纤维支气管镜检查对肺弥漫性疾病的诊断价值

目的：了解纤维支气管镜（FB）检查对肺弥漫性病变的临床诊断价值。方法：总结1993－1999年间，经痰细胞学及细菌学检查均为阴性的肺部弥漫性病变86例行FB，并做活检，灌洗及刷片检查。结果：FB总的阳性率87．2％，镜下直视有病变51例，占59．4％，活检，灌洗液及刷检阳性率分别为69．2％、55．6％和30．8％，确诊肺癌38例中，支气管内新生物及肺活检阳性率分别为100％和84．2％，支气管肺泡灌洗液性率仅27．3％，在25例肺结核中，FB总的活检阳性率85．7％，而FB刷检和培养阳性率低16．2％，支气管镜肺活检的阳性率不因取活检次数的增加而增加，结论：FB，特别是活检是一种安全有效简便的方法，对肺弥漫性病变诊断率高，副作用小。     

经纤支镜诊断菌阴肺下野结核60例及其误诊分析

目的　探讨纤维支气管镜检查在菌阴肺下野结核中的诊断价值及其误诊中的临床意义。方法 对 60例曾经被误诊,后经纤支镜检查确诊的肺下野结核的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 60例患者纤支镜下表现:中、下叶支气管粘膜慢性炎症最多见,分别为 25例 (41.7%)和 20例(33.3%),其次为管口狭窄 7例 (11.7%)。四种方法联合检出的 60例肺结核中,单纯刷检抗酸杆菌阳性 37例 (61.7%)；刷检+支气管肺泡灌洗 (BAL)阳性 46例 (76.7%)；BAL+镜检后痰检 +组织活检诊断肺结核 52例 (86.7%)。结论 纤支镜检查能提高菌阴肺下野结核的诊断率,刷检、灌洗、组织活检及镜查后痰检可互相补充以提高诊断的阳性率,避免误诊。     

支气管肺泡灌洗液分枝杆菌培养的诊断价值

本报道200例痰菌阴性病人支气管灌洗液培养出分枝扦菌情况，以及纤维支气管镜刷检及经支气管肺活检检出分枝杆菌情况，并与痰检作比较。结果：从灌洗液中培养出分枝杆菌45例，阳性率22.5%；纤维支气管镜刷检检出分枝杆菌4例，阳性率2%；经支气管肺活检检出分枝杆菌7例，阳性率3．5％；而痰分枝杆菌培养5例，阳性率2．5%。表明对此类病人，支气管灌洗液培养优于其他检查方法，但以上方法相互配合，可提高阳性率。     

纤支镜灌洗液的结核分支杆菌快速培养对不典型肺结核的诊断价值

目的　评价纤维支气管镜(以下简称纤支镜)支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)的结核分支杆菌快速培养对不典型肺结核的诊断价值。方法 选无痰或痰菌阴性的不典型肺结核患者49例行纤支镜检查,进行活检、刷检、BALF经BBLMGIT分支杆菌快速培养查结核杆菌。结果 49例经纤支镜刷检、BALF快速培养结核分支杆菌检出率分别是67.4%、83.7%,其中15例经纤支镜肺活检,10例病理证实为结核肉芽肿,检出率为66.7%。结论 纤支镜对无痰或痰菌阴性下BALF行结核分支杆菌快培对不典型肺结核具有较高的诊断价值,快速,阳性率较高。根据镜下所见采用不同的取材方法可望提高诊断率。     

69例支气管结核临床分析

目的　探索支气管结核早期确诊手段及临床特征。方法 分析69例经纤维支气管镜 (纤支镜 )确诊的支气管结核患者临床表现、胸部X线、CT及纤支镜结果。结果 69例主要症状包括:咳嗽68例,咳痰44例,午后低热50例,盗汗49例,乏力48例,喘息18例,痰中带血13例。胸片及CT示:气管开口凹凸不平、不规则狭窄42例,有阻塞性肺炎26例,肺不张25例,肺内空洞14例,肺门淋巴结肿大11例。痰涂片结核菌阳性率为43.5%,痰结核菌培养阳性率36.2%。纤支镜示:刷检结核菌阳性率为55.1%,组织活检中56.7%证实为结核,其中40.6%为炎症浸润型,13.0%为增殖型,29.0%为溃疡型,26.1%为狭窄闭塞型。上述四种类型发现结核菌的阳性率分别为71.4%,77.8%,100%和55.6%。结论 当有支气管结核临床表现时,应行胸部X线、CT检查,对可疑病人作纤支镜。当病理、细菌学均不能明确诊断,应重复活检、刷检和试验性抗结核治疗,追踪观察以确诊。     

经支气管镜刷检“激惹”后支气管肺泡灌洗液检查对支气管结核的诊断意义

目的探讨经支气管镜刷检“激惹”后支气管肺泡灌洗液检查对支气管结核的诊断意义及护理配合的作用。方法选取确诊支气管结核病例42例,比较支气管镜下刷检前后支气管肺泡灌洗液抗酸杆菌阳性率。结果刷检前支气管肺泡灌洗液中抗酸杆菌阳性率为38．1％,刷检后支气管肺泡灌洗液中阳性率增高至64．3％,两者比较其差异有统计学意义。结论经支气管镜刷检“激惹”后支气管肺泡灌洗液检查是一种安全的检查方法,可以提高支气管结核的诊断率。     

防污染支气管肺泡灌洗对痰菌阴性肺结核的诊断价值

目的　研究防污染支气管肺泡灌洗(PBAL)技术对痰菌阴性肺结核患者的诊断价值。方法 对96例痰菌阴性肺结核患者进行经支气管镜防污染支气管肺泡灌洗,防污染支气管肺泡灌洗液经过前处理,离心沉渣行涂片荧光染色镜检抗酸杆菌、改良罗氏法分离培养及BACTEC MGIT960快速结核菌培养。结果 防污染支气管肺泡灌洗液离心沉渣镜检抗酸杆菌阳性20例(20.8%),改良罗氏培养基分离培养阳性30例(31.3%),BACTEC MGIT960快速培养技术培养阳性59例(61.5%),最终获病原学确诊62例,确诊率为64.6%。结论 防污染支气管肺泡灌洗对痰菌阴性肺结核患者具有重要的诊断价值,对灌洗液进行多种检查可提高检出的阳性率。     

经支气管针吸活检对支气管结核的诊断价值

目的　探讨经支气管针吸活检术 (TBNA)对支气管结核的诊断价值。方法 对36例支气管结核患者进行TBNA检查,同时与刷检、活检的病理学及细菌学结果对比分析。结果 36例患者中TBNA的确诊率为83.3% (30/36),刷检为44.4% (16/36),活检为55.6% (10/18)。TBNA与刷检比较,经统计学处理,有显著性差异 (P＜0.005)。其中21例早期支气管结核病人的TBNA确诊率为90.5%(19/21),刷检为28.6% (6/21),两者经统计学处理,具有显著性差异 (P＜0.005)。结论 该技术能够显著提高支气管结核的诊断率,特别是老年患者,值得推广应用。     

两种不同方法肺活检的比较

目的　探讨二种不同肺活检方法的临床价值,以提高诊断准确率。方法 回顾我院1988～2000年经影像学、痰细胞学、细菌学及纤维支气管镜 (以下简称纤支镜 )检查不能确诊的患者293例,对两种不同方法的肺活检结果进行比较分析。结果 经皮肺穿刺活检148例,分别采用X线、CT、B超引导方法,其活检阳性率为87.8%;经纤支镜肺穿刺活检145例,活检阳性率为79.3%。并发症发生率分别为23.6%和21.4%。结论 采用肺活检的方法不同,其结果和临床意义不同,经皮肺活检以CT引导下的方式,诊断准确率最高。     

纤维支气管镜对孤立性肺肿块的诊断价值

目的　评价纤维支气管镜 (纤支镜)检查对原因不明孤立性肺肿块诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析行纤支管镜检查54例孤立性肺肿块。结果 54例经纤支镜检确诊37例 (68.5%)，其中23例恶性 (42.6%)，纤支镜诊断孤立肿块阳性直接与病灶大小相关 (P＜0.025)如果按病灶大小及所处部位看，无显著差异，而病灶＜2cm时位于肺部外带1/3时阳性率3.4% (1/29)，对比病灶位于肺部内2/3占68.0% (17/25)，中叶和下叶基底段的诊断阳性率更高些。结论 纤支镜能提高肺内肿块病灶诊断阳性率，刷片，灌洗，检查后痰检可互相补充以提高诊断的阳性率。纤支镜检查阳性率主要取决病灶大小及部位，当肿块＜2cm，位于肺部外围1/3时阳性率低的，可采用其它方法提高其阳性率。     

Comparison of diagnostic performances among bronchoscopic sampling techniques in the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions

Background

There are many sampling techniques dedicated to radial endobronchial ultrasound (R-EBUS) guided flexible bronchoscopy (FB). However, data regarding the diagnostic performances among bronchoscopic sampling techniques is limited. This study was conducted to compare the diagnostic yields among bronchoscopic sampling techniques in the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs).

Methods

A prospective study was conducted on 112 patients who were diagnosed with PPLs and underwent R-EBUS-guided FB between Oct 2012 and Sep 2014. Sampling techniques—including transbronchial biopsy (TBB), brushing cell block, brushing smear, rinsed fluid of brushing, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)—were evaluated for the diagnosis.

Results

The mean diameter of the PPLs was 23.5±9.5 mm. The final diagnoses included 76 malignancies and 36 benign lesions. The overall diagnostic yield of R-EBUS-guided bronchoscopy was 80.4%; TBB gave the highest yield among the 112 specimens: 70.5%, 34.8%, 62.5%, 50.0% and 42.0% for TBB, brushing cell block, brushing smear, rinsed brushing fluid, and BAL fluid (BALF), respectively (P<0.001). TBB provided high diagnostic yield irrespective of the size and etiology of the PPLs. The combination of TBB and brushing smear achieved the maximum diagnostic yield. Of 31 infectious PPLs, BALF culture gave additional microbiological information in 20 cases.

Conclusions

TBB provided the highest diagnostic yield; however, to achieve the highest diagnostic performance, TBB, brushing smear and BAL techniques should be performed together.     

Role of flexible bronchoscopy in immunocompromised patients with lung infiltrates

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To study the diagnostic role of flexible bronchoscopy (FB) in immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 104 consecutive non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patients with lung infiltrates in whom FB was performed. METHODS: The primary outcome measure was the diagnostic yield of FB, which was derived as the number of the diagnoses made using FB results divided by all final diagnoses. Final diagnoses were established using data from FB, surgical lung biopsy (SLB), and microbiology and serology testing, and by the clinical response to empiric therapy. We also studied the diagnostic yields of individual sampling procedures such as BAL, transbronchial biopsy (TBB), and protected-specimen brush (PSB) sampling. RESULTS: Overall, 128 diagnoses were made in 104 patients. The overall diagnostic yield of FB was 56.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 47 to 64%). FB provided at least one diagnosis in 53 of 104 patients (51%; 95% CI, 40 to 62%). FB was more likely to establish the diagnosis when the lung infiltrate was due to an infectious agent (81%; 95% CI, 67 to 90%) than to a noninfectious process (56%; 95% CI, 43 to 67%; p = 0.011). The diagnostic yields of BAL (38%; 95% CI, 30 to 47%) and TBB (38%; 95% CI, 27 to 51%) were similar (p = 0.94). The diagnostic yield of PSB sampling was lower (13%; 95% CI 6 to 24%; p = 0.001) than that of BAL. The combined diagnostic yield of BAL and TBB (70%; 95% CI, 57 to 80%) was higher than that of BAL alone (p < 0.001). Finally, the diagnostic yield of FB with PSB sampling, BAL, and TBB was similar to that of FB with BAL and TBB. The complication rate from FB was 21% (95% CI, 15 to 31%). Minor bleeding (13%) and pneumothorax (4%) were the most common complications. CONCLUSIONS: FB has a high diagnostic yield in immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates. Based on our results, we recommend performing TBB in these patients, whenever possible.     

The value of bronchial washings and bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of lymphangitic carcinomatosis

This study examines the value of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in diagnosing lymphangitic carcinomatosis. A retrospective analysis of fiberoptic bronchoscopic records at a tertiary referral hospital was performed. Twelve patients with neoplastic disease and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates compatible with lymphangitic carcinomatosis who underwent diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy were identified. Bronchoalveolar lavage correctly identified five (100 percent) out of five patients, bronchial washings identified four (57 percent) of seven patients and either procedure identified nine (75 percent) of 12 patients. Bronchial brushings were positive in two (40 percent) of five patients, and transbronchial lung biopsy confirmed the diagnosis in only four (44 percent) of nine patients. Transbronchial lung biopsy was uniquely positive in only one patient. One patient had a significant pulmonary hemorrhage following transbronchial lung biopsy, while no complications of BAL occurred. Two patients had significant coagulopathy, and one patient was severely agitated precluding transbronchial lung biopsy, and all three were positive by BAL. This study suggests that BAL should be performed to confirm the diagnosis of lymphangitic carcinomatosis before proceeding to a biopsy, especially when the risks of pneumothorax and hemorrhage are excessive.     

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Diagnosis with bronchial brushings, biopsy, and bronchoalveolar lavage

Sixty-one diagnostic biopsies for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were performed on 40 homosexual male patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), using flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Bronchial brushings and bronchoalveolar lavage were performed in conjunction with the biopsy in 58 and 29 bronchoscopies, respectively. Using a rapid methenamine silver stain, P carinii pneumonia was diagnosed in 27 (68 percent) of the patients. Twenty of these patients had a repeat biopsy one or more times for evaluation of therapy. Eighteen of the biopsies following two to three weeks of therapy were positive. There was an 84 percent correlation between findings on transbronchial brushing and biopsy (89 percent on initial biopsy before treatment) and an 86 percent correlation between bronchoalveolar lavage and biopsy. Additionally, transbronchial brushing permitted demonstration of Pneumocystis organisms in four follow-up bronchoscopies in which the biopsy was negative or inadequate. Rapid methenamine silver stain of transbronchial brushings permits diagnosis of P carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS within one-half hour of bronchoscopy.     

Fiberoptic bronchoscopy for diagnosis of opportunistic pulmonary infections after bone marrow transplantation

As a part of the diagnostic procedure for 16 suspected pulmonary infections in 15 marrow transplant recipients fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), transbronchial lung biopsy (TBB) and brushing were performed. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) was the most common microorganism and CMV pneumonia was diagnosed in 8/16 (50%) episodes of pulmonary disease studied. Pneumonias were diagnosed as caused by Candida or Aspergillus species in 6 episodes and by gram-positive cocci in 2 cases. Adenovirus and Pneumocystis carinii was also isolated in 1 patient each. Three noninfectious diseases (pulmonary oedema, idiopathic pneumonia and pulmonary embolism) were diagnosed by methods other than bronchoscopy. The use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy with BAL and TBB allowed correct identification of 14/18 microorganisms involved. Brushing was less useful. Four patients' pneumonias had a multiple etiology. The bronchoscopy methods used were well tolerated even by patients whose condition was poor.     

纤维支气管镜检查对结节病诊断的临床价值

目的 评价经纤维支气管镜下不同取材对结节病诊断的价值.方法 回顾性分析50例经纤维支气管镜检查,采用肺内活检(包括经支气管黏膜活检和经纤维支气管镜肺活检)、经气管镜针吸活检(TBNA)和经气管镜超声引导针吸活检术(EBUS-TBNA)等方法获取标本,经病理学或细胞学检查确诊为结节病的患者,比较不同取材及联合取材检测结节...     

支气管镜及相关检查对血液肿瘤肺部并发症的诊断价值

目的:探讨纤维支气管镜(FB)及相关检查对血液肿瘤移植及化疗后肺部并发症的病因诊断价值.方法:回顾分析经胸部CT、血、痰病原学检查不能明确诊断的38例肺部并发症患者,接受FB检查、支气管肺泡灌洗(BAL)、刷片,部分经支气管镜肺活检(TBLB)的确诊情况.结果:38例患者中26例经FB确诊,总诊断率68.42%.其中,...     

Diagnostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage and postbronchoscopic sputum cytology in peripheral lung cancer

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the value of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and postbronchoscopic sputum cytology in diagnosing peripheral lung cancer. We performed a prospective study in 55 patients with lesions on chest radiographs who were suspected of having lung cancer and had non-endoscopically visible lesions on fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The sequence of procedures in all cases was BAL and transbronchial forceps biopsy. The final diagnosis of these patients were primary lung cancer in 30 patients, metatastic lung cancer in five and benign diseases in 20. In the primary lung cancer group, BAL was positive for malignant cells in 14 of the 30 patients (46.7%). In seven (50%) of these patients, the cell type diagnosed by BAL agreed with the final diagnosis. The diagnostic yield of BAL was influenced by the size and segmental location of the lesion. Bronchoalveolar lavage provided a higher diagnostic yield (46.7%) than transbronchial biopsy (16.7%). In five patients with metastatic lung cancer and 20 patients with benign disease, BAL gave negative results in all. Postbronchoscopic sputum cytology was positive in only two of the 26 patients (7.7%) from whom samples could be obtained. Bronchoalveolar lavage cytology proved to be a valuable diagnostic tool in detecting peripheral, primary lung cancer. Postbronchoscopic sputum cytology provided no significant additional information.     

Usefulness of various diagnostic techniques during fiberoptic bronchoscopy for endoscopically visible lung cancer: should cytologic examinations be performed routinely?

BACKGROUND: The question of which combination of procedures gives the best diagnostic yield following fiberoptic bronchoscopy is controversial. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the value of various diagnostic techniques following fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of endoscopically visible lung cancer. METHODS: The study included 98 patients found to have endobronchially visible tumor during routine daily bronchoscopy. Endobronchial lesions were classified as mass, submucosal lesion and infiltration. Washings, brushings and forceps biopsies were obtained in all subjects. Transbronchial needle aspirations were performed in 67 of 76 cases with mass or submucosal lesions. RESULTS: Bronchoscopy was diagnostic for cancer in 88 (89.8%) of the 98 patients. Forceps biopsy specimens gave positive result in 82.7% of cases, transbronchial needle aspirates in 68.6%, brushings in 68.4%, and washings in 31.6%. Combination of forceps biopsy and brushing cytology yielded a positive result for lung cancer in 87 patients. The addition of brushings increased the diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy from 82.7% to 88.8% (p < 0.05). Collection of washing specimens in addition to forceps biopsy did not increase the yield of forceps biopsy. Transbronchial needle aspiration gave an additional yield of 1%. CONCLUSIONS: Routine cytological examination of bronchial washings does not increase the yield of forceps biopsy specimens. Transbronchial needle aspiration may give an additional positive yield to forceps biopsy. We conclude that a combination of forceps biopsy and brushing is the best strategy in the diagnosis of bronchoscopically visible lung cancer.     

纤维支气管镜检查对老年人不典型肺结核的诊断价值

目的评价支气管镜术对老年人不典型肺结核的诊断价值。方法对５１例老年不典型肺结核患者在纤维支气管镜直视下获取标本进行病理学和细菌学检查。结果刷检直接涂片和支气管肺泡灌洗液经离心浓集涂片同时找到抗酸杆菌２７例（５２．９％）；活检经病理学检查呈结核病变８例（１５．８％）；刷检７例（１３．７％）、支气管肺泡灌洗液４例（７．８％）、吸引物３例（５．９％）及术后痰检２例（３．９％）分别找到抗酸杆菌。结论纤维支气管镜检查对老年人不典型肺结核的诊断具有重要价值