.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nanoleakage patterns of four dentin bonding systems. METHODS: The dentin bonding systems used in this study were: Single Bond, One Coat Bond, Prime & Bond NT/Non Rinse Conditioner (NRC), and PermaQuik. Flat occlusal dentin surfaces from extracted human molars were finished with wet 600-grit silicon carbide paper, and bonded with one of the dentin bonding systems. After 24 h storage at 37 degrees C in water, margins were finished with polishing discs and the surrounding tooth surfaces coated with nail varnish. The samples were immersed in a 50% (w/v) solution of silver nitrate for 24 h, and exposed to photodeveloping solution for 8 h. The samples were cut longitudinally, polished, and mounted on stubs, carbon coated and observed in a Field Emission-SEM using backscattered electron mode. RESULTS: Different nanoleakage patterns were observed with the different adhesive systems. However, accumulations of silver particles were often noted at the base of the hybrid layer for all materials. Single Bond and One Coat Bond demonstrated uptake of silver particles both within the hybrid layer and the adhesive resin. Prime & Bond NT/NRC showed silver staining throughout almost the entire thickness of the hybrid layer. The leakage pattern of PermaQuik revealed loose silver deposition within the hybrid layer. The composition of each adhesive system may play a role in forming the different leakage patterns. SIGNIFICANCE: The current dentin bonding systems used in this study do not achieve perfect sealing at the restoration/dentin interface, which may influence the durability of the bond to dentin.     

Qualitative analysis of adhesive interface nanoleakage using FE-SEM/EDS.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of short term sealing of current adhesives. METHODS: Five adhesive systems were used and evaluated in this study; two kinds of two-step adhesives (Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond) and three one-step adhesives (Clearfil S3 Bond, G Bond and One-Up Bond F-plus). Flat occlusal superficial dentin surfaces from extracted human third molars were finished with wet 600-grit silicon-carbide paper and bonded with one of the adhesives. After 24h storage at 37 degrees C in water, the bonded assemblies were sectioned into approximately 1mm thick slabs. Two central slabs from each tooth were chosen and immersed into 50% (w/v) solution of silver ammoniacal nitrate for 18 h and exposed to photodeveloping solution for 6h. The specimens were then slightly polished, argon ion-etched. In order to examine the nanoleakage within the resin/dentin interface, penetration of silver was observed in a field emission (FE)-SEM using yttrium-aluminium-garnet (YAG) backscattered electron mode. EDS analysis was also carried out in parallel to identify the existence of metallic silver particles. RESULTS: The penetration pattern of silver depended on the adhesive used, indicating different nanoleakage in different adhesive systems. Single Bond, One-Up Bond F-plus and G Bond showed clear silver uptake in both the adhesive and hybrid layer. Clearfil SE Bond showed less silver penetration and slight silver peak on the elemental energy spectroscopy of EDS. Clearfil S3 Bond did not display clear silver penetration under 2000x magnification by FE-SEM, and no existence of metallic silver of the Clearfil S3 Bond group by EDS, could be detected. SIGNIFICANCE: The nanoleakage, as well as its location depends on the adhesives. Different nanoleakage expressions were revealed between two-step and one-step adhesives and also among one-step adhesives themselves.     

六种粘接剂的牙本质粘接界面纳米渗漏比较

目的检测6种粘接剂粘接处理后牙本质粘接界面的纳米渗漏情况。方法选取12颗无龋人磨牙,用600目碳化硅砂纸在流水冲洗下预备出统一的牙本质粘接面玷污层。分别用6种粘接剂按使用说明进行粘接处理,切割成0.9mm厚试件,避光贮存于氨化硝酸银溶液中24h。透射电子显微镜下观察牙本质粘接界面的纳米渗漏情况,单因素方差分析比较各组银染颗粒分布面积比的均值。结果6种粘接剂的牙本质粘接界面在电子显微镜下均观察到明显的纳米渗漏,其中材料A[邦多,(16.09±2.08)%]、材料B[Single Bond,(13.39±1.81)%]和材料C[Prime&Bond NT,(11.27±1.94)%]之间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);材料D[B1自酸蚀底涂剂,(12.13±2.11)%]与材料E[ClearfilTMSE Bond,(12.35±2.60)%]的差异无统计学意义,但两者的纳米渗漏均小于材料F[AdperTMPromptTM,(14.93±2.67)%],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论6种牙科粘接剂的牙本质粘接界面均存在不同程度的纳米渗漏。     

Two modes of nanoleakage expression in single-step adhesives

Self-etch adhesives that etch, prime, and bond simultaneously should not exhibit incomplete resin infiltration within hybrid layers. We hypothesized that nanoleakage patterns in these systems are artifacts caused by mineral dissolution in mildly acidic silver nitrate. Resin-dentin interfaces bonded with four single-step, self-etch adhesives were examined for nanoleakage by conventional (pH 4.2) and basic ammoniacal (pH 9.5) silver nitrate and prepared for transmission electron microscopy. All adhesives exhibited a reticular mode of nanoleakage within hybrid layers when conventional silver nitrate was used. With ammoniacal silver nitrate, an additional spotted pattern of nanoleakage was observed within adhesive and hybrid layers. The reticular mode of nanoleakage in self-etch adhesives probably represents sites of incomplete water removal that leads to regional suboptimal polymerization. The spotted pattern identified with the use of ammoniacal silver nitrate probably represents potentially permeable regions in the adhesive and hybrid layers that result from the interaction of the basic diamine silver ions with acidic/hydrophilic resin components.     

Improving the quality of the quartz fiber postcore bond using sodium ethoxide etching and combined silane/adhesive coupling

The influence of different silane/dentin adhesives on the microtensile bond strengths of a hybrid composite to sodium ethoxide-etched quartz fiber posts was investigated. A prehydrolyzed silane was applied without an adhesive and compared to two-component systems in which hydrolysis of the silane occurred after mixing with the acidic monomer present in the dentin adhesives. Nanoleakage along post/core interfaces was examined after silver nitrate tracer penetration using scanning electron microscopy. Higher interfacial strengths and more uniform adaptation between the etched fiber post surface and the composite core were recorded after post treatment with silane/adhesive couplings. The combination of silane with two-step self-etch adhesives improves the chemical retention of composites around etched fiber posts with minimal nanoleakage. Although the one-step self-etching adhesive/silane combination enhances post adhesion, the extensive nanoleakage provides channels for rapid water sorption that may expedite hydrolytic degradation of the post/core interface.     

Nanoleakage types and potential implications: evidence from unfilled and filled adhesives with the same resin composition

PURPOSE: To compare nanoleakage patterns of an unfilled (OS; One-Step), a 6 wt% spherical silica-filled (OSs; One-Step Plus) and a 15 wt% glass-filled (OSg) version of a two-step, acetone-based self-priming adhesive. Permeability of bonded dentin treated with OS and OSs was also examined. METHODS: Deep, coronal dentin from extracted third molars were etched and bonded using these adhesives. One-mm thick sections were immersed in 50 wt% ammoniacal silver nitrate (pH 9.5) for 24 hours. Unstained, undemineralized sections were examined by TEM. The permeability of dentin bonded with OS and OSs were investigated at 20 cm of H2O hydrostatic pressure and compared with the osmotic conductance determined with 4.8 M CaCl2 at zero hydrostatic pressure. Composite-dentin beams bonded with OS, OSs and OSg that were fractured after microtensile bond testing were examined by SEM. RESULTS: Two types of nanoleakage patterns were recognized along the resin-dentin interfaces. The reticular type consisted of discontinuous islands of silver deposits and was exclusively seen in hybrid layers. The spotted type consisted of isolated silver grains and was evident throughout the hybrid and adhesive layers in OS. These two patterns were seen to variable extents in the two filled adhesive versions OSs and OSg and their distribution was independent of one another. OS and OSs bonded dentin were permeable to fluid filtration. However, part of this fluid movement was due to the permeability of the adhesive layer, as demonstrated by osmotic fluid conductance in the absence of hydrostatic pressure. Fractographic analysis revealed denuded collagen fibrils within fractured hybrid layers that were indicative of incomplete resin infiltration.     

自酸蚀黏结剂的牙本质黏结界面纳米渗漏观察

目的观察并评价3种自酸蚀黏结剂(ClearfilTMSEBond、AdperTMPromptTM、PANAVIATMF)黏结处理后的牙本质纳米渗漏。方法选取9颗无龋坏人磨牙,用600目碳化硅砂纸在流水冲洗下预备出统一的牙本质黏结面玷污层。分别用3种自酸蚀黏结剂按使用说明进行黏结处理。每颗牙齿垂直于黏结面切割出5个0.9mm厚黏结试件,避光贮存于氨化硝酸银溶液中24h,在透射电镜(TEM)下观察牙本质黏结界面纳米渗漏。结果3种自酸蚀黏结剂试件牙本质黏结界面混合层的底部在TEM下均观察到排列规则的银粒子渗漏。结论自酸蚀牙本质黏结界面下可能存在未完全封闭的牙本质脱矿层,存在纳米渗漏。