不同脑部重复经颅磁刺激对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的:初步探讨不同部位θ短阵快速脉冲(TBS)重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法:96例精神分裂症患者随机分为左侧额叶组、双侧额叶组、左侧颞叶组及假刺激组,每组各24例。在维持原有抗精神病药种类及剂量不变的基础上采用TBS模式进行相应部位rTMS,每周5次,4周为1疗程。治疗前后应用威斯康星卡片分类测验-64(WCST-64)、定步调听觉连续加法测验(PASAT)、霍普金斯词汇学习测验-修订版(HVLT-R)对患者认知功能进行评定。结果:92例患者完成疗程;治疗前各组HVLT-R、WCST-64及PASAT评分差异无统计学意义;治疗后,除假刺激组外,其余3组PASAT、HVLT-R评分较治疗前明显升高(P均0.05);WCST-64的持续错误数和持续反应数均明显下降(P0.05,P0.01),其中左侧额叶组及双侧额叶组PASAT、HVLT-R评分较左侧颞叶组明显升高(P0.05,P0.01),WCST-64持续错误数和持续反应数较左侧颞叶组明显下降(P0.05,P0.01),左侧额叶组和双侧额叶组间HVLT-R、WCST-64及PASAT评分差异无统计学意义。结论:TBS模式的rTMS刺激左侧额叶﹑双侧额叶及左侧颞叶对精神分裂症患者认知功能均有明显改善,刺激左侧额叶及双侧额叶的改善作用更佳。     

首发精神分裂症利培酮治疗前后认知功能的比较研究

目的探讨首发精神分裂症患者利培酮治疗前后认知功能的变化。方法采用认知评估工具连线测验、简单视觉空间记忆测验（BVMT-R）、WMS-III空间广度测验、霍普金斯词语学习测验（HVLT-R）、定步调听觉连续加法测验（PASAT）和威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST-64）对经利培酮治疗8周前后的89例首发精神分裂症患者和62例健康对照者进行神经心理测试。结果首发精神分裂症患者治疗前的神经心理测验成绩显著差于治疗后和健康对照组（P〈0.05）;经利培酮治疗8周后达到临床痊愈标准患者的神经心理测验成绩除WMS-III空间广度测验外,其它大部分测验测验成绩仍显著差于健康对照组（P〈0.05）。结论首发精神分裂症患者存在处理速度、工作记忆、言语记忆、空间记忆、注意警觉和执行功能广泛的认知功能损害,利培酮治疗可部分改善认知缺陷,但精神症状达到临床痊愈的患者仍然存在多个领域认知缺陷,提示认知缺陷是精神分裂症的内表型。     

男性缺陷型与非缺陷型精神分裂症患者血清胶质源性神经营养因子水平及其与认知功能的相关分析

目的:探讨男性缺陷型精神分裂症(DS)与非DS患者血清胶质源性神经营养因子(GDNF))水平及其与认知功能的相关性。方法:91例精神分裂症患者根据DS诊断量表(SDS)评估结果分为DS组(43例)和非DS组(48例);采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估临床症状;采用数字划消测验、连线测验(TMT)、空间广度测验(SST)、定步调连续加法任务测验(PASAT)、Stroop测验、木块图评估认知功能;使用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清GDNF水平;并与39名健康志愿者(对照组)比较;分析血清GDNF水平与认知功能的相关性。结果:3组间血清GDNF水平差异无统计学意义;3组间所有认知功能测验成绩差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01);DS组数字划消测验、SST(逆行分)、TMT、Stroop测验、木块图及PASAT成绩显著差于非DS组,两患者组明显差于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。DS组血清GDNF水平与PANSS阳性症状分、数字划消测验的错误数、TMT-B呈负相关(P均0.05),与Stroop单词测验分、颜色测验分和色词干扰测验分呈正相关(P均0.05);非DS组及对照组血清GDNF水平与认知功能测验成绩无相关性。结论:精神分裂症患者存在广泛的神经认知功能受损,DS患者更甚;稳定期DS及非DS患者血清GDNF水平与正常对照者无明显差异。     

精神分裂症超高危人群及首次发病患者的认知功能研究

目的:探讨精神分裂症超高危人群及首次发病患者认知功能损害特点。方法:运用精神分裂症认知功能成套测验-共识版(MCCB)和Stroop色词测验对精神分裂症超高危者(超危组)、首次发病患者(首发组)及正常对照者(正常组)进行认知功能评定,每组各20例。结果:3组间连线测试和霍普金斯词语学习测验修订版(HVLT-R)成绩差异无统计学意义;符号编码、简易视觉记忆测验-修订版(BVMT-R)、持续操作测验(CPT)成绩各组间差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);超危组成绩介于首发组与正常组。结论:精神分裂症患者发病前已出现认知功能损害,并可能随疾病发作进一步加重。     

阿立哌唑联合认知干预对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨阿立哌唑联合认知干预对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法将92例精神分裂症患者随机分为阿立哌唑联合认知干预组(研究组,n=46)和阿立哌唑组(对照组,n=46),疗程12周,采用PANSS评估患者的精神症状,WCST、CPT、TMT、CF、HVLT-R及WMS-Ⅲ评估患者的认知功能,TESS评估患者的不良反应。结果治疗12周末两组PANSS各项评分较治疗前均显著降低(P0.01),而研究组阴性症状分、一般症状分及总分较对照组显著降低(P0.05或0.01),阳性症状分较对照组则无明显变化(P0.05)。两组WCST、CPT、TMT、CF、HVLT-R及WMS-Ⅲ评分较治疗前均明显改善(P0.01),且研究组较对照组改善更加明显(P0.05或0.01)。两组患者TESS量表总分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论阿立哌唑联合认知干预对改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能可能优于单用阿立哌唑治疗。     

首发精神分裂症精神病未治期对认知功能和社会功能的影响

目的探讨首发精神分裂症精神病未治期(duration of untreated psychosis,DUP)对认知功能和社会功能的影响。方法纳入首发且DUP≤2年的精神分裂症患者93例和正常对照93名。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(positive and negative symptoms scale,PANSS)评定患者的临床病理症状,Matrics公认认知成套测验(Matrics consensus cognitive battery,MCCB)评定所有被试认知功能,个人和社会功能量表(personal and social performance scale,PSP)和功能大体评定量表(global assessment function scale,GAF)评定所有被试社会功能。结果精神分裂症组在连线测验、符号编码、范围流畅性测验、Stroop色词测验、持续操作测验、空间广度、霍普金斯言语记忆测验-修订版(Hopkins verbal learning test-revised,HVLT-R)、简易视觉空间记忆测验(brief-visuospatial memory test-revised,BVMT-R)和迷宫测验方面的得分均低于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。精神分裂症组的GAF得分和PSP得分均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。精神分裂症患者DUP与HVLT-R2(r=-0.265,P=0.010)和BVMT-R3(r=-0.328,P=0.001)分别呈负相关,DUP与GAF(r=-0.292,P=0.005)和PSP(r=-0.397,P0.001)得分分别呈负相关。结论首发精神分裂症患者存在社会功能和广泛的认知功能损害,且DUP越长,患者的认知功能和社会功能越差。     

加兰他敏改善精神分裂症患者认知功能的研究

目的 探讨加兰他敏是否能改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能.方法 80例精神分裂症患者被随机分为利培酮单药治疗组(单药组,入组40例,完成30例)和利培酮合并加兰他敏治疗组(合并组,入组40例,完成34例),疗程8周.治疗前后采用阳性和阴性综合征量表(PANSS)评定精神症状,个人和社会功能量表(PSP)评定社会功能,视觉空间记忆测验(BVMT-R)、霍普金斯词语学习测验修订版(HVLT-R)、WAIS-Ⅲ数字符号以及连线测试评定患者的认知功能.结果 治疗后,两组患者的PANSS评分显著下降,PSP量表的总分显著上升,单药组阳性症状改善更明显(P＜0.05),两组患者社会功能改善无显著性差异(P＞0.05).治疗后,两组患者在BVMT-R测验中均有显著改善(P＜0.01),单药组在HVLT-R测验中有显著改善(P＜0.05),合并组在WAIS-Ⅲ数字符号测试中有显著改善(P＜0.01),两组患者间各项认知功能项目评定结果比较均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 加兰他敏并不能有效改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能.     

精神分裂症首次发病患者治疗早期神经认知功能改变的对照研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症首次发病患者治疗早期神经认知功能受损的程度和范围.方法 采用成套神经心理测验工具,包括连线测验A、颜色连线测验、《韦克斯勒记忆量表(第3版)》空间广度测验、《韦克斯勒量表(第3版)》(WAIS-Ⅲ)符号搜索和数字符号、霍普金斯词汇学习测验-修订版(HVLT-R)、简易视觉空间记忆测验-修订版(BVMT-R)、沟槽钉板测验和定步调听觉连续加法测验(PASAT)测试77例16 ～ 28岁的精神分裂症首次发病患者(病例组)和80名健康者(对照组)的学习和记忆、精细动作、信息处理速度以及执行功能,采用SPSS16.0统计软件包对所有数据进行统计学分析.结果 共有21项评价指标的效应值＞0.80(P ＜0.001),整体受损效应值在0.47 ～3.41个标准差;病例组沟槽钉板测验完成时问[利手(84.77±31.55)s,非利手(97.95 ±42.30)s]均显著长于对照组[(59.00±7.57)s,ES =3.41,F=43.28;(66.84±10.74)s,ES =2.90,F=35.75;P均＜0.001],连线测验A[(50.88 ±27.45)s]、颜色连线1完成时间[(54.59±25.62)s]和颜色连线2完成时间[(117.38±52.66)s]显著长于对照组[(27.25±8.49)s,ES=2.78,F=42.66;(29.64±9.49)s,ES =2.63,F=58.82;(66.34±15.06)s,ES =3.39,F=60.51;P＜0.001],PASAT尝试数[(36.43±9.88)个]和正确数[(31.11±11.09)个]显著低于对照组[(46.85±3.42)个,ES=-3.04,F=72.52;(44.15 ±5.08)个,ES=-2.57,F=81.10;P均＜0.001],WAIS-Ⅲ数字符号得分[(59.81 ±15.11)分]显著低于对照组[(91.13±10.87)分,ES=-2.88,F=179.33,P＜0.001],病例组BVMT-R测试各项得分显著低于对照组(P＜0.050).结论 精神分裂症首次发病患者神经认知功能全面受损.     

首发精神分裂症患者缓解期神经认知功能和社会认知功能的研究

目的:探讨首发精神分裂症患者缓解期神经认知功能和社会认知功能的特点。方法:采用霍普金斯词汇学习测验-修订版(HVLT-R)和中国人面孔情绪测验系统(CFET)评估65例首发精神分裂症缓解期患者(缓解组)、45例首发非缓解期患者(非缓解组)和58名正常人(正常对照组)的神经认知功能和社会认知功能。结果:除保持百分比外,缓解组和非缓解组HVLT-R中各项成绩明显低于正常对照组(P均0.05);但缓解组即刻记忆和延迟记忆成绩明显优于非缓解组(P均0.05);缓解组和正常对照组CFET成绩差异无统计学意义;且负性情绪(悲、恐、厌、怒)的正确识别数明显高于非缓解组(P均0.05);结论:首发精神分裂症患者缓解期社会认知功能基本恢复,而神经认知功能恢复不全。     

COMT基因多态性与慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的相关性研究

目的:探讨上海汉族人口中儿茶酚胺氧位甲基转移酶(COMT)基因Val108/158Met多态性与慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的关系。方法:采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术对152例慢性精神分裂症患者COMT基因多态性进行检测,并选用连线测验(TMT)、韦氏记忆测验(WMS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)对其认知功能进行评定。结果:COMT基因与TMT成绩显著相关,其中高活性G/G基因型患者B部分成绩显著低于低活性A/A基因型患者。COMT基因与WMS成绩显著相关,其中G/G基因型患者记忆商数分、背数分显著低于A/A基因型患者。COMT基因与WCST成绩无显著相关性。结论:COMT基因与慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能具有显著相关性,其中高活性G/G基因型患者认知损害更明显。     

Declarative memory and WCST-64 performance in subjects with schizophrenia and healthy controls

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a set-switching task used extensively to study impaired executive functioning in schizophrenia. Declarative memory deficits have also been associated with schizophrenia and may affect WCST performance because continued correct responding depends on remembering the outcome of previous responses. This study examined whether performance in visual and verbal declarative memory tasks were associated with WCST performance. Subjects comprised 30 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SCZ) and 30 demographically matched healthy controls (CON) who were tested on the WCST, the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), and the Continuous Performance Test (CPT). SCZ subjects showed significant correlations between visual and verbal declarative memory and performance on the WCST-64 that were in the hypothesized direction such that worse memory performance was associated with worse performance on the WCST. CON subjects did not show a significant relationship between visual or verbal memory and WCST-64 performance. Fisher's r to z transformations indicated that the associations between declarative memory and WCST-64 performance in the SCZ subjects differed significantly from those of CON subjects. The findings suggest that interpretations of WCST-64 scores for subjects with schizophrenia should be considered in light of their declarative memory functioning.     

精神分裂症患者与其健康同胞的注意和执行功能障碍的对照研究

目的　探讨精神分裂症患者及其健康同胞的注意、工作记忆 /执行功能的特点。方法对 5 0例精神分裂症患者 (患者组 )及其健康同胞 5 0名 (同胞组 ) ,以及 4 5名正常对照者 (正常对照组 )采用威斯康星卡片分类测验 (WCST)和持续操作测验 (CPT) ,评估注意、工作记忆 /执行功能。结果　(1)在WCST中 ,患者组及其同胞组的总测验次数 (分别为 83 4± 2 3 2和 74 1± 2 4 6 )、持续错误数 (分别为 2 5 8± 11 7和 2 2 8± 10 7)、随机错误数 (33 4± 19 2和 2 5 9± 17 1)均高于正常对照组 (分别为6 0 0± 2 1 6、14 8± 8 3和 18 1± 16 0 ;P <0 0 1)。 (2 )在CPT中 ,患者组的评分 [(2 8 4± 4 0 )分 ]低于同胞组 [(30 4± 2 3)分 ]和正常对照组 [(30 9± 2 8)分 ],而同胞组与正常对照组的差异无显著性(P >0 0 5 )。(3)患者组及其同胞组发生执行功能障碍 (分别为 2 9例和 2 5例 )和注意缺陷 (分别为 2 2例和 7例 )的例数均多于正常对照组 (分别为 9例和 4例 ;P <0 0 1) ,其中有工作记忆 /执行功能缺陷的精神分裂症患者 ,其同胞出现这一缺陷的比率 (6 6 % )高于无缺陷的精神分裂症患者的同胞 (2 8% )。(4)WCST中的持续错误数与文化程度呈负相关 (r =- 0 32 ,P <0 0 1) ,CPT与性别 (r=- 0 2     

轻度颅脑损伤患者执行功能障碍研究

目的探讨轻度颅脑损伤(mild traumatic brain injury,m TBI)患者伤后执行功能(executive function,EF)的动态变化特点。方法对63例m TBI患者(研究组)在伤后1周、1个月、3个月和6个月进行执行功能测查,并与60例健康受试者(对照组)比较。测查工具采用连线测验(trail making test,TMTA)、霍普金斯词语学习测验修订版(Hopkins verbal learning test-revised,HVLT-R)、简易视觉记忆测验—修订版(brief visuospatial memory test-revised,BVMT-R)、Stroop色词测验、持续操作测验(continuous performance test,CPT)。结果伤后1周与对照组比较,TMTA、HVLT-R、BVMT-R、Stroop和CPT-IP分值差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与伤后1周相比,伤后1个月、3个月和6个月时的TMTA分值下降,HVLT-R、BVMT-R、Stroop和CPT-IP分值增加(P0.05)。组内两两比较,伤后1个月与伤后1周比较,TMTA分值下降,BVMT-R、Stroop分值增加(P0.05);伤后3个月与伤后1个月比较,Stroop、BVMT-R和CPT-IP分值增加(P0.05);伤后6个月与伤后3个月比较,Stroop和CPTIP分值增加(P0.05)。结论m TBI患者在注意能力/警觉性、学习与工作记忆、信息处理速度及执行功能上都可能存在一定的损害,伤后不同时间点恢复速度并不一致。     

孕期经历地震应激对成年子代执行及记忆功能的影响

目的探讨孕期暴露于唐山地震对子代成年后执行和记忆功能的影响。方法研究对象为唐山开滦矿业集团职工,纳入其母亲妊娠时经历唐山地震者251名为地震暴露组,母亲于地震后次年相应时间妊娠即未经历唐山地震者341名为对照组,并根据地震时母亲妊娠时间将地震暴露组分为孕晚期地震暴露组、孕中期地震暴露组、孕早期地震暴露组。采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(Wisconsin card sorting test,WCST)测试执行功能,简易视觉空间记忆测验—修订版(brief visuospatial memory test-revised,BVMT-R)测试记忆功能。结果两组间WCST各指标无统计学差异(P0.05),地震暴露组BVMT-R总分低于对照组[(25.54±7.45)vs.(27.28±7.10),P0.01]。地震暴露组中,孕期与性别因素对WCST中非持续性错误数存在交互作用(P0.05),其中孕晚期地震暴露组男性较女性更高(P0.01)。孕期对BVMT-R总分主效应具有统计学意义(P0.05),孕晚期和孕中期地震暴露组低于孕早期地震暴露组(均P0.05),但性别主效应及孕期和性别的交互作用均没有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论唐山地震对孕中期(4~6个月)和孕晚期(7~9个月)胎儿成年后的记忆功能具有潜在影响,孕晚期男性子代成年后执行功能较同期遭受地震应激的女性子代稍差。     

Sex differences on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised in the elderly: normative data in 172 participants

The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) are frequently used in assessing dementia. Though sex differences in verbal learning and memory have been reported, normative data for the elderly often do not separate males and females. No studies provide normative data for both the RAVLT and the BVMT-R in the same elderly sample. Finally, normative data for those over age 79 are unavailable for the BVMT-R. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate sex differences on these two tests, provide normative data in 172 healthy volunteers between the ages of 60 and 89 (inclusive), and extend the age range of BVMT-R normative data. Females consistently outperformed males. However, only performance on the RAVLT warranted separation of normative data by sex. Age and sex differences as well as usage of these normative data in a clinical setting are discussed.     

New Error type and Recall Consistency Indices for the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test – Revised: Performance in Healthy Adults and Multiple Sclerosis Patients

The Brief Visuospatial Memory Test –?Revised (BVMT-R) is a reliable and well-validated test of visual-spatial memory with six equivalent, alternate forms. While the BVMT-R is commonly used in the evaluation of patients with craniocerebral trauma, schizophrenia, and multiple sclerosis (MS), the range of variables is limited. In this study, we developed new BVMT-R error and recall consistency indices. Inter-rater reliability and validity for the new indices were examined in 70 MS patients and 72 healthy volunteers. In addition to poorer general performance, MS patients made more intrusions and qualitative errors, and showed a trend toward poorer BVMT-R recall consistency. Findings suggest these error types and inconsistent learning contribute to poorer recall of visual material in MS.     

New error type and recall consistency indices for the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test - Revised: performance in healthy adults and multiple sclerosis patients

The Brief Visuospatial Memory Test - Revised (BVMT-R) is a reliable and well-validated test of visual-spatial memory with six equivalent, alternate forms. While the BVMT-R is commonly used in the evaluation of patients with craniocerebral trauma, schizophrenia, and multiple sclerosis (MS), the range of variables is limited. In this study, we developed new BVMT-R error and recall consistency indices. Inter-rater reliability and validity for the new indices were examined in 70 MS patients and 72 healthy volunteers. In addition to poorer general performance, MS patients made more intrusions and qualitative errors, and showed a trend toward poorer BVMT-R recall consistency. Findings suggest these error types and inconsistent learning contribute to poorer recall of visual material in MS.     

Cognitive functioning in siblings discordant for schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate neuropsychological impairment as a genetically mediated risk indicator for schizophrenia while accounting for prevalence of schizotypy signs/symptoms in siblings. METHOD: Cognitive functioning in 25 individuals with schizophrenia, 25 unaffected siblings and 25 unrelated healthy controls, was assessed using neuropsychological tests of sustained attention, memory and learning, executive function, visual-spatial ability and psychomotor performance. RESULTS: Unaffected siblings demonstrated better performance than patients on some measures of memory and learning and executive function. Patients and siblings demonstrated impaired Full Scale IQ and verbal fluency, otherwise siblings performed similarly to healthy controls. Controlling for differences in IQ, the shared deficit in verbal fluency disappeared. CONCLUSION: Patients with schizophrenia and unaffected siblings (without schizotypy personality disorder) shared a neuropsychological deficit in verbal fluency. This deficit appeared to be mediated by IQ. Deficits, which differentiated patients from controls, may not be inherited and perhaps are related to the manifestation or treatment of schizophrenia.